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Smith MA, Feinglass NG. Perioperative implications of amyloidosis and amyloid cardiomyopathy: A review for anesthesiologists. J Clin Anesth 2024; 92:111271. [PMID: 37820520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2023.111271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
It is well recognized that amyloid protein can infiltrate many regions of the body. This can include the peripheral nerves, the liver, kidney, spleen, the gastrointestinal tract, and most importantly the myocardium. The amyloid proteins that cause cardiomyopathy may come from genetically altered liver genes (transthyretin amyloid, ATTR) or from the bone marrow with malignant plasma cells (light chain amyloid, AL) generating the aberrant protein. These two types of amyloidosis cause significant damaging effects on both the myocardial cells as well as the conduction system of the heart. The resultant changes can produce dyspnea and exercise intolerance which is thought to be secondary to diastolic dysfunction and reduced stroke volume. This subclinical decompensation poses a significant problem for members of a care team as it often goes unrecognized. In the operating room patients are exposed to dramatic hemodynamic changes and may have difficult airways, autonomic dysfunction, and conduction abnormalities. Although the topic of amyloidosis is well described in cardiology literature, it is underdiagnosed. The purpose of this review is to describe some of the pathophysiology behind the principle proteins that cause cardiac amyloidosis and to comprehensively describe perioperative considerations for anesthesia providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Smith
- Mayo Clinic Dept. Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Graduate School of Medicine, USA.
| | - Neil G Feinglass
- Mayo Clinic Dept. Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Graduate School of Medicine, USA
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Beal EW, Mumtaz K, Hayes D, Whitson BA, Black SM. Combined heart-liver transplantation: Indications, outcomes and current experience. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2016; 30:261-8. [PMID: 27527917 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Combined heart-liver transplantation is a rare, life-saving procedure that treats complex and often fatal diseases including familial amyloidosis polyneuropathy and late stage congenital heart disease status-post previous repair. There were 159 combined heart-liver transplantations performed between January 1, 1988 and October 3, 2014 in the United States. A multitude of potential techniques to be used for combined heart and liver transplant including: orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) and orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) on full cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), OHT with CPB and OLT with venovenous bypass (VVB), OHT with CPB and OLT without VVB, en-bloc technique and sequential transplantation. Outcomes of combined heart-liver transplant have been demonstrated to be comparable to outcomes of isolated heart and isolated liver transplant. The liver graft may provide some tolerance of other allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza W Beal
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Khalid Mumtaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Don Hayes
- Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bryan A Whitson
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sylvester M Black
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Lladó L, Fabregat J, Ramos E, Baliellas C, Roca J, Casasnovas C. Trasplante cardiaco y hepático secuencial por polineuropatía amiloidótica familiar. Med Clin (Barc) 2014; 142:211-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Nelson LM, Penninga L, Sander K, Hansen PB, Villadsen GE, Rasmussen A, Gustafsson F. Long-term outcome in patients treated with combined heart and liver transplantation for familial amyloidotic cardiomyopathy. Clin Transplant 2012; 27:203-9. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luit Penninga
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Kaare Sander
- The Heart Centre; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | | | | | - Allan Rasmussen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen; Denmark
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Rauchfuss F, Breuer M, Dittmar Y, Heise M, Bossert T, Hekmat K, Settmacher U. Implantation of the liver during reperfusion of the heart in combined heart-liver transplantation: own experience and review of the literature. Transplant Proc 2012; 43:2707-13. [PMID: 21911150 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are only a few reports about combined heart-liver transplantations. The surgical techniques differ widely, ranging from sequential implantation of the organs to simultaneous transplantations. We report our experience with simultaneous, combined heart-liver transplantations without using a veno-venous bypass demonstrating that this is a feasible surgical technique. METHODS Since 2005, we performed 4 combined heart-liver transplantations by implanting the liver during the reperfusion period of the newly implanted heart. We retrospectively reviewed patient clinical data and outcomes. RESULTS The mean operative time was 534 ± 247 minutes and the ischemia times for heart and liver were 190 ± 72 minutes (cold ischemia time for the heart), 98 ± 96 minutes (warm ischemia time for the heart), 349 ± 101 minutes (cold ischemia time for the liver), and 36.25 ± 3.5 minutes (warm ischemia time for the liver). Three patients were discharged from the hospital after an uneventful clinical course. One patient died due to multi-organ failure during the intensive care unit stay on the 23rd postoperative day. CONCLUSION We suggest that combined, simultaneous heart-liver transplantation without veno-venous bypass is a feasible surgical technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rauchfuss
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Miyata M, Sato T, Kugimiya M, Sho M, Nakamura T, Ikemizu S, Chirifu M, Mizuguchi M, Nabeshima Y, Suwa Y, Morioka H, Arimori T, Suico MA, Shuto T, Sako Y, Momohara M, Koga T, Morino-Koga S, Yamagata Y, Kai H. The Crystal Structure of the Green Tea Polyphenol (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate−Transthyretin Complex Reveals a Novel Binding Site Distinct from the Thyroxine Binding Site,. Biochemistry 2010; 49:6104-14. [DOI: 10.1021/bi1004409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Miyata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
| | - Miyuki Kugimiya
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
| | - Misato Sho
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
| | | | | | | | - Mineyuki Mizuguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
| | - Yuko Nabeshima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Mary Ann Suico
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
| | - Tsuyoshi Shuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
| | - Yasuhiro Sako
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
| | - Mamiko Momohara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
| | - Tomoaki Koga
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
| | - Saori Morino-Koga
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
| | | | - Hirofumi Kai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit
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Barreiros AP, Post F, Hoppe-Lotichius M, Linke RP, Vahl CF, Schäfers HJ, Galle PR, Otto G. Liver transplantation and combined liver-heart transplantation in patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy: a single-center experience. Liver Transpl 2010; 16:314-23. [PMID: 20209591 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) is the only curative option for patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) at present. Twenty patients with FAP underwent LT between May 1998 and June 2007. Transthyretin mutations included predominantly the Val30Met mutation but also 10 other mutations. Seven patients received a pacemaker prior to LT, and because of impairment of mechanical cardiac function, 4 combined heart-liver transplants were performed, 1 simultaneously and 3 sequentially. The first patient, who underwent simultaneous transplantation, died. Seven patients died after LT, with 5 dying within the first year after transplantation. The causes of death were cardiac complications (4 patients), infections (2 patients), and malnutrition (1 patient). One-year survival was 75.0%, and 5-year survival was 64.2%. Gly47Glu and Leu12Pro mutations showed an aggressive clinical manifestation: 2 patients with the Gly47Glu mutation, the youngest patients of all the non-Val30Met patients, suffered from severe cardiac symptoms leading to death despite LT. Two siblings with the Leu12Pro mutation, who presented only with grand mal seizures, died after LT because of sepsis. In conclusion, the clinical course in patients with FAP is very variable. Cardiac symptoms occurred predominantly in patients with non-Val30Met mutations and prompted combined heart-liver transplantation in 4 patients. Although early LT in Val30Met is indicated in order to halt the typical symptoms of polyneuropathy, additional complications occurring predominantly with other mutations may prevail and lead to life-threatening complications or a fatal outcome. Combined heart-liver transplantation should be considered in patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Paula Barreiros
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany.
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Escobar B, Taura P, Barreneche N, Beltran J, Balust J, Martinez-Palli G, Zavala E, Escorsell A, Garcia-Valdecasas JC. The influence of the explant technique on the hemodynamic profile during sequential domino liver transplantation in familial amyloid polyneuropathy patients. Liver Transpl 2009; 15:869-75. [PMID: 19642136 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) patients present adrenergic cardiac input blockade secondary to amyloid deposits and sympathetic neuropathy. Consequently, their capacity to compensate for hemodynamic changes is limited. To avoid hemodynamic disturbances in sequential liver transplants, a standard procedure with venovenous bypass or inferior vena cava preservation is contemplated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of both techniques on the hemodynamic management and outcome of patients affected by FAP and scheduled for a domino liver transplantation program. We evaluated 36 FAP patients. Venovenous bypass was performed for 20 patients (the venovenous bypass group), whereas the vena cava preservation technique was used for the remaining 16 patients (the cava preservation group). The time that elapsed from FAP diagnosis to liver transplantation was 3.2 +/- 2.7 years. Peripheral neuropathy was present in all patients, autonomic dysfunction was present in 71%, and cardiac involvement was present in 69%. Renal and gastrointestinal manifestations were reported in 19% and 53% of patients, respectively. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 97%, 93%, and 93%, respectively. Intraoperative hemodynamic and cardiac disorders, need for vasoactive drugs, blood loss, and transfusion requirements were recorded. Postoperative outcome and cardiac and renal complications were also recorded. No significant differences in disease severity or demographic characteristics were observed. Among all the variables studied, only the total ischemia time and time in surgery were significantly longer in the venovenous bypass group patients (P < or = 0.05). During the postoperative period, the incidence of minor cardiovascular events, incidence of acute renal dysfunction, and outcomes were similar in the 2 groups. In conclusion, either preservation of the vena cava or the standard technique with venovenous bypass can be safely used in FAP patients during liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 15:869-875, 2009. (c) 2009 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Escobar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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