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Parrish AR. The cytoskeleton as a novel target for treatment of renal fibrosis. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 166:1-8. [PMID: 27343756 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing, with an estimated prevalence of 12% in the United States (Synder et al., 2009). While CKD may progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), which necessitates renal replacement therapy, i.e. dialysis or transplantation, most CKD patients never reach ESRD due to the increased risk of death from cardiovascular disease. It is well-established that regardless of the initiating insult - most often diabetes or hypertension - fibrosis is the common pathogenic pathway that leads to progressive injury and organ dysfunction (Eddy, 2014; Duffield, 2014). As such, there has been extensive research into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of renal fibrosis; however, translation to effective therapeutic strategies has been limited. While a role for the disruption of the cytoskeleton, most notably the actin network, has been established in acute kidney injury over the past two decades, a role in regulating renal fibrosis and CKD is only recently emerging. This review will focus on the role of the cytoskeleton in regulating pro-fibrotic pathways in the kidney, as well as data suggesting that these pathways represent novel therapeutic targets to manage fibrosis and ultimately CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Parrish
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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Liang GB, Luo GH, Bao DS, Chen AJ, Zhuang YX, Guo YN, Wang X, Wang YL, Chen ZP, Lu YP, Li YP. Impact of immunosuppressive agents on the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, heme oxygenase-1 and interleukin-7 in mesangial cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2577-83. [PMID: 25936769 PMCID: PMC4464319 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) is a major cause of graft loss following kidney transplantation and may result from the interactions of various immune and non-immune factors. The aim of the present study was to establish an in vitro model of glomerular mesangial cell injury in order to examine the gene expression levels of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and interleukin-7 (IL-7) in mesangial cells during the healing process as well as to investigate the effects of various immunosuppressants on the expression of these genes. The HBZY-1 glomerular mesangial cell line was pre-treated in vitro with cytochalasin B for 2 h to induce reversible damage. Following the pre-treatment, the HBZY-1 cells were divided into five groups: Blank control group, cyclosporine A (CsA) group, tacrolimus (Tac) group, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) group and rapamycin (RAPA) group. After treating the mesangial cells with each immunosuppressive drug for 6, 12 or 24 h, the mRNA and protein expression levels of IDO, HO-1 and IL-7 were examined using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. The results showed that expression levels of HO-1 were significantly upregulated in response to treatment with CsA, FK506, RAPA and MMF, whereas the expression levels of IL-7 were markedly downregulated by treatment with the above immunosuppressants. CsA, FK506 and MMF significantly enhanced the expression levels of IDO, whereas RAPA exhibited no apparent effect on IDO. The present study may contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of CAN and provide novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of CAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Biao Liang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Heng Luo
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550005, P.R. China
| | - Ding-Su Bao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - An-Jian Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Xiang Zhuang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Nan Guo
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Liang Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Ping Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Ping Lu
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - You-Ping Li
- Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Martin-Martin N, Dan Q, Amoozadeh Y, Waheed F, McMorrow T, Ryan MP, Szászi K. RhoA and Rho kinase mediate cyclosporine A and sirolimus-induced barrier tightening in renal proximal tubular cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 44:178-88. [PMID: 22062948 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The regulation and maintenance of the paracellular transport in renal tubular epithelia is vital for kidney functions. Combination of the immunosuppressant drugs cyclosporine A (CsA) and sirolimus (SRL) exerts powerful immunosuppression, but also causes nephrotoxicity. We have previously shown that CsA and SRL elevate transepithelial resistance (TER) in kidney tubular cells partly through MEK/ERK1/2. In this work we examined the hypothesis that the RhoA pathway may also be mediating effects of CsA and SRL. We show that CsA and the CsA/SRL combination activated RhoA, induced cofilin phosphorylation and promoted stress fiber generation. The Rho kinase (ROK) inhibitor, Y27632, prevented CsA and CsA/SRL-induced cofilin phosphorylation and actin remodelling, reduced the TER increase and prevented the rise in claudin-7 levels caused by the drugs. Expression of the exchange factor GEF-H1/lfc was elevated in cells treated with CsA and CsA/SRL. GEF-H1 silencing inhibited RhoA activation by ≈50%, and potently reduced cofilin phosphorylation and stress fiber formation induced by CsA and CsA/SRL. However, GEF-H1 downregulation did not prevent the TER change. Thus the Rho/Rho kinase pathway was involved in mediating CsA and CsA/SRL-induced cytoskeleton rearrangement and TER changes via claudin-7 expression. Our data however point to differential regulation of Rho activation involved in central cytoskeleton remodelling, that is GEF-H1-dependent and junctional permeability that does not require GEF-H1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Martin-Martin
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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