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Novotný M, Kment M, Viklický O. Adipose tissue macrophages and atherogenesis – a synergy with cholesterolaemia. Physiol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.33549//physiolres.934801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) is a major obstacle to the long-term success in kidney transplantation. Diagnosis of ABMR is determined according to the internationally recognized Banff criteria. However, a significant proportion of patients does not meet all the defined criteria, and the outcome of such cases remains poorly understood. The histology of ABMR frequently lacks sensitivity and specificity. More importantly, mixed forms of ABMR and T cell-mediated rejection as well as findings of nonspecific injury are common in clinical settings. Donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA) are detectable only in half of the ABMR cases by histology. Prognostic role of non-HLA antibodies against various endothelial proteins has been discussed. Antibody independent NK cell activation reflecting killer-cells’ inhibitory receptor incompatibility is suggested in microvascular inflammation in DSA negative patients. Molecular assessment of ABMR has been prioritized to overcome high interobserver variability and improve diagnostics in mixed forms of rejections and in DSA negative cases. Finally, donor-derived cell-free DNA detected in a recipient’s peripheral blood sample has been proposed as a noninvasive marker for diagnosis of graft rejection, and thus might serve as a liquid biopsy in the near future. Despite all achievements, diagnosing ABMR in kidney allografts remains to be a challenge in a significant number of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - O Viklický
- Department of Nephrology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Vanikar AV, Kanodia KV, Suthar KS, Nigam LA, Patel RD, Thakkar UG, Mehta AH. Thrombotic microangiopathy in a renal allograft: Single-center five-year experience. SAUDI JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES AND TRANSPLANTATION 2020; 31:1331-1343. [PMID: 33565445 DOI: 10.4103/1319-2442.308342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is devastating for renal transplantation (RT) causing graft/ patient loss. We present 5-year experience of TMA in RT in retrospective study of indicated renal allograft biopsies with TMA. Patient-donor demographics and associated histological findings with respect to transplants under tolerance induction protocol (Group 1) were compared with patients transplanted under triple immunosuppression (Group 2). Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20. Sixty-one (4.1%) of 1520 biopsies [Group 1:17 (1.9%)/882, Group 2:44 (6.9%)/638] revealed TMA. Tacrolimus trough levels were normal. There was no evidence of systemic involvement in any patient. Mean age was 36.8 years with 70.6% males, HLA-match, 2.6/6, and the most common original disease unknown (41.2%) in Group 1, and 35.9 years with 86.4% males, HLA-match, 2.1/6, and the most common original disease unknown (50%) in Group 2. Biopsies were performed at mean 5.1-year posttransplant in Group 1 and 2.3 years in Group 2. Acute TMA constituted 47% Group 1 and 43.2% Group 2 biopsies; of these, antibody-mediated rejections were observed in 58.8%, T-cell mediated rejections in 11.8%, tacrolimus toxicity in 76.5%, and other findings in 35.3% Group 1; and 61.4%, 25%, 50%, and 18.2%, respectively, in Group 2 biopsies. Higher rejection activity scores were more in Group 2. Postbiopsy 1- and 5- year patient survival was 94.1%, 86.9% in Group 1 and 92.1%, 88.3% in Group 2; 1- and 4-year graft survival was 52.9%, 15.9% in Group 1 and 20.3%, 5.4% in Group 2. TMA was poor prognosticator for RT, especially under triple immunosuppression. Antibody- mediated rejection and tacrolimus toxicity were more prone to TMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna V Vanikar
- Department of Pathology, Lab Medicine, Transfusion Services and Immunohematology; Department of Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre and Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Civil Hospital-Medicity Campus, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Kamal V Kanodia
- Department of Pathology, Lab Medicine, Transfusion Services and Immunohematology, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre and Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Civil Hospital-Medicity Campus, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Kamlesh S Suthar
- Department of Pathology, Lab Medicine, Transfusion Services and Immunohematology, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre and Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Civil Hospital-Medicity Campus, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Lovelesh A Nigam
- Department of Pathology, Lab Medicine, Transfusion Services and Immunohematology, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre and Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Civil Hospital-Medicity Campus, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rashmi D Patel
- Department of Pathology, Lab Medicine, Transfusion Services and Immunohematology, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre and Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Civil Hospital-Medicity Campus, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Umang G Thakkar
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre and Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Civil Hospital-Medicity Campus, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Aanal H Mehta
- Department of Biostatistics, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre and Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Civil Hospital-Medicity Campus, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, India
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Patel A, Knorr JP, Campos S, Khanmoradi K, Zaki RF, Bradauskaite G. De Novo Thrombotic Microangiopathy Immediately After Kidney Transplant in Patients Without Apparent Risk Factors. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2015; 14:230-4. [PMID: 26030297 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2014.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Thrombotic microangiopathy refers to a spectrum of conditions that share a common underlying pathologic mechanism that result in endothelial damage and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. De novo thrombotic microangiopathy after kidney transplant is often triggered by immunosuppressive drugs, and studies most often implicate calcineurin inhibitors and/or mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors; however, muromonab and alemtuzumab also reportedly cause thrombotic microangiopathy. In addition, thrombotic microangiopathy may be triggered by acute antibody-mediated rejection and infections like cytomegalovirus and parvovirus. Here, we present a case series of 3 patients without any apparent risk factors (eg, acute antibody-mediated rejection) who developed de novo thrombotic microangiopathy immediately following kidney transplant, but before the introduction of calcineurin inhibitors. Two of these 3 patients were successfully managed with plasma exchange, and calcineurin inhibitors were successfully introduced without the recurrence of thrombotic microangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Patel
- Kraftsow Division of Nephrology, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
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Ellimoottil C, Brandt W, Bernardi K, Evans A, Mehta V, Picken MM, Phelan K, Heinrich L, Milner J, Wai PY, Asolati M, Kuo PC, Lu AD. Acute graft dysfunction after living-related renal transplant. Urology 2013; 82:764-7. [PMID: 23947990 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Caires RA, Marques IDB, Repizo LP, Sato VAH, Carmo LPF, Machado DJB, de Paula FJ, Nahas WC, David-Neto E. De novo thrombotic microangiopathy after kidney transplantation: clinical features, treatment, and long-term patient and graft survival. Transplant Proc 2013; 44:2388-90. [PMID: 23026601 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Posttransplant thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA)/hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) can occur as a recurrent or de novo disease. METHODS A retrospective single-center observational study was applied in order to examine the incidence and outcomes of de novo TMA/HUS among transplantations performed between 2000 and 2010. Recurrent HUS or antibody-mediated rejections were excluded. RESULTS Seventeen (1.1%) among 1549 kidney transplant recipients fulfilled criteria for de novo TMA. The mean follow-up was 572 days (range, 69-1769). Maintenance immunosuppression was prednisone, tacrolimus (TAC), and mycophenolic acid in 14 (82%) patients. Mean age at onset was 40 ± 15 years, and serum creatinine was 6.1 ± 4.1 mg/dL. TMA occurred at a median of 25 days (range, 1-1755) after transplantation. Nine (53%) patients developed TMA within 1 month of transplantation and only 12% after 1 year. Clinical features were anemia (hemoglobin < 10 g/dL) in 9 (53%) patients, thrombocytopenia in 7 (41%), and increased lactate dehydrogenase in 12 (70%). Decreased haptoglobin was observed in 64% and schistocytes in 35%. Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal or reduction was the first step in the management of 10/15 (66%) patients, and 6 (35%) received fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and/or plasmapheresis. TAC was successfully reintroduced in six patients after a median of 17 days. Eight (47%) patients needed dialytic support after TMA diagnosis and 75% remained on dialysis. At 4 years of follow-up, death-censored graft survival was worse for TMA group (43.0% versus 85.6%, log-rank = 0.001; hazard ratio = 3.74) and there was no difference in patient survival (53.1% versus 82.2%, log-rank = 0.24). CONCLUSION De novo TMA after kidney transplantation is a rare but severe condition with poor graft outcomes. This syndrome may not be fully manifested, and clinical suspicion is essential for early diagnosis and treatment, based mainly in CNI withdrawal and FFP infusions and/or plasmapheresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Caires
- Nephrology Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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Malyszko J, Oberbauer R, Watschinger B. Anemia and erythrocytosis in patients after kidney transplantation. Transpl Int 2012; 25:1013-23. [PMID: 22716097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2012.01513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Anemia is a highly prevalent disorder in recipients of renal allografts. Despite its frequent occurrence, there is still uncertainty with regard to treatment targets and treatment options. This includes questions on appropriate iron management, the choice and dosage of erythropoietin stimulating agents, criteria for the timing of treatment initiation and the targeted hemoglobin values. The review summarizes available data on recent therapeutic strategies for post transplant anemia, as well as for post transplant erythrocytosis, another hematological disorder, that has decreased in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Malyszko
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantology, Medical University, Bialystok, Poland.
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Lovric S, Kielstein JT, Kayser D, Bröcker V, Becker JU, Hiss M, Schiffer M, Sommerwerck U, Haller H, Strüber M, Welte T, Gottlieb J. Combination of everolimus with calcineurin inhibitor medication resulted in post-transplant haemolytic uraemic syndrome in lung transplant recipients--a case series. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26:3032-8. [PMID: 21310739 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-transplant haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) is a rare but serious disease with a high mortality rate, when left untreated. Immunosuppressive drugs like calcineurin inhibitors as well as mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors have been reported as causative agents for post-transplant HUS. METHODS A retrospective observational study was performed in lung transplant recipients, who took part in an interventional study, in two centres. Haemoglobin, platelets, creatinine and lactate dehydrogenase levels were monitored during routine follow-up and patients with deteriorating kidney function were screened for post-transplant HUS. All cases of post-transplant HUS were identified by clinical and laboratory findings. Outcome was recorded until 6 months after diagnosis. RESULTS A total of 2188 visits in 512 lung transplant recipients (outpatients) were analysed. Out of those, 126 patients took part in an interventional study. In this study, 67 were switched to everolimus in combination with calcineurin inhibitors 4 weeks after transplantation, 59 patients remained on standard immunosuppression (calcineurin inhibitors, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisolone). Five cases of post-transplant HUS were identified in the everolimus group. None of the patients had evidence of gastrointestinal infection or preexisting renal disease. Post-transplant HUS was treated with therapeutic plasma exchange and methylprednisolone pulse therapy. Everolimus was discontinued in all five patients. This treatment regimen led to normalization of haemoglobin, platelets and improved renal function. Two patients developed end-stage renal failure and were maintained on haemodialysis. One patient died due to multiorgan failure. Improvement of renal function was seen in two patients. No further cases were recorded in patients without everolimus during the study period. CONCLUSIONS Our data should raise the awareness of post-transplant HUS in lung transplant recipients. Post-transplant HUS is a rare disease, but it is a serious cause of acute renal failure in lung transplant recipients treated with a combination of everolimus and calcineurin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svjetlana Lovric
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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