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Diazoxide reduces local and remote organ damage in a rat model of intestinal ischemia reperfusion. J Surg Res 2018; 225:118-124. [PMID: 29605021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal ischemia reperfusion is a common clinical condition that causes functional impairment. Once tight junctions are damaged, barrier function is compromised, and the intestines become a source for entry of bacterial and inflammatory mediators into the circulation, leading to systemic inflammatory response syndrome, multiple organ failure, and death. It is possible that diazoxide could protect the intestines against ischemia reperfusion. The aim of this study is to determine whether diazoxide can provide protection in a rat model of intestinal ischemia reperfusion. METHODS A total of 32 adult male specific pathogen-free Wistar rats were randomized into three groups: a control group, n = 6; a saline group, n = 13; and a diazoxide group, n = 13. The saline and diazoxide groups underwent clamping of the superior mesenteric artery for 1 h, with samples in all the groups being collected 12 h later. RESULTS Intestinal histology showed greater damage in the intestinal ischemia reperfusion groups. mRNA expression of zonula occludens-1 and occludin (tight junction proteins) and interleukin-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 was the highest in the Saline group. The Diazoxide group showed a reduction in aspartate aminotransferase serum levels compared with the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of zonula occludens-1, occludin, and cyclooxygenase-2 suggested a greater regenerative effort because of more severe lesions in the saline group. In addition, increased expression of interleukin-6 in the saline group was suggestive of inflammation, indicating that diazoxide had protective effects in the diazoxide group. Reduced aspartate aminotransferase in the diazoxide group suggested liver protection. Diazoxide protects the intestines and liver from intestinal ischemia reperfusion lesions in rats.
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Okada M, Falcão LFR, Ferez D, Martins JL, Errante PR, Rodrigues FSM, Caricati-Neto A, Marinho M, Fenelon G, Oliveira-Júnior IS. Effect of atenolol pre-treatment in heart damage in a model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. Acta Cir Bras 2017; 32:964-972. [PMID: 29236801 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020170110000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of atenolol in inflammatory mediator and oxidative stress in a myocardial injury by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rat model. METHODS Adult Wistar male rats were randomly (n=8), anesthetized and divided in: Sham: submitted to operation only; group SS+IR: intravenous saline infusion following superior mesenteric artery occlusion during 60 minutes (ischemia) and open for 120 minutes (reperfusion); group AT+IR: intravenous atenolol infusion (2 mg/kg) following superior mesenteric artery occlusion during 60 minutes (ischemia) and open for 120 minutes (reperfusion); and group AT+I+AT+R: intravenous atenolol infusion following superior mesenteric artery occlusion during 60 minutes (ischemia) and in the time 45 minutes other atenolol doses were administrated and the artery was open for 120 minutes (reperfusion), all animals were submitted to muscular relaxation for mechanical ventilation. In the end of experiment the animals were euthanized and the hearts tissue were morphology analyzed by histology and malondialdehyde by ELISA, and the plasma were analyzed for tumor necrosis factor-alpha by ELISA. RESULTS The group SS+IR demonstrated the higher malondialdehyde levels when compared with the atenolol treated-groups (p=0.001) in the heart tissue. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha level in plasma decrease in the treated groups when compared with SS+IR group (p=0.001). Histology analyses demonstrate pyknosis, edema, cellular vacuolization, presence of inflammatory infiltrate and band contraction in the heart tissue of the rats. CONCLUSION Atenolol significantly reduce the degree of cardiac damage after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieko Okada
- Fellow PhD degree, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil. Acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; technical procedures; statistical analysis, manuscript writing
| | - Luiz Fernando Reis Falcão
- PhD, Associate Professor, Division of Anesthesia, Pain and Intensive Medicine, Department of Surgery, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Interpretation of data, statistical analysis, manuscript writing, critical revision
| | - David Ferez
- PhD, Associate Professor, Division of Anesthesia, Pain and Intensive Medicine, Department of Surgery, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Interpretation of data, critical revision
| | - José Luiz Martins
- PhD, Full Professor, Division of Anesthesia, Pain and Intensive Medicine, Department of Surgery, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Interpretation of data, manuscript writing, critical revision
| | - Paolo Ruggero Errante
- Fellow PhD degree, Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Histopathological examinations, analysis of data
| | - Francisco Sandro Menezes Rodrigues
- Fellow PhD degree, Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Histopathological examinations, analysis of data
| | - Afonso Caricati-Neto
- PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Manuscript writing, critical revision
| | - Márcia Marinho
- PhD, Full Professor, Veterinary Medicine School, UNESP, Araçatuba-SP, Brazil. Biochemistry data analysis, statistical analysis, critical revision
| | - Guilherme Fenelon
- Associate Professor, Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Conception and design of the study, manuscript writing, critical revision
| | - Itamar Souza Oliveira-Júnior
- Full Professor, Division of Anesthesia, Pain and Intensive Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Associate Professor, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Conception and design of the study, critical revision, final approval of the version to be published
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Öztürk T, Vural K, Tuğlu İ, Var A, Kurdal T, Aydemir I. Acute and Chronic Pretreatment With Atenolol Attenuates Intestinal Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Hypercholesterolemic Rats. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2016; 30:985-92. [PMID: 27521968 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2016.03.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the protective effects of preinjury atenolol (acute v chronic) on apoptosis, contractility, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers in hypercholesterolemic rats undergoing intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. DESIGN Prospective, experimental animal study. SETTING University laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Male Wistar rats (n = 32). INTERVENTIONS Rats were divided into the following 4 groups: 1 group was fed a normal diet (ND) (group ND+NoAT [no atenolol]), and the other 3 groups were fed a high-cholesterol diet (HCD)-group HCD+NoAT, group HCD+ChAT (chronic atenolol, 3 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks), and group HCD+AcAT (acute atenolol, 1.5 mg/kg, given 5 minutes before intestinal clamping). All rats underwent I/R injury. The superior mesenteric artery was clamped for 60 minutes, then opened for 120 minutes (reperfusion). Apoptotic cells and stimulated contractions of ileal segments were examined. Tissue markers of intestinal I/R injury were examined. Intestinal malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and nitrate/nitrite levels were measured. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The chronic atenolol group had fewer apoptotic cells and higher superoxide dismutase activity compared with the other groups. Intestinal contraction was higher in both atenolol pretreatment groups compared with the NoAT groups. Chronic and acute atenolol resulted in lower ileal levels of malondialdehyde and immunolabeling-positive cells (intestinal inducible nitric oxide synthase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-1, and interleukin-8) after I/R injury compared with the no atenolol groups. CONCLUSIONS Both chronic and acute pre-I/R injury treatment with atenolol attenuated I/R injury in this hypercholesterolemic rat model. These findings should encourage future studies of atenolol in hypercholesterolemic patients undergoing procedures with a high risk of intestinal ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tülün Öztürk
- Departments of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Uncubozköy, Manisa, Turkey.
| | - Kamil Vural
- Pharmacology, Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Uncubozköy, Manisa, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Tuğlu
- Histology, Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Uncubozköy, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Var
- Biochemistry, Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Uncubozköy, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Taner Kurdal
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Uncubozköy, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Işıl Aydemir
- Pharmacology, Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Uncubozköy, Manisa, Turkey; Histology, Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Uncubozköy, Manisa, Turkey
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Ischemic preconditioning and atenolol on lung injury after intestinal ischemia and reperfusion in rats. Transplant Proc 2015; 46:1862-6. [PMID: 25131055 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was evaluate the beta blocker atenolol (AT) and ischemic preconditioning (IPC) strategies for tissue protection against systemic effects of intestinal ischemia (I) and reperfusion (R) injury. Forty-two rats were pretreated with AT (1.5 mg · kg(-1)), 0.9% saline solution (SS; 0.1 mL), or IPC and then subjected to prolonged occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery for 60 minutes leading to I followed or not by 120 minutes of R, according to the group. For IPC, 5 minutes of I prior to 10 minutes of R were established. After this process of I or I-R, the right lung of each animal was adequately prepared for staining with hematoxylin and eosin and subsequent histologic analysis for quantification of inflammatory infiltrate was done. The left lung was frozen and prepared for assessment of oxidative stress by the quantification of thiobarbituric acid-reactivity substances (TBARS). Histologic analysis showed an important inflammatory infiltrate in the I-R + SS (I-R + SS = 4.5), which was significantly (P < .05) reduced by IPC (I-R + IPC = 3.0) or AT (I-R + AT = 3.0). Likewise, the TBARS levels were decreased by both strategies (I-R + SS = 0.63; I-R + IPC = 0.23; I-R + AT = 0.38; P < .05). Our results showed that AT and IPC attenuate pulmonary lesions caused by intestinal I and R process.
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Gonzalez LM, Moeser AJ, Blikslager AT. Animal models of ischemia-reperfusion-induced intestinal injury: progress and promise for translational research. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G63-75. [PMID: 25414098 PMCID: PMC4297854 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00112.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Research in the field of ischemia-reperfusion injury continues to be plagued by the inability to translate research findings to clinically useful therapies. This may in part relate to the complexity of disease processes that result in intestinal ischemia but may also result from inappropriate research model selection. Research animal models have been integral to the study of ischemia-reperfusion-induced intestinal injury. However, the clinical conditions that compromise intestinal blood flow in clinical patients ranges widely from primary intestinal disease to processes secondary to distant organ failure and generalized systemic disease. Thus models that closely resemble human pathology in clinical conditions as disparate as volvulus, shock, and necrotizing enterocolitis are likely to give the greatest opportunity to understand mechanisms of ischemia that may ultimately translate to patient care. Furthermore, conditions that result in varying levels of ischemia may be further complicated by the reperfusion of blood to tissues that, in some cases, further exacerbates injury. This review assesses animal models of ischemia-reperfusion injury as well as the knowledge that has been derived from each to aid selection of appropriate research models. In addition, a discussion of the future of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion research is provided to place some context on the areas likely to provide the greatest benefit from continued research of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liara M. Gonzalez
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; and
| | - Adam J. Moeser
- 2Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; and
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