De Novo Renal Carcinoma in Renal Transplant Recipients: Effect of Early Treatment

De Novo Malignancy After Liver Transplantation: Risk Assessment, Prevention, and Management-Guidelines From the ILTS-SETH Consensus Conference

De novo malignancies (DNMs) following liver transplantation (LT) have been reported as 1 of the major causes of late mortality, being the most common cause of death in the second decade after LT. The overall incidence of DNMs is reported to be in the range of 3.1% to 14.4%, and the incidence is 2- to 3-fold higher in transplant recipients than in age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Long-term immunosuppressive therapy, which is the key in maintaining host tolerance and achieving good long-term outcomes, is known to contribute to a higher risk of DNMs. However, the incidence and type of DNM also depends on different risk factors, including patient demographics, cause of the underlying chronic liver disease, behavior (smoking and alcohol abuse), and pre-existing premalignant conditions. The estimated standardized incidence ratio for different DNMs is also variable. The International Liver Transplantation Society-Spanish Society of Liver Transplantation Consensus Conference working group on DNM has summarized and discussed the current available literature on epidemiology, risk factors, management, and survival after DNMs. Recommendations for screening and surveillance for specific tumors, as well as immunosuppression and cancer-specific management in patients with DNM, are summarized.

Incidence and treatment of malignant tumors of the genitourinary tract in renal transplant recipients

Purpose:

To provide data of the incidence and management of common urological malignancies in renal transplant recipients.

Materials and Methods:

We conducted a retrospective analysis of a prospective database from August 1967 to August 2015. A descriptive analysis of the sample was performed.

Results:

Among 1256 consecutive RTR a total of 88 patients developed malignancies (7%). There were 18 genitourinary tumors in the 16 patients (20.45 % of all malignant neoplasms), incidence of 1.27%. The most common neoplasm encounter was renal cancer (38.8%), followed by urothelial carcinoma (33.3%). Median follow-up of transplantation was 197 months (R, 36-336). Mean time from RT to cancer diagnosis 89±70 months (R, 12-276). CsA and AZA was the most common immunosuppression regimen in 68.75%. Mean follow-up after diagnosis was 103±72 months (R 10-215). Recurrence free survival rate of 100%. Overall survival of 89.5% of the sample; there were two non-related cancer deaths during follow-up.

Conclusions:

The incidence of neoplasms in RTR was lower than in other series, with favorable functional and oncologic results after treatment. This suggests that actions to reduce the risk of these malignancies as well as a strict follow-up are mandatory for an early detection and treatment.

Urologic malignancies in kidney transplantation

With advances in immunosuppression, graft and patient outcomes after kidney transplantation have improved considerably. As a result, long-term complications of transplantation, such as urologic malignancies, have become increasingly important. Kidney transplant recipients, for example, have a 7-fold risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and 3-fold risk of urothelial carcinoma (UC) compared with the general population. While extrapolation of data from the general population suggest that routine cancer screening in transplant recipients would allow for earlier diagnosis and management of these potentially lethal malignancies, currently there is no consensus for posttransplantation RCC or UC screening as supporting data are limited. Further understanding of risk factors, presentation, optimal management of, and screening for urologic malignancies in kidney transplant patients is warranted, and as such, this review will focus on the incidence, surveillance, and treatment of urologic malignancies in kidney transplant recipients.

De novo renal tumors arising in kidney transplants: midterm outcome after percutaneous thermal ablation

PURPOSE

To retrospectively evaluate the midterm outcome of patients treated for primary renal cell carcinomas arising in kidney transplants with minimally invasive techniques.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The institutional review board of each participating institution approved this retrospective study and waived informed consent. This study was HIPAA compliant. A request for cases through the European Society of Urogenital Radiology network was made to institutions for patients who fit the requirements outlined by the authors, and a prospective follow-up of recipients was performed. Twenty-four tumors were identified that developed in the renal allograft of 20 patients from 11 institutions who were treated with radiofrequency ablation (n = 19) or cryoablation (n = 5) between 2003 and 2010. Maximal diameter of masses was 6-40 mm (median, 19.5 mm). Twenty masses were solid, and four were type 4 cystic masses. Preablation biopsy was performed for solid tumors only. All images and biologic and biopsy reports were retrospectively reviewed. Significant differences were determined by using a paired t test before and after ablation.

RESULTS

Mean follow-up was 27.9 months (range, 7-71 months). Histopathologic examination revealed papillary carcinoma in 17 patients and clear cell carcinoma in three. Tumors were successfully treated with ultrasonographic guidance in six patients, with computed tomographic guidance in 10 patients, and with both in four patients. One case of infection of the tumor site and one case of transitory genitofemoral nerve injury were the only reported complications. No significant change of renal function was noted. Subsequent imaging follow-up did not reveal any case of recurrence in the ablative site.

CONCLUSION

Percutaneous thermal ablation of renal tumors occurring in renal grafts is effective, with low morbidity. .

Renal cell carcinoma in the native and allograft kidneys of renal transplant recipients

PURPOSE

Renal cell carcinoma develops in renal transplant recipients 30 or more times more commonly than in the general population. We assessed the prevalence, histology and outcome of renal cell carcinoma in a large, single center recipient population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We examined outcomes in patients who underwent renal transplantation at our center to determine the prevalence, histology and outcome of those in whom renal cell carcinoma developed.

RESULTS

A total of 3,568 patients received a renal allograft at our institution between 1966 and 2009. A total of 45 renal cell carcinomas were diagnosed in the native kidney of 39 patients (1.1%) and in 8 (0.2%) renal cell carcinoma developed in the allograft kidney. Mean age at diagnosis was 51.6 and 48.2 years in patients with native kidney and allograft tumors, respectively. The mean interval between transplantation and the native or allograft renal cell carcinoma diagnosis was 10.6 and 12.1 years, respectively. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma was the most common tumor histology in native kidneys, diagnosed in 21 cases, while papillary renal cell carcinoma was diagnosed in 20. Five allograft tumors were papillary renal cell carcinoma and 3 were clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Native kidney tumors were managed by radical nephrectomy in 44 or by observation after biopsy. Allograft tumors were managed by transplant nephrectomy in 3 cases, radio frequency ablation in 3 and partial nephrectomy in 2. At a mean 6.6-year followup 32 patients with native kidney renal cell carcinoma were alive while 7 with allograft tumors were alive at a mean 3.6-year followup.

CONCLUSIONS

Renal cell carcinoma is more prevalent in patients with renal transplantation than the general population, although the subtype distribution differs. Excellent survival is seen at more than 6 years after treatment.

Development of urological cancers in renal transplant recipients: 30-year experience at the Frankfurt Transplant Center

Fatal post-transplant malignancies with a high proportion of genitourinary neoplasms represent a serious long-term challenge. With continuous improvement of the allograft and patient survival, cancer development after renal transplantation may soon turn to the leading morbidity cause. In a retrospective single-center study of 1990 renal transplant recipients between November 1979 and November 2009, records of patients with urological neoplasms including epidemiological, clinical and survival parameters were accessed. Sixty-six de novo urological malignancies in 58 recipients were recorded in the study period, being most common after skin cancers (15.6% of enregistered tumors). From these, 29 were renal cell cancers, including five neoplasms of transplanted kidney, 24 transitional cell carcinomas, 11 prostate carcinomas, and two germ cell carcinomas with incidence rates of 1.5%, 1.2%, 0.9% and 0.2%, respectively. The patient follow up was virtually complete. Tumor-related death was found in 44% of cases. By multivariate analysis, no influence of either duration of dialysis, mode or duration of immunosuppression, gender or age at transplantation on overall patient survival could be demonstrated. This study, documenting a 30-year single center experience, emphasizes the increased risk for urological neoplasms occuring after renal transplantation. Screening strategies for urological cancers should be optimized.

Radiofrequency ablation of an intercalyceal neoplasm in a transplanted kidney using percutaneous nephrostomy for cooling — Safety and early result

Kidney neoplasms can occur after kidney transplantation in low percentage. In this report we delineate a rare case of neoplasm in the transplanted kidney detected on screening ultrasonographic examination. Due to the intercalyceal location of the tumor percutaneous radiofrequency ablation was planned with continuous cooling the collecting system avoiding the thermal damage. To the best of our knowledge this method has never been reported applying in transplanted kidney. The two-month CT follow-up verified no residual tumor and the kidney function remained in normal range during this period. These facts imply that the method can be safely applied.