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Bhattacharyya P. Moving from PF-ILD to PPF. Lung India 2023; 40:301-302. [PMID: 37417080 PMCID: PMC10401986 DOI: 10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_378_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
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Chang HC, Huang WM, Yu WC, Cheng HM, Guo CY, Chiang CE, Chen CH, Sung SH. Prognostic Role of Pulmonary Function in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e023422. [PMID: 35289186 PMCID: PMC9075473 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.023422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Both ventilatory abnormalities and pulmonary hypertension (PH) are frequently observed in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. We aim to investigate the association between ventilatory abnormalities and PH in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, as well as their prognostic impacts. Methods and Results A total of 440 ambulatory patients (age, 66.2±15.8 years; 77% men) with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40% who underwent comprehensive echocardiography and spirometry were enrolled. Total lung capacity, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in the first second were obtained. Pulmonary arterial systolic pressure was estimated. PH was defined as a pulmonary arterial systolic pressure of >50 mm Hg. The primary end point was all‐cause mortality at 5 years. Patients with PH had significantly reduced total lung capacity, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in the first second. During a median follow‐up of 25.9 months, there were 111 deaths. After accounting for age, sex, body mass index, renal function, smoking, left ventricular ejection fraction, and functional capacity, total lung capacity (hazard ratio [HR] per 1 SD, 0.66; 95% CI per 1 SD, 0.46–0.96), forced vital capacity (HR per 1 SD, 0.64; 95% CI per 1 SD, 0.48–0.84), and forced expiratory volume in the first second (HR per 1 SD, 0.72; 95% CI per 1 SD, 0.53–0.98) were all significantly correlated with mortality in patients without PH. Kaplan‐Meier curve demonstrated impaired pulmonary function, defined as forced expiratory volume in the first second ≤58% of predicted or forced vital capacity ≤65% of predicted, was associated with higher mortality in patients without PH (HR, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.66–4.89), but not in patients with PH (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.61–1.82). Conclusions Ventilatory abnormality was more prevalent in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction with PH than those without. However, such ventilatory defects were related to long‐term survival only in patients without PH, regardless of their functional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Chih Chang
- Department of Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital Yuanshan and Suao Branch Yilan Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ming Huang
- Department of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine Taipei Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chung Yu
- Department of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine Taipei Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine Taipei Taiwan
| | - Hao-Min Cheng
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine Taipei Taiwan.,Center for Evidence-Based Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan.,Department of Medical Education Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan.,Institute of Public Health National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yu Guo
- Institute of Public Health National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chern-En Chiang
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine Taipei Taiwan.,General Clinical Research Center Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chen-Huan Chen
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine Taipei Taiwan.,Department of Medical Education Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsien Sung
- Department of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine Taipei Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine Taipei Taiwan.,Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine Taipei Taiwan
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The role of pulmonary function in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: Looking beyond chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235152. [PMID: 32634145 PMCID: PMC7340281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prognostic value of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a comorbidity in heart failure has been well documented. However, the role of pulmonary function indices in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) remains to be elucidated. Methods Subjects with HFpEF received pulmonary function tests and echocardiogram. Total lung capacity (TLC), residual volume (RV), forced expiratory flow rate between 25% and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25-75), forced expiratory volume in the 1st second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and vital capacity (VC) were measured. Echocardiographic indices, including pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), the ratio of early ventricular filling flow velocity to the septal mitral annulus tissue velocity (E/e’), and left ventricular mass (LVM), were recorded. National Death Registry was linked for the identification of mortality. Results A total of 1194 patients (72.4±13.2 years, 59% men) were enrolled. PASP, E/e’ and LVM were associated with either obstructive (RV/TLC, FEV1 and FEF25-75) or restrictive (VC and TLC) ventilatory indices. During a mean follow-up of 23.0±12.8 months, 182 patients died. Subjects with COPD had a lower survival rate than those without COPD. While VC, FVC, RV/TLC, and FEV1 were all independently associated with all-cause mortality in patients without COPD, only FEF25-75 was predictive of outcomes in those with COPD. Conclusions The abnormalities of pulmonary function were related to the cardiac hemodynamics in patients with HFpEF. In addition, these ventilatory indices were independently associated with long-term mortality, especially in those without COPD.
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Luoto J, Pihlsgård M, Wollmer P, Elmståhl S. Relative and absolute lung function change in a general population aged 60-102 years. Eur Respir J 2019; 53:1701812. [PMID: 30578401 PMCID: PMC6428659 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01812-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Data on longitudinal lung function change in the elderly are scarce. Uncertainty remains about whether to use absolute or relative change and how it relates to subject demographics.We studied absolute and relative forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) change in a population-based geriatric sample using a repeated measurements model adjusted for age, sex, smoking habits, heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, educational level, occupation, alcohol consumption, C-reactive protein (CRP) and body mass index. 3736 participants aged 60-102 years completed between one and five spirometries during 13.5 years of follow-up. Lung volumes, FEV1 quotient (Q) and Global Lung Initiative (GLI)-2012 and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III z-scores were presented from 6932 spirometries.Adjusted absolute change per year (95% CI) was -51.7 (-63.7--39.9) mL for FEV1 and -56.2 (-73.6--38.8) mL for FVC. Adjusted relative change per year was -2.97 (-3.53--2.40)% for FEV1 and -2.46 (-3.07--1.85)% for FVC. Risk factors for increased relative FVC and FEV1 decline were female sex, higher age, current smoking habits, elevated CRP (nonsignificant for FEV1, p=0.057) and low educational level. For increased absolute decline the risk factors were male sex and being a current smoker for FEV1 and low education for FVC.Relative but not absolute change correlated significantly with clinically relevant markers of functional status and may be superior to absolute change in risk factor analysis. Cross-sectional reduction in terms of FEV1Q was ∼1 unit per 10 years for both sexes. Proportions of subjects with results below lower limit of normal using NHANES III were close to anticipated, but were two to four times higher than expected using GLI-2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Luoto
- Dept of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mats Pihlsgård
- Dept of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Per Wollmer
- Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine Unit, Dept of Translational Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö Sweden
| | - Sölve Elmståhl
- Dept of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Gadre S, Kotloff RM. Noninfectious Pulmonary Complications of Liver, Heart, and Kidney Transplantation: An Update. Clin Chest Med 2017; 38:741-749. [PMID: 29128022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in surgical techniques, perioperative care, and immunosuppressive therapy, solid organ transplantation still carries considerable risk of complications. Pulmonary complications, in particular, are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Although infectious complications prevail, the lungs are also vulnerable to a variety of noninfectious complications related to the transplant surgery and adverse effects of the immunosuppressive regimen. This article focuses on noninfectious pulmonary complications associated with the 3 most commonly performed solid organ transplant procedures: liver, kidney, and heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Gadre
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Robert M Kotloff
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Chase SC, Taylor BJ, Cross TJ, Coffman KE, Olson LJ, Johnson BD. Influence of Thoracic Fluid Compartments on Pulmonary Congestion in Chronic Heart Failure. J Card Fail 2017; 23:690-696. [PMID: 28716688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2017.07.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary congestion is a common finding of heart failure (HF), but it remains unclear how pulmonary and heart blood volumes (Vp and Vh, respectively) and extravascular lung water (EVLW) change in stable HF and affect lung function. METHODS Fourteen patients with HF (age 68 ± 11 y, LVEF 33 ± 8%) and 12 control subjects (age 65 ± 9 y) were recruited. A pulmonary function test, thoracic computerized tomographic (CT) scan, and contrast perfusion scan were performed. From the thoracic scan, a histogram of CT attenuation of lung tissue was generated and skew, kurtosis, and full-width half-max (FWHM) calculated as surrogates of EVLW. Blood volumes were calculated from the transit time of the contrast through the great vessels of the heart. RESULTS Patients with HF had greater Vp and Vh (Vp 0.55 ± 0.21 L vs 0.41 ± 0.13 L; Vh 0.53 ± 0.33 L vs 0.40 ± 0.15 L) and EVLW (skew 3.2 ± 0.5 vs 3.7 ± 0.7; kurtosis 19.4 ± 6.6 vs 25.9 ± 9.4; FWHM 73 ± 13 HU vs 59 ± 9 HU). Spirometric measures were decreased in HF (percentage of predicted: forced vital capacity 86 ± 17% vs 104 ± 9%; forced expiratory volume in 1 second 83 ± 20% vs 105 ± 11%; maximal mid-expiratory flow 82 ± 42% vs 115 ± 43%). Vp was associated with decreased expiratory flows, and EVLW was associated with decreased lung volumes. CONCLUSIONS Congestion in stable patients with HF includes expanded Vp and Vh and increased EVLW associated with reductions in lung volumes and expiratory flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Chase
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Bryan J Taylor
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Troy J Cross
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kirsten E Coffman
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lyle J Olson
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Bruce D Johnson
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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McCartney SL, Patel C, Del Rio JM. Long-term outcomes and management of the heart transplant recipient. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2017; 31:237-248. [PMID: 29110796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac transplantation remains the gold standard in the treatment of advanced heart failure. With advances in immunosuppression, long-term outcomes continue to improve despite older and higher risk recipients. The median survival of the adult after heart transplantation is currently 10.7 years. While early graft failure and multiorgan system dysfunction are the most important causes of early mortality, malignancy, rejection, infection, and cardiac allograft vasculopathy contribute to late mortality. Chronic renal dysfunction is common after heart transplantation and occurs in up to 68% of patients by year 10, with 6.2% of patients requiring dialysis and 3.7% undergoing renal transplant. Functional outcomes after heart transplantation remain an area for improvement, with only 26% of patients working at 1-year post-transplantation, and are likely related to the high incidence of depression after cardiac transplantation. Areas of future research include understanding and managing primary graft dysfunction and reducing immunosuppression-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L McCartney
- Divisions of Cardiothoracic and Critical Care Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Chetan Patel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - J Mauricio Del Rio
- Divisions of Cardiothoracic and Critical Care Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Frequency and prognostic impact of mid-expiratory flow reduction in stable patients six months after hospitalisation for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Int J Cardiol 2017; 227:727-733. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Chase SC, Wheatley CM, Olson LJ, Beck KC, Wentz RJ, Snyder EM, Taylor BJ, Johnson BD. Impact of chronic systolic heart failure on lung structure-function relationships in large airways. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/13/e12867. [PMID: 27418546 PMCID: PMC4945845 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is often associated with pulmonary congestion, reduced lung function, abnormal gas exchange, and dyspnea. We tested whether pulmonary congestion is associated with expanded vascular beds or an actual increase in extravascular lung water (EVLW) and how airway caliber is affected in stable HF. Subsequently we assessed the influence of an inhaled short acting beta agonist (SABA). Thirty‐one HF (7F; age, 62 ± 11 years; ht. 175 ± 9 cm; wt. 91 ± 17 kg; LVEF, 28 ± 15%) and 29 controls (11F; age; 56 ± 11 years; ht. 174 ± 8 cm; wt. 77 ± 14 kg) completed the study. Subjects performed PFTs and a chest computed tomography (CT) scan before and after SABA. CT measures of attenuation, skew, and kurtosis were obtained from areas of lung tissue to assess EVLW. Airway luminal areas and wall thicknesses were also measured. CT tissue density suggested increased EVLW in HF without differences in the ratio of airway wall thickness to luminal area or luminal area to TLC (skew: 2.85 ± 1.08 vs. 2.11 ± 0.79, P < 0.01; Kurtosis: 15.5 ± 9.5 vs. 9.3 ± 5.5 P < 0.01; control vs. HF). PFTs were decreased in HF at baseline (% predicted FVC:101 ± 15% vs. 83 ± 18%, P < 0.01;FEV1:103 ± 15% vs. 82 ± 19%, P < 0.01;FEF25–75: 118 ± 36% vs. 86 ± 36%, P < 0.01; control vs. HF). Airway luminal areas, but not CT measures, were correlated with PFTs at baseline. The SABA cleared EVLW and decreased airway wall thickness but did not change luminal area. Patients with HF had evidence of increased EVLW, but not an expanded bronchial circulation. Airway caliber was maintained relative to controls, despite reductions in lung volume and flow rates. SABA improved lung function, primarily by reducing EVLW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Chase
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Lyle J Olson
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kenneth C Beck
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert J Wentz
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eric M Snyder
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Bryan J Taylor
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Bruce D Johnson
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Mohamedali B, Bhat G, Yost G, Tatooles A. Changes in Spirometry After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation. Artif Organs 2015; 39:1046-50. [PMID: 25994850 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are increasingly being used as life-saving therapy in patients with end-stage heart failure. The changes in spirometry following LVAD implantation and subsequent unloading of the left ventricle and pulmonary circulation are unknown. In this study, we explored long-term changes in spirometry after LVAD placement. In this retrospective study, we compared baseline preoperative pulmonary function test (PFT) results to post-LVAD spirometric measurements. Our results indicated that pulmonary function tests were significantly reduced after LVAD placement (forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1 ]: 1.9 vs.1.7, P = 0.016; forced vital capacity [FVC]: 2.61 vs. 2.38, P = 0.03; diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide [DLCO]: 14.75 vs. 11.01, P = 0.01). Subgroup analysis revealed greater impairment in lung function in patients receiving HeartMate II (Thoratec, Pleasanton, CA, USA) LVADs compared with those receiving HeartWare (HeartWare, Framingham, MA, USA) devices. These unexpected findings may result from restriction of left anterior hemi-diaphragm; however, further prospective studies to validate our findings are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geetha Bhat
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Advocate Christ Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gardner Yost
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Advocate Christ Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Antone Tatooles
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Advocate Christ Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Tanabe T, Rozycki HJ, Kanoh S, Rubin BK. Cardiac asthma: new insights into an old disease. Expert Rev Respir Med 2013; 6:705-14. [PMID: 23234454 DOI: 10.1586/ers.12.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac asthma has been defined as wheezing, coughing and orthopnea due to congestive heart failure. The clinical distinction between bronchial asthma and cardiac asthma can be straight forward, except in patients with chronic lung disease coexisting with left heart disease. Pulmonary edema and pulmonary vascular congestion have been thought to be the primary causes of cardiac asthma but most patients have a poor response to diuretics. There appears to be limited effectiveness of classical asthma medications like bronchodilators or corticosteroids in treating cardiac asthma. Evidence suggests that circulating inflammatory factors and tissue growth factors also lead to airway obstruction suggesting the possibility of developing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Children's Hospital of Richmond at VCU, Richmond, VA, USA
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12
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Tanabe T, Kanoh S, Moskowitz WB, Rubin BK. Cardiac asthma: transforming growth factor-β from the failing heart leads to squamous metaplasia in human airway cells and in the murine lung. Chest 2013; 142:1274-1283. [PMID: 22505689 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac asthma describes symptoms of airflow obstruction due to heart failure. Chronic heart failure is associated with decreased FEV 1 , and FEV 1 improves after heart transplantation. Fibrotic remodeling of the heart and airways is mediated, in part, through transforming growth factor (TGF)- β . Blood TGF- b 1 concentration correlates with ventricular remodeling in cardiac disease, and TGF- β decreases after repair. METHODS We established a coculture of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells differentiated at air-liquid interface with submerged basal cardiomyoblasts. Airway cells were immunostained with cytokeratin, actin, and involucrin. TGF- β synthesis was assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Phosphorylation of Smad in NHBE cells was determined by Western blotting.Mice given doxorubicin developed cardiac failure, and their airways were histologically examined. RESULTS Coculture induced involucrin-positive squamous metaplasia of NHBE cells, and this was attenuated by TGF- β antibody. Total TGF- β 1 was increased in coculture conditioned medium( P < .001). After 14 days of exposure to recombinant TGF- β 1 , there was squamous transformation of NHBE cells. One week after removing cardiomyoblasts from culture, squamous metaplasia resolved into normal ciliated epithelia. Smad was phosphorylated in NHBE cells with cardiomyoblasts or with recombinant TGF- β 1 exposure. The airways of mice with heart failure also demonstrated involucrin-positive squamous transformation. CONCLUSIONS TGF- β from cardiomyoblasts or from the failing heart can cause airway squamous metaplasia via Smad signaling, and this is blocked by anti-TGF- b antibody and reversed when cardiac cells are removed from culture. This appears to be an important mechanism for airflow obstruction with heart failure, sometimes described as cardiac asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Soichiro Kanoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - William B Moskowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Bruce K Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA.
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Brenner S, Güder G, Berliner D, Deubner N, Fröhlich K, Ertl G, Jany B, Angermann CE, Störk S. Airway obstruction in systolic heart failure--COPD or congestion? Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:1910-6. [PMID: 23369673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in patients with systolic heart failure (SHF) is challenging because symptoms of both conditions overlap. We aimed to estimate the prevalence, correlates and prognostic impact of true COPD in patients with SHF. METHODS To diagnose COPD under stable conditions according to the guidelines, pulmonary function testing (PFT) was performed in 619 patients six months after hospitalization for congestive SHF. In 272 patients, PFT had been also performed prior to discharge. RESULTS In the total cohort, COPD was reported in 23% (144/619). PFT under stable conditions revealed that COPD was absent in 73% (449/619), unconfirmed in 18% (112/619), and proven in 9% (58/619). In 272 patients with serial PFT, initial airway obstruction was found in 19% (51/272) but had resolved in 47% of those (24/51) after six months. Initial hyperinflation detected by bodyplethysmography strongly predicted proven COPD six months later: odds ratio for elevated intrathoracic gas volume 12.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.5-65.9; p=0.002. After a median follow-up of 34 months, 27% of the total cohort (165/619) had died. Only proven COPD was associated with an increased mortality risk after adjustment for age, sex, NYHA functional class, ejection fraction, atrial fibrillation, smoking, renal dysfunction and diabetes: hazard ratio 1.64, 95%CI 1.03-2.63; p=0.039. CONCLUSIONS Airway obstruction is a dynamic phenomenon in SHF. Therefore, a valid diagnosis of COPD in SHF demands serial PFT under stable conditions with special attention to hyperinflation. COPD proven by PFT is associated with an increased all-cause mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Brenner
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Würzburg, Germany; University of Würzburg, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Schäper C, Gläser S, Wolff B, Koch B, Vietzke G, Felix S, Kleber F, Opitz C, Ewert R. Resting Alveolar Gas Tensions as a Mortality Prognosticator in Chronic Heart Failure. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:2681-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.05.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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