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Lajqi T, Köstlin-Gille N, Bauer R, Zarogiannis SG, Lajqi E, Ajeti V, Dietz S, Kranig SA, Rühle J, Demaj A, Hebel J, Bartosova M, Frommhold D, Hudalla H, Gille C. Training vs. Tolerance: The Yin/Yang of the Innate Immune System. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030766. [PMID: 36979747 PMCID: PMC10045728 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For almost nearly a century, memory functions have been attributed only to acquired immune cells. Lately, this paradigm has been challenged by an increasing number of studies revealing that innate immune cells are capable of exhibiting memory-like features resulting in increased responsiveness to subsequent challenges, a process known as trained immunity (known also as innate memory). In contrast, the refractory state of endotoxin tolerance has been defined as an immunosuppressive state of myeloid cells portrayed by a significant reduction in the inflammatory capacity. Both training as well tolerance as adaptive features are reported to be accompanied by epigenetic and metabolic alterations occurring in cells. While training conveys proper protection against secondary infections, the induction of endotoxin tolerance promotes repairing mechanisms in the cells. Consequently, the inappropriate induction of these adaptive cues may trigger maladaptive effects, promoting an increased susceptibility to secondary infections—tolerance, or contribute to the progression of the inflammatory disorder—trained immunity. This review aims at the discussion of these opposing manners of innate immune and non-immune cells, describing the molecular, metabolic and epigenetic mechanisms involved and interpreting the clinical implications in various inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trim Lajqi
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (C.G.)
| | - Natascha Köstlin-Gille
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sotirios G. Zarogiannis
- Department of Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, GR-41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Esra Lajqi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Valdrina Ajeti
- Department of Pharmacy, Alma Mater Europaea—Campus College Rezonanca, XK-10000 Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Stefanie Dietz
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon A. Kranig
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Rühle
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ardian Demaj
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Tetovo, MK-1200 Tetova, North Macedonia
| | - Janine Hebel
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maria Bartosova
- Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Frommhold
- Klinik für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, D-87700 Memmingen, Germany
| | - Hannes Hudalla
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gille
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (C.G.)
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Induction of Endotoxin Tolerance Delays Acute Rejection in a Hindlimb Transplantation Model in Rats. Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 149:216e-228e. [PMID: 35077416 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000008794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute rejection is seen in 85 percent of composite vascular allogeneic transplants despite long-term immunosuppression. Recently, it was reported that the induction of endotoxin tolerance prolonged heart allograft survival in mice. However, it produced side effects in all the animals secondary to the inflammatory reaction. Galactomannan has shown endotoxin tolerance without this side effect in vitro. The authors hypothesized that galactomannan-induced endotoxin tolerance delays acute rejection in vascular allogeneic transplantation without the side effects produced by lipopolysaccharide. METHODS Twenty-four rat hindlimb transplants were divided into four groups according to the preconditioning received: control, lipopolysaccharide (0.16 ml/kg), galactomannan 72 hours before (galactomannan-72) (8 ml/kg), and galactomannan 24 hours before (galactomannan-24) (8 ml/kg). Median acute rejection time, weight loss, and diarrheal episodes were monitored. Blood samples were collected at 0, 7, 21, 30, 45, and 60 days. Plasma cytokines (i.e., tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma), peripheral chimerism, and lymphocyte percentages were analyzed. RESULTS Median allograft survival was 40 days (range, 40 to 44 days) in the control group, 68 days (range, 61 to 71 days) in the lipopolysaccharide group, and 70 days (range, 69 to 73 days) in both galactomannan groups (p = 0.001). Weight loss was higher in the lipopolysaccharide group (p < 0.001), as was the 83.3 percent rate of diarrheal episodes (control, 0 percent, p = 0.015; galactomannan-72, 0 percent, p = 0.015; and galactomannan-24, 16.7 percent, p = 0.02). Preconditioned rats had higher peripheral blood chimerism (lipopolysaccharide, 2.30 ± 0.13 percent; galactomannan-72, 2.63 ±1.46 percent; and galactomannan-24, 2.47 ± 0.19 percent) compared to the control group (2.06 ± 0.36 percent) (lipopolysaccharide, p = 0.04; galactomannan-72, p = 0.002; and galactomannan-24, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Induction of endotoxin tolerance delays acute rejection in the rat hindlimb transplantation model. Galactomannan preconditioning has no lipopolysaccharide side effects and was equally effective in delaying acute rejection. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT The contributions of this experimental work are very incipient. Although the use of galactomannan in clinical practice requires more studies to assess its safety, there is no doubt that immunomodulation may be one of the responses that solve the problem of long-term immunosuppression.
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Tiozzo C, Bustoros M, Lin X, Manzano De Mejia C, Gurzenda E, Chavez M, Hanna I, Aguiari P, Perin L, Hanna N. Placental extracellular vesicles-associated microRNA-519c mediates endotoxin adaptation in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 225:681.e1-681.e20. [PMID: 34181894 PMCID: PMC8633060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy represents a unique challenge for the maternal-fetal immune interface, requiring a balance between immunosuppression, which is essential for the maintenance of a semiallogeneic fetus, and proinflammatory host defense to protect the maternal-fetal interface from invading organisms. Adaptation to repeated inflammatory stimuli (endotoxin tolerance) may be critical in preventing inflammation-induced preterm birth caused by exaggerated maternal inflammatory responses to mild or moderate infections that are common during pregnancy. However, the exact mechanisms contributing to the maintenance of tolerance to repeated infections are not completely understood. MicroRNAs play important roles in pregnancy with several microRNAs implicated in gestational tissue function and in pathologic pregnancy conditions. MicroRNA-519c, a member of the chromosome 19 microRNA cluster, is a human-specific microRNA mainly expressed in the placenta. However, its role in pregnancy is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the role of "endotoxin tolerance" failure in the pathogenesis of an exaggerated inflammatory response often seen in inflammation-mediated preterm birth. In this study, we investigated the role of microRNA-519c, a placenta-specific microRNA, as a key regulator of endotoxin tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface. STUDY DESIGN Using a placental explant culture system, samples from term and second-trimester placentas were treated with lipopolysaccharide. After 24 hours, the conditioned media were collected for analysis, and the placental explants were re-exposed to repeated doses of lipopolysaccharide for 3 days. The supernatant was analyzed for inflammatory markers, the presence of extracellular vesicles, and microRNAs. To study the possible mechanism of action of the microRNAs, we evaluated the phosphodiesterase 3B pathway involved in tumor necrosis factor alpha production using a microRNA mimic and phosphodiesterase 3B small interfering RNA transfection. Finally, we analyzed human placental samples from different gestational ages and from women affected by inflammation-associated pregnancies. RESULTS Our data showed that repeated exposure of the human placenta to endotoxin challenges induced a tolerant phenotype characterized by decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha and up-regulated interleukin-10 levels. This reaction was mediated by the placenta-specific microRNA-519c packaged within placental extracellular vesicles. Lipopolysaccharide treatment increased the extracellular vesicles that were positive for the exosome tetraspanin markers, namely CD9, CD63, and CD81, and secreted primarily by trophoblasts. Primary human trophoblast cells transfected with a microRNA-519c mimic decreased phosphodiesterase 3B, whereas a lack of phosphodiesterase 3B, achieved by small interfering RNA transfection, led to decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha production. These data support the hypothesis that the anti-inflammatory action of microRNA-519c was mediated by a down-regulation of the phosphodiesterase 3B pathway, leading to inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha production. Furthermore, human placentas from normal and inflammation-associated pregnancies demonstrated that a decreased placental microRNA-519c level was linked to infection-induced inflammatory pathologies during pregnancy. CONCLUSION We identified microRNA-519c, a human placenta-specific microRNA, as a novel regulator of immune adaptation associated with infection-induced preterm birth at the maternal-fetal interface. Our study serves as a basis for future experiments to explore the potential use of microRNA-519c as a biomarker for infection-induced preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Tiozzo
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Mark Bustoros
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY; Division of Hematologic Neoplasia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xinhua Lin
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Claudia Manzano De Mejia
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Ellen Gurzenda
- Research and Academic Center, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Martin Chavez
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Iman Hanna
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Paola Aguiari
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics, Division of Urology, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Laura Perin
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics, Division of Urology, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nazeeh Hanna
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY.
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Obert DP, Wolpert AK, Grimm NL, Korff S. ER stress preconditioning ameliorates liver damage after hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:248. [PMID: 33603856 PMCID: PMC7851603 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mismatch of oxygen supply and demand during hemorrhagic shock disturbs endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis. The resulting accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER lumen, which is a condition that is defined as ER stress, triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR). Since the UPR influences the extent of organ damage following hemorrhagic shock/reperfusion (HS/R) and mediates the protective effects of stress preconditioning before ischemia-reperfusion injury, the current study investigated the mechanisms of ER stress preconditioning and its impact on post-hemorrhagic liver damage. Male C56BL/6-mice were injected intraperitoneally with the ER stress inductor tunicamycin (TM) or its drug vehicle 48 h prior to being subjected to a 90 min pressure-controlled hemorrhagic shock (30±5 mmHg). A period of 14 h after hemorrhagic shock induction, mice were sacrificed. Hepatocellular damage was quantified by analyzing hepatic transaminases and hematoxylin-eosin stained liver tissue sections. Additionally, the topographic expression patterns of the ER stress marker binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), UPR signaling pathways, and the autophagy marker Beclin1 were evaluated. TM injection significantly increased BiP expression and modified the topographic expression patterns of the UPR signaling proteins. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis of Beclin1 revealed an increased pericentral staining intensity following TM pretreatment. The histologic analysis of hepatocellular damage demonstrated a significant reduction in cell death areas in HS/R+TM (P=0.024). ER stress preconditioning influences the UPR and alleviates post-hemorrhagic liver damage. The beneficial effects were, at least partially, mediated by the upregulation of BiP and autophagy induction. These results underscore the importance of the UPR in the context of HS/R and may help identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Peter Obert
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Karl Wolpert
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Nathan Lewis Grimm
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Sebastian Korff
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Kim ML, Maloney C, Klimova N, Gurzenda E, Lin X, Arita Y, Walker T, Fazzari MJ, Hanna N. Repeated lipopolysaccharide exposure leads to placental endotoxin tolerance. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 81:e13080. [PMID: 30586203 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Placental infection induces increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pre-term labor. Endotoxin tolerance is a phenomenon in which exposure to a dose of endotoxin makes tissue less responsive to subsequent exposures. The objective of our study was to determine whether repeated exposure to endotoxin will induce a tolerant phenotype in normal human second-trimester placental tissue. METHODS OF STUDY Human second-trimester placental explants from elective termination of pregnancy were cultured and exposed to endotoxin (LPS). After 24 hours, the media was collected for analysis, and the explants were re-exposed to LPS after adding fresh media for another 24 hours. This process was repeated for a total of 4 LPS doses. The media was collected from each day and analyzed for cytokine levels. RESULTS The first LPS treatment stimulated the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. However, their production was significantly diminished with repeated LPS doses. Production of the anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1ra and IL-10, was also stimulated by the first LPS treatment, but secretion was more gradually and moderately decreased with repeated LPS doses compared to the pro-inflammatory cytokines. The ratios of the anti-inflammatory/pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1ra/IL-1β and IL-10/TNF-α) indicate a progressively more anti-inflammatory milieu with repeated LPS doses. CONCLUSION Repeated LPS exposure of human second-trimester placental tissues induced endotoxin tolerance. We speculate that endotoxin tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface will protect the fetus from exaggerated inflammatory responses after repeated infectious exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen L Kim
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York.,Department of Pediatrics, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | - Caroline Maloney
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine and Northwell/Hofstra, Hempstead, New York
| | - Natalia Klimova
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York.,University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Ellen Gurzenda
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | - Xinhua Lin
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | - Yuko Arita
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | | | - Melissa J Fazzari
- Department of Biostatistics, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | - Nazeeh Hanna
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York.,Department of Pediatrics, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
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Ingles J, Simpson A, Kyathanahalli C, Anamthathmakula P, Hassan S, Jeyasuria P, Condon JC. Preconditioning the uterine unfolded protein response maintains non-apoptotic Caspase 3-dependent quiescence during pregnancy. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:933. [PMID: 30224704 PMCID: PMC6141493 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1000-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevention of apoptotic caspase 3 activation through biological preconditioning, mediated through the modulation of the unfolded protein response has been demonstrated to ameliorate multiple pathophysiologies. The maintenance of non-apoptotic caspase 3 activity by the unfolded protein response within the pregnant uterus has previously been proven to be critical in inhibiting uterine myocyte contractility during pregnancy. Here we report that the pregnant uterus utilizes an unfolded protein response-preconditioning paradigm to conserve myometrial caspase 3 in a non-apoptotic state in order to effectively inhibit uterine contractility thereby preventing the onset of preterm labor. In the absence of appropriate endogenous preconditioning during pregnancy, uterine caspase 3 is transformed from a non-apoptotic to an apoptotic phenotype. Apoptotic caspase 3 activation results in the precocious triggering of local uterine inflammatory signaling and prostaglandin production, consequently resulting in an increased incidence of preterm birth. These findings represent a paradigm shift in our understanding of how preconditioning promotes the maintenance of uterine non-apoptotic caspase 3 action during pregnancy preventing the onset of premature uterine contraction and therefore defining the timing of the onset of labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Ingles
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Arren Simpson
- Department of Biology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Sonia Hassan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Perinatal Research Initiative in support of the Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda and Detroit, MD and MI, USA
| | - Pancharatnam Jeyasuria
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Perinatal Research Initiative in support of the Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda and Detroit, MD and MI, USA
| | - Jennifer C Condon
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Perinatal Research Initiative in support of the Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda and Detroit, MD and MI, USA.
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IRAK-4-shRNA Prevents Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Via Different Perfusion Periods Through the Portal Vein After Liver Transplantation in Rat. Transplant Proc 2017; 48:2803-2808. [PMID: 27788821 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study analyzed the effects of short hairpin RNA targeting interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4-shRNA) via portal vein perfusion during different periods on ischemia/reperfusion injury after liver transplantation. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: the cold ischemia transfection group (CIT group, n = 18), in which graft livers were perfused with the plasmid of pSIIRAK-4 expressing IRAK-4-shRNA for 4 minutes (0.5 mL/min) via the portal vein during the cold ischemia period; the in vivo transfection group (IVT group, n = 18), in which equivalent volumes (2 mL) of IRAK-4-ShRNA plasmid (pSIIRAK-4) were injected during the operation; and the control group (n = 18), in which the rats received equivalent volumes of blank plasmid. At 0, 60, and 180 minutes after portal vein reperfusion, blood and liver tissues were collected for examination. IRAK-4 expression, nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) activity, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 serum levels, as well as histologic changes, were detected. RESULTS At 0 minutes after reperfusion, IRAK-4 expression, NF-κB activity, and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α, IL-1β, and IL-6 showed no significant differences among the 3 groups (P > .05). At 60 and 180 minutes after reperfusion, all indices of the IVT and control groups were significantly higher than those of the CIT group (P < .01). Meanwhile, all indices of the CIT group showed no significant differences at various time points (P > .05). Liver function and histologic changes exhibited less liver injury in the CIT group than in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS IRAK-4 activity was suppressed by IRAK-4-shRNA through portal vein perfusion during the cold ischemia period, and IRAK-4-shRNA effectively prevented ischemia/reperfusion injury after liver transplantation.
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Abstract
A broad definition of preconditioning is "the preparation for a subsequent action." Mounting evidence demonstrates that novel remote preconditioning paradigms, in which protective stimuli experienced locally can capacitate systemic tolerance and enhanced cell viability upon exposure to ensuing cellular insults, have been largely successful in the field of cardiovascular ischemia/reperfusion injury. To ensure successful protective preconditioning, some models (including the uterus) have been demonstrated to activate the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is a cellular stress response controlled at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum. However, in the context of remote preconditioning, activation of these intracellular molecular pathways must result in the extracellular transmission of adaptive signals to remote targets. In our recently published manuscript, we have described the activation of the UPR in the pregnant uterine myocyte to be associated with increased uterine myocyte quiescence and normal gestational length. We hypothesize that ubiquitous uterine gestational stresses experienced in every pregnancy, which have been demonstrated in other systems to activate the UPR, may induce a robust paracrine dissemination of a uterine secretome, for example, glucose-regulated protein 78, with preconditioning-like properties. Furthermore, we speculate that the gestational stress-induced uterine secretome acts to promote both local and systemic tolerance to the ensuing gestational insults, allowing for the maintenance of uterine quiescence. In this context, preterm labor may be the result of a pregnant uterus experiencing a stress it cannot accommodate or when it is unable to host an appropriate UPR resulting in insufficient preconditioning and a diminished local and systemic capacity to tolerate pregnancy-dependent increases in normal gestational stress. This is highly attractive from a clinical viewpoint as we ultimately aim to identify local and systemic adaptations that may serve as preconditioning stimuli for use as a strategy to restore appropriate preconditioning profiles to prolong uterine quiescence in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Ingles
- 1 Department of Physiology, Wayne State University Perinatal Initiative, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University Perinatal Initiative, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chandrashekara N Kyathanahalli
- 1 Department of Physiology, Wayne State University Perinatal Initiative, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University Perinatal Initiative, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Pancharatnam Jeyasuria
- 1 Department of Physiology, Wayne State University Perinatal Initiative, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University Perinatal Initiative, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,3 Perinatal Research Initiative Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wane State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer C Condon
- 1 Department of Physiology, Wayne State University Perinatal Initiative, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University Perinatal Initiative, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,3 Perinatal Research Initiative Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wane State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Li P, He K, Li J, Liu Z, Gong J. The role of Kupffer cells in hepatic diseases. Mol Immunol 2017; 85:222-229. [PMID: 28314211 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kupffer cells (KCs) constitute 80-90% of the tissue macrophages present in the body. Essential to innate and adaptive immunity, KCs are responsible for the swift containment and clearance of exogenous particulates and immunoreactive materials which are perceived as foreign and harmful to the body. Similar to other macrophages, KCs also sense endogenous molecular signals that may result from perturbed homeostasis of the host. KCs have been implicated in host defense and the pathogenesis of various hepatic diseases, including endotoxin tolerance, liver transplantation, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and alcoholic liver disease. In this review, we summarized some novel findings associated with the role of KCs in hepatic diseases, such as the origin and mechanisms KCs polarization, molecular basis for caspase-1 activation called "non-canonical inflammasome pathway" involving the cleavage of Gsdmd by caspase-11, the important role of microRNA in liver transplantation, and so on. A better understanding of KCs biological characteristics and immunologic function in liver homeostasis and pathology may pave the way to investigate new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhi Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinzheng Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuojin Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jianping Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Zhang AY, Liu YM, Gong JP. Kupffer cells and liver transplantation. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:1917-1923. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i12.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, liver transplantation is globally considered the most effective treatment for end-stage liver diseases. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and immune rejection response (IRR) are the two major imperfections which severely affect the recipients' prognosis and survival rate without satisfactory clinical management strategies. Therefore, exploring effective methods to improve I/R injury and IRR have important clinical significance under circumstances of shortage of donor livers. Kupffer cells (KCs) are the largest population of antigen representing cells (APCs) which settle in the liver. As the first defensive line of the live, KCs exhibit various biological effects. However, the exact mechanisms responsible for the role of KCs in I/R injury and IRR remain elusive. We hereby review the current finding about the role of KCs in I/R injury and IRR.
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Chen H, Zhu W, Feng J, Li S. Protective effect of diallyl trisulfide on liver in rats with sepsis and the mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 32:657-662. [PMID: 23073793 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-012-1013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The protective effects of diallyl trisulfide on liver were examined in rats with sepsis. Sepsis was reproduced in rats by cecum ligation and puncture (CLP). Fifty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group (group S, n=8), sepsis model group (group C, n=24), diallyl trisulfide (DATS)-treated group (group D, n=24). Animals in groups C and D were further divided into three subgroups according to different observation time points, with 8 rats in each subgroup· Rats in group D and C were intravenously injected with normal saline or DATS respectively at a dose of 20 mg/kg after the establishment of sepsis model. Eight rats in groups C and D were sacrificed at 3, 6 and 24 h post-CLP and their livers were harvested for detection of interleukin (IL)-1 receptor associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), c-fos, c-jun, malondialdehydethhe (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and for pathological examination. The results showed that the levels of serum IRAK-4, NF-κB and TNF-α in hepatic tissues were higher in group C than group S (control group) (P<0.05). After DATS treatment, the levels of IRAK-4 and NF-κB in the hepatic tissues and serum TNF-α in group D were lower than those in group C (P<0.05). The levels of c-fos and c-jun and MDA in the hepatic tissues were higher in group C than in group S (P<0.05). After DATS treatment, the levels of c-fos and c-jun and MDA in the hepatic tissues were significantly lower in group D than in group C (P<0.05). When compared with group S group, concentration of SOD in the hepatic tissues in group C was significantly lower (P<0.05). After DATS treatment, the concentration of SOD in the hepatic tissues was higher in group D than in group C (P<0.05). These findings suggested that treatment with DATS could ameliorate sepsis-induced liver injury in rats. The protective effect might be related to its ability to inhibit the signal pathway of IRAK-4 and NF-κB, thereby decreasing the production of oxygen free radicals and down-regulating the expression of c-fos and c-jun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawen Chen
- Department of Emergence Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Emergence Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Emergence Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shusheng Li
- Department of Emergence Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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Li S, Luo C, Yin C, Peng C, Han R, Zhou J, He Q, Zhou J. Endogenous HMGB1 is required in endotoxin tolerance. J Surg Res 2013; 185:319-28. [PMID: 23866790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), a downstream inflammatory response modifier in sepsis and endotoxemia, alters endotoxin tolerance by affecting cellular hyporesponsiveness and tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1 production. OBJECTIVE Endogenous HMGB1 signaling mechanisms during low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxin tolerance were investigated. METHODS BALB/c mice were preconditioned with either 0.1 mL low-dose LPS (0.2 mg/kg) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (control) followed by treatment with three consecutive injections of anti-HMGB1, IgY (an nonspecific antibody), or PBS, at 2, 12, and 22 h, respectively, Mice were then subjected to 0.1 mL high-dose LPS (10 mg/kg) or PBS at 24 h. Serum and hepatic tissue samples were obtained 1 or 3 h after final treatments. Signaling mechanisms were further investigated in the serum and hepatic tissues of mice preconditioned with 0.1 mL HMGB1 (1 mg/kg), low-dose LPS (0.2 mg/kg), or PBS for 1 h, and then high-dose LPS treatment for 3 h. RESULTS The signaling mechanisms involved in low-dose LPS preconditioning required enhanced endogenous HMGB1 expression and secretion. Neutralizing endogenous HMGB1 with anti-HMGB1 antibodies following low-dose LPS preconditioning altered endotoxin tolerance by increasing serum tumor necrosis factor α, reducing hepatic interleukin-1R-associated kinase M expression, and partially restoring nuclear factor κB in vivo. The translocation from nucleus to cytoplasm of endogenous HMGB1 in RAW264.7 cells was also observed during low-dose LPS-induced endotoxin tolerance. CONCLUSIONS Increased interleukin-1R-associated kinase M and decreased nuclear factor κB activity in endotoxin tolerance is associated with endogenous HMGB1 expression after low-dose LPS preconditioning. These findings provide a basis for a better mechanistic understanding and the development of safer clinical therapeutics utilizing induced endotoxin tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Department of Burns, the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Gong JH, Gong JP, Li JZ, He K, Li PZ, Jiang XW. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitor attenuates endotoxin-induced liver injury. J Surg Res 2013; 184:1035-44. [PMID: 23721934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS)-induced acute liver injury was attenuated by endotoxin tolerance (ET), which is characterized by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway/Akt signaling. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) acts downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway/Akt and GSK-3 inhibitor protects against organic injury. This study evaluates the hypothesis that ET attenuated LPS-induced liver injury through inhibiting GSK-3 functional activity and downstream signaling. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats with or without low-dose LPS pretreatment were challenged with or without large dose of LPS and subsequently received studies. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-10, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and total bilirubin levels were analyzed, morphology of liver tissue was performed, glycogen content, myeloperoxidase content, phagocytosis activity of Kupffer cells, and the expression and inhibitory phosphorylation as well as kinase activity of GSK-3 were examined. Survival after LPS administration was also determined. RESULTS LPS induced significant increases of serum TNF-α, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and total bilirubin (P < 0.05), which were companied by obvious alterations in liver: the injury of liver tissue, the decrease of glycogen, the infiltration of neutrophils, and the enhancement of phagocytosis of Kupffer cells (P < 0.05). LPS pretreatment significantly attenuated these alterations, promoted the inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK-3 and inhibited its kinase activity, and improved the survival rate (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS ET attenuated LPS-induced acute liver injury through inhibiting GSK-3 functional activity and its downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-hua Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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