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Huber T, Horioka-Duplix M, Chen Y, Saca VR, Ceraudo E, Chen Y, Sakmar TP. The role of signaling pathways mediated by the GPCRs CysLTR1/2 in melanocyte proliferation and senescence. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadp3967. [PMID: 39288219 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adp3967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
In contrast with sun exposure-induced melanoma, rarer melanocytic tumors and neoplasms with low mutational burden present opportunities to study isolated signaling mechanisms. These include uveal melanoma and blue nevi, which are often driven by mutations within the G protein-coupled signaling cascade downstream of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2. Here, we review how the same mutations within this pathway drive the growth of melanocytes in one tissue but can inhibit the growth of those in another, exemplifying the role of the tissue environment in the delicate balance between uncontrolled cell growth and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Huber
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mizuho Horioka-Duplix
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yuanhuang Chen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Victoria R Saca
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Emilie Ceraudo
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas P Sakmar
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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2
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Yang Y, Wang S, Wang XX, Guo S, Wang H, Shi Q, Tian Y, Wang H, Zhao T, Zhang H, Zhang B, Gao T, Li C, Yi X, Guo W. Tumorous IRE1α facilitates CD8 +T cells-dependent anti-tumor immunity and improves immunotherapy efficacy in melanoma. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:83. [PMID: 38291473 PMCID: PMC10826282 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor cells frequently suffer from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Previous studies have extensively elucidated the role of tumorous unfolded protein response in melanoma cells, whereas the effect on tumor immunology and the underlying mechanism remain elusive. METHODS Bioinformatics, biochemical assays and pre-clinical mice model were employed to demonstrate the role of tumorous inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1α (IRE1α) in anti-tumor immunity and the underlying mechanism. RESULTS We firstly found that IRE1α signaling activation was positively associated with the feature of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Then, pharmacological ER stress induction by HA15 exerted prominent anti-tumor effect in immunocompetent mice and was highly dependent on CD8+T cells, paralleled with the reshape of immune cells in tumor microenvironment via tumorous IRE1α-XBP1 signal. Subsequently, tumorous IRE1α facilitated the expression and secretion of multiple chemokines and cytokines via XBP1-NF-κB axis, leading to increased infiltration and anti-tumor capacity of CD8+T cells. Ultimately, pharmacological induction of tumorous ER stress by HA15 brought potentiated therapeutic effect along with anti-PD-1 antibody on melanoma in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Tumorous IRE1α facilitates CD8+T cells-dependent anti-tumor immunity and improves immunotherapy efficacy by regulating chemokines and cytokines via XBP1-NF-κB axis. The combination of ER stress inducer and anti-PD-1 antibody could be promising for increasing the efficacy of melanoma immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sijia Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiang-Xu Wang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sen Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huina Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yangzi Tian
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hengxiang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baolu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianwen Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiuli Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Weinan Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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3
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Schito L, Rey-Keim S. Hypoxia signaling and metastatic progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 97:42-49. [PMID: 37926346 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of oxygen homeostasis, resulting from an imbalance between O2 supply and demand during malignant proliferation, leads to the development of hypoxic tumor microenvironments that promote the acquisition of aggressive cancer cell phenotypes linked to metastasis and patient mortality. In this review, the mechanistic links between tumor hypoxia and metastatic progression are presented. Current status and perspectives of targeting hypoxia signaling pathways as a strategy to halt cancer cell metastatic activities are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Schito
- UCD School of Medicine, Belfield, Dublin D04 C7X2, Ireland; UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 C7X2, Ireland.
| | - Sergio Rey-Keim
- UCD School of Medicine, Belfield, Dublin D04 C7X2, Ireland; UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 C7X2, Ireland.
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4
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Soo SK, Rudich ZD, Ko B, Moldakozhayev A, AlOkda A, Van Raamsdonk JM. Biological resilience and aging: Activation of stress response pathways contributes to lifespan extension. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 88:101941. [PMID: 37127095 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
While aging was traditionally viewed as a stochastic process of damage accumulation, it is now clear that aging is strongly influenced by genetics. The identification and characterization of long-lived genetic mutants in model organisms has provided insights into the genetic pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in extending longevity. Long-lived genetic mutants exhibit activation of multiple stress response pathways leading to enhanced resistance to exogenous stressors. As a result, lifespan exhibits a significant, positive correlation with resistance to stress. Disruption of stress response pathways inhibits lifespan extension in multiple long-lived mutants representing different pathways of lifespan extension and can also reduce the lifespan of wild-type animals. Combined, this suggests that activation of stress response pathways is a key mechanism by which long-lived mutants achieve their extended longevity and that many of these pathways are also required for normal lifespan. These results highlight an important role for stress response pathways in determining the lifespan of an organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja K Soo
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, and Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zenith D Rudich
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, and Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bokang Ko
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, and Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alibek Moldakozhayev
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, and Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Abdelrahman AlOkda
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, and Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeremy M Van Raamsdonk
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, and Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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5
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Rufo N, Yang Y, De Vleeschouwer S, Agostinis P. The "Yin and Yang" of Unfolded Protein Response in Cancer and Immunogenic Cell Death. Cells 2022; 11:2899. [PMID: 36139473 PMCID: PMC9497201 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological and pathological burdens that perturb endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis activate the unfolded protein response (UPR), a conserved cytosol-to-nucleus signaling pathway that aims to reinstate the vital biosynthetic and secretory capacity of the ER. Disrupted ER homeostasis, causing maladaptive UPR signaling, is an emerging trait of cancer cells. Maladaptive UPR sustains oncogene-driven reprogramming of proteostasis and metabolism and fosters proinflammatory pathways promoting tissue repair and protumorigenic immune responses. However, when cancer cells are exposed to conditions causing irreparable ER homeostasis, such as those elicited by anticancer therapies, the UPR switches from a survival to a cell death program. This lethal ER stress response can elicit immunogenic cell death (ICD), a form of cell death with proinflammatory traits favoring antitumor immune responses. How UPR-driven pathways transit from a protective to a killing modality with favorable immunogenic and proinflammatory output remains unresolved. Here, we discuss key aspects of the functional dichotomy of UPR in cancer cells and how this signal can be harnessed for therapeutic benefit in the context of ICD, especially from the aspect of inflammation aroused by the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Rufo
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research & Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yihan Yang
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research & Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Vleeschouwer
- Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research & Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Liu B, Yin X, Jiang G, Li Y, Jiang Z, Qiang L, Chen N, Fan Y, Shen C, Dai L, Yin Y, Zhang B. Identification of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Related Subtypes, Infiltration Analysis of Tumor Microenvironment, and Construction of a Prognostic Model in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3326. [PMID: 35884393 PMCID: PMC9322646 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been shown to influence tumor progression and immune cell function in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the underlying role of ER stress-related gene patterns in colorectal cancer (CRC) development remains unclear. We analyzed the ER stress-related gene patterns in 884 patients with CRC from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and evaluated the cell-infiltrating patterns in the TME. Two ER stress-related patterns were identified in patients with CRC that had distinct cell-infiltrating patterns in the TME and clinical characteristics. A risk score and nomogram based on 14 screened prognosis-correlated genes was built and validated to predict patient survival. Patients with a higher risk score were shown to have an unfavorable prognosis, and the risk score was associated with cell infiltration and drug sensitivity. Furthermore, spatial transcriptomics data were utilized to explore ER stress-related gene patterns in CRC tissues, and it was shown that ER stress phenotype involves in the formation of the immunosuppressive TME. This study demonstrated that ER stress-related gene patterns play a role in influencing the TME and predicting prognosis. These analyses of ER stress in the TME of CRC might deepen our understanding of CRC progression and immune escape and provide novel insights into therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baike Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (B.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.J.); (C.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (N.C.); (Y.F.); (L.D.)
| | - Xiaonan Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (B.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.J.); (C.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (N.C.); (Y.F.); (L.D.)
| | - Guangfu Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guang’an People’s Hospital, Guang’an 638500, China; (G.J.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guang’an People’s Hospital, Guang’an 638500, China; (G.J.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhiyuan Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (B.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.J.); (C.S.)
| | - Liming Qiang
- Department of Gastroenterology Ward, Guang’an People’s Hospital, Guang’an 638500, China;
| | - Na Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (N.C.); (Y.F.); (L.D.)
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Yating Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (N.C.); (Y.F.); (L.D.)
| | - Chaoyong Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (B.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.J.); (C.S.)
| | - Lei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; (N.C.); (Y.F.); (L.D.)
| | - Yuan Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (B.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.J.); (C.S.)
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (B.L.); (X.Y.); (Z.J.); (C.S.)
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Zhang Z, Liu X, Cheng D, Dang J, Mi Z, Shi Y, Wang L, Fan H. Unfolded Protein Response-Related Signature Associates With the Immune Microenvironment and Prognostic Prediction in Osteosarcoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:911346. [PMID: 35754801 PMCID: PMC9214238 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.911346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Osteosarcoma is a highly malignant bone tumor commonly occurring in adolescents with a poor 5-year survival rate. The unfolded protein response (UPR) can alleviate the accumulation of misfolded proteins to maintain homeostasis under endoplasmic reticulum stress. The UPR is linked to the occurrence, progression, and drug resistance of tumors. However, the function of UPR-related genes (UPRRGs) in disease progression and prognosis of osteosarcoma remains unclear. Methods: The mRNA expression profiling and corresponding clinical features of osteosarcoma were acquired from TARGET and GEO databases. Consensus clustering was conducted to confirm different UPRRG subtypes. Subsequently, we evaluated the prognosis and immune status of the different subtypes. Functional analysis of GO, GSEA, and GSVA was used to reveal the molecular mechanism between the subtypes. Finally, four genes (STC2, PREB, TSPYL2, and ATP6V0D1) were screened to construct and validate a risk signature to predict the prognosis of patients with osteosarcoma. Result: We identified two subtypes according to the UPRRG expression patterns. The subgroup with higher immune scores, lower tumor purity, and active immune status was linked to a better prognosis. Meanwhile, functional enrichment revealed that immune-related signaling pathways varied markedly in the two subtypes, suggesting that the UPR might influence the prognosis of osteosarcoma via influencing the immune microenvironment. Moreover, prognostic signature and nomogram models were developed based on UPRRGs, and the results showed that our model has an excellent performance in predicting the prognosis of osteosarcoma. qPCR analysis was also conducted to verify the expression levels of the four genes. Conclusion: We revealed the crucial contribution of UPRRGs in the immune microenvironment and prognostic prediction of osteosarcoma patients and provided new insights for targeted therapy and prognostic assessment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Division of Musculoskeletal Cancer Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xincheng Liu
- Division of Musculoskeletal Cancer Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Debin Cheng
- Division of Musculoskeletal Cancer Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyi Dang
- Division of Musculoskeletal Cancer Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenzhou Mi
- Division of Musculoskeletal Cancer Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yubo Shi
- Division of Musculoskeletal Cancer Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Division of Musculoskeletal Cancer Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongbin Fan
- Division of Musculoskeletal Cancer Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Dong B, Wu C, Li SH, Huang L, Zhang C, Wu B, Sheng Y, Liu Y, Ye G, Qi Y. Correlation of m6A methylation with immune infiltrates and poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer via a comprehensive analysis of RNA expression profiles. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1465. [PMID: 34734017 PMCID: PMC8506701 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a common type of lung cancer with a poor prognosis. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation, which is a reversible ribonucleic acid (RNA) modification, plays an important role in the occurrence and development of NSCLC. However, the potential effect of m6A methylation on immune infiltrates and prognosis remains unclear. Methods In this study, a weighted gene co-expression network analysis was used to screen out messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that were co-expressed with m6A regulators. Additionally, 2 molecular subtypes (Clusters 1 and 2) were determined via consensus clustering. Subsequently, a prognostic risk model was constructed using both co-expressed mRNAs and ncRNAs. Based on the risk scores calculated by the prognostic model, the patients were divided into the high-risk group or low-risk group. Finally, the altered patterns of the tumor immune microenvironments (TIMEs) between the 2 stratification methods were thoroughly investigated, and a gene set enrichment analysis was conducted to further examine the potential mechanism. Results Patients in Cluster 1 had lower immunoscores, higher programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, and shorter overall survival (OS) compared to patients in Cluster 2. A further investigation based on the prognostic model revealed that the PD-L1 expression levels of patients in the high-risk group were significantly upregulated, and the immunoscores were lower than those in the low-risk group. The immune cells with a high infiltration in Cluster 1 showed a significant positive correlation with the risk score; those with low infiltration showed a significant negative correlation. The hallmarks of the Myelocytomatosis viral oncogene (MYC) targets, the second Gap/Mitosis (G2/M) checkpoint, E2 transcription Factor (E2F) targets, glycolysis, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair, and unfolded protein response were significantly enriched in Cluster 1, the low-immunoscore group, and the high-risk group. Conclusions This study revealed that m6A methylation is closely related to the poor prognosis of NSCLC patients via interference with the TIME, which suggests that m6A may play a role in optimizing individualized immunotherapy management and improving prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Dong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunli Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shi-Hao Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yinliang Sheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yafei Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guanchao Ye
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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9
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Fan Y, Liang X, Yu D. Low expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related gene SERP1 is associated with poor prognosis and immune infiltration in skin cutaneous melanoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:23036-23071. [PMID: 34613934 PMCID: PMC8544316 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Stress-associated endoplasmic reticulum protein 1 (SERP1) is a gene induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and a major contributor to multiple tumor types. Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is a highly aggressive and fatal cancer with poor treatment outcomes after progression. In this study, we evaluated SERP1's role in tumorigenesis, prognosis, and immune infiltration in SKCM. Patients with SKCM had low SERP1 expression. We identified differentially expressed genes between high- and low-SERP1 expression groups and conducted functional, pathway, and gene enrichment analyses. Protein-protein (PPI) and gene-gene interaction (GGI) networks were constructed via STRING and GeneMANIA, respectively. SERP1 mutation information was obtained through cBioPortal; location in the skin was identified through the Human Protein Atlas. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed an association between low SERP1 expression and overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), progress-free interval (PFI) rates, and worse prognosis in patients with multiple clinicopathological features. Cox regression analysis and nomograms further presented SERP1 level as an independent prognostic factor for patients with SKCM. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between SERP1 expression and immune infiltrates; thus, low SERP1 expression is associated with immune cell infiltration and can be considered a poor prognostic biomarker in patients with SKCM. Stress-associated endoplasmic reticulum protein 1 (SERP1) is a gene induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and a major contributor to multiple tumor types. Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is a highly aggressive and fatal cancer with poor treatment outcomes after progression. In this study, we evaluated SERP1's role in tumorigenesis, prognosis, and immune infiltration in SKCM. Patients with SKCM had low SERP1 expression. We identified differentially expressed genes between high- and low-SERP1 expression groups and conducted functional, pathway, and gene enrichment analyses. Protein-protein (PPI) and gene-gene interaction (GGI) networks were constructed via STRING and GeneMANIA, respectively. SERP1 mutation information was obtained through cBioPortal; location in the skin were identified through the Human Protein Atlas. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed an association between low SERP1 expression and overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), progress-free interval (PFI) rates, and worse prognosis in patients with multiple clinicopathological features. Cox regression analysis and nomograms further presented SERP1 level as an independent prognostic factor for patients with SKCM. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between SERP1 expression and immune infiltrates; thus, low SERP1 expression is associated with immune cell infiltration and can be considered a poor prognostic biomarker in patients with SKCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Cancer Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Deshui Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second People’s Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, Sichuan Province, China
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10
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A new horizon for the old antibacterial drug clofoctol. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1302-1310. [PMID: 33581321 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic antibacterial drug clofoctol (CFT) has long been used to treat respiratory tract infections in Europe. In recent years, the drug was found to target two biologically important proteins, the Cdc7/Dbf4 protein kinase complex and the mRNA-binding protein cold shock domain containing E1 (CSDE1), also known as upstream-of-N-Ras protein (UNR). These interactions are at the origin of the antitumor activity of CFT, recently evidenced in prostate cancer and neuroglioma. Drug-protein binding models provide a structural basis to guide the design of more potent anticancer compounds. A renewed interest in CFT can be anticipated for the treatment of cancers, and possibly Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19).
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11
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Cytoplasmic vacuolation with endoplasmic reticulum stress directs sorafenib induced non-apoptotic cell death in hepatic stellate cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3089. [PMID: 33542321 PMCID: PMC7862314 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the major cells that secrete the ECM proteins and drive the pathogenesis of fibrosis in chronic liver disease. Targeting of HSCs by modulating their activation and proliferation has emerged as a promising approach in the development of anti-fibrotic therapy. Sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor has shown anti-fibrotic properties by inhibiting the survival and proliferation of HSCs. In present study we investigated sorafenib induced cytoplasmic vacuolation mediated decreased cell viability of HSCs in dose and time dependent manner. In this circumstance, sorafenib induces ROS and ER stress in HSCs without involvement of autophagic signals. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide treatment significantly decreased the sorafenib-induced cytoplasmic vacuolation with increasing cell viability. Antioxidant human serum albumin influences the viability of HSCs by reducing sorafenib induced vacuolation and cell death. However, neither caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK nor autophagy inhibitor chloroquine could rescue the HSCs from sorafenib-induced cytoplasmic vacuolation and cell death. Using TEM and ER organelle tracker, we conclude that the cytoplasmic vacuoles are due to ER dilation. Sorafenib treatment induces calreticulin and GPR78, and activates IRE1α-XBP1s axis of UPR pathway, which eventually trigger the non-apoptotic cell death in HSCs. This study provides a notable mechanistic insight into the ER stress directed non-apoptotic cell death with future directions for the development of efficient anti-fibrotic therapeutic strategies.
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12
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Rosenbaum SR, Wilski NA, Aplin AE. Fueling the Fire: Inflammatory Forms of Cell Death and Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:266-281. [PMID: 33451983 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Unleashing the immune system with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has significantly improved overall survival for subsets of patients with stage III/IV cancer. However, many tumors are nonresponsive to ICIs, in part due to a lack of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). Converting these immune "cold" tumors to "hot" tumors that are thus more likely to respond to ICIs is a major obstacle for cancer treatment. Triggering inflammatory forms of cell death, such as necroptosis and pyroptosis, may alter the tumor immune microenvironment and the influx of TILs. We present an emerging view that promoting tumor-localized necroptosis and pyroptosis may ultimately enhance responses to ICI. SIGNIFICANCE: Many tumor types respond poorly to ICIs or respond but subsequently acquire resistance. Effective therapies for ICI-nonresponsive tumors are lacking and should be guided by evidence from preclinical studies. Promoting inflammatory cell death mechanisms within the tumor may alter the local immune microenvironment toward an ICI-responsive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheera R Rosenbaum
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicole A Wilski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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13
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Wang X, Bai Y, Zhang F, Yang Y, Feng D, Li A, Yang Z, Li D, Tang Y, Wei X, Wei W, Han P. Targeted Inhibition of P4HB Promotes Cell Sensitivity to Gemcitabine in Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:9543-9558. [PMID: 33061438 PMCID: PMC7532080 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s267734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BC) is a common malignancy worldwide that accounts for 3% of global cancer diagnoses. Chemotherapy resistance limits the therapeutic effect of chemotherapeutic agents in patients with BC. Prolyl 4-hydroxylase, beta polypeptide (P4HB) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone that is upregulated in bladder cancer tissues (The Cancer Genome Atlas, TCGA datasets). Knockdown or suppression of P4HB exerts anticancer activity and sensitizes cells to chemotherapy in various types of cancer. Purpose We aimed to investigate whether the inhibition of P4HB enhances the anticancer efficacy of gemcitabine (GEM) in BC cells and to study the underlying molecular mechanisms. Patients and Methods The P4HB mRNA expression levels of 411 BC patients from the TCGA database and P4HB expression level of eighty BC paraffin-embedded samples detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining were used for clinical feature and prognostic analyses. Bioinformatics analysis was utilized for the mechanistic investigation. Highly P4HB-expressed BC cell lines (T24 and 5637) treated with P4HB inhibitor (Bacitracin, BAC) were used to study the effects of BAC on the sensitivity of BC cells to GEM and the potential mechanism. P4HB inhibition experiments were performed in highly P4HB-expressed BC cells, and cell viability, colony formation, cell cycle, reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis and pathway proteins were assessed in T24 and 5637 cells. Results Western blot analysis showed that P4HB expression was significantly higher in BC tissues than in paired normal tissues. IHC showed that patients with high P4HB expression had a poorer overall survival (OS) rate than those with low P4HB expression. Furthermore, increased P4HB expression was demonstrated to be an independent prognostic marker for BC. Functionally, P4HB inhibition by BAC decreased the cell proliferation ability in vitro. Moreover, BAC treatment sensitized BC cells to GEM. Molecular mechanism analysis indicated that inhibition of P4HB by BAC treatment enhanced the anticancer effects of GEM through increasing cellular ROS content and promoting cell apoptosis and PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP signaling. Conclusion High P4HB expression was significantly correlated with poor prognosis in BC patients. Inhibition of P4HB by BAC decreased the cell proliferation ability and sensitized BC cells to GEM by activating apoptosis and the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Urology/Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjin Bai
- Department of Urology/Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Facai Zhang
- Department of Urology/Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Yang
- Department of Urology/Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Dechao Feng
- Department of Urology/Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ao Li
- Department of Urology/Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Yang
- Department of Urology/Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengxiong Li
- Department of Urology/Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Tang
- Department of Urology/Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Urology/Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuran Wei
- Department of Urology/Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Urology/Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of China
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14
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Qin X, Denton WD, Huiting LN, Smith KS, Feng H. Unraveling the regulatory role of endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation in tumor immunity. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:322-353. [PMID: 32633575 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1784085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During malignant transformation and cancer progression, tumor cells face both intrinsic and extrinsic stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in particular. To survive and proliferate, tumor cells use multiple stress response pathways to mitigate ER stress, promoting disease aggression and treatment resistance. Among the stress response pathways is ER-associated degradation (ERAD), which consists of multiple components and steps working together to ensure protein quality and quantity. In addition to its established role in stress responses and tumor cell survival, ERAD has recently been shown to regulate tumor immunity. Here we summarize current knowledge on how ERAD promotes protein degradation, regulates immune cell development and function, participates in antigen presentation, exerts paradoxical roles on tumorigenesis and immunity, and thus impacts current cancer therapy. Collectively, ERAD is a critical protein homeostasis pathway intertwined with cancer development and tumor immunity. Of particular importance is the need to further unveil ERAD's enigmatic roles in tumor immunity to develop effective targeted and combination therapy for successful treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Qin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William D Denton
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leah N Huiting
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaylee S Smith
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hui Feng
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Cirone M. Perturbation of bulk and selective macroautophagy, abnormal UPR activation and their interplay pave the way to immune dysfunction, cancerogenesis and neurodegeneration in ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 58:101026. [PMID: 32018054 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of studies has indicated that ageing is characterized by an altered proteostasis, ROS accumulation and a status of mild/chronic inflammation, in which macroautophagy reduction and abnormal UPR activation play a pivotal role. The dysregulation of these inter-connected processes favors immune dysfunction and predisposes to a variety of several apparently unrelated pathological conditions including cancer and neurodegeneration. Given the progressive ageing of the population, a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating autophagy, UPR and their interplay is needed in order to design new therapeutic strategies able to counteract the effects of ageing and concomitantly restrain the onset/progression of age-related diseases that represent a private and public health problem.
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16
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Nam SM, Jeon YJ. Proteostasis In The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Road to Cure. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1793. [PMID: 31739582 PMCID: PMC6895847 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an interconnected organelle that is responsible for the biosynthesis, folding, maturation, stabilization, and trafficking of transmembrane and secretory proteins. Therefore, cells evolve protein quality-control equipment of the ER to ensure protein homeostasis, also termed proteostasis. However, disruption in the folding capacity of the ER caused by a large variety of pathophysiological insults leads to the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in this organelle, known as ER stress. Upon ER stress, unfolded protein response (UPR) of the ER is activated, integrates ER stress signals, and transduces the integrated signals to relive ER stress, thereby leading to the re-establishment of proteostasis. Intriguingly, severe and persistent ER stress and the subsequently sustained unfolded protein response (UPR) are closely associated with tumor development, angiogenesis, aggressiveness, immunosuppression, and therapeutic response of cancer. Additionally, the UPR interconnects various processes in and around the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, it has begun to be delineated that pharmacologically and genetically manipulating strategies directed to target the UPR of the ER might exhibit positive clinical outcome in cancer. In the present review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the UPR of the ER and the UPR of the ER-mitochondria interconnection. We also highlight new insights into how the UPR of the ER in response to pathophysiological perturbations is implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer. We provide the concept to target the UPR of the ER, eventually discussing the potential of therapeutic interventions for targeting the UPR of the ER for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Min Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Young Joo Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
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17
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Huo D, Zhu J, Chen G, Chen Q, Zhang C, Luo X, Jiang W, Jiang X, Gu Z, Hu Y. Eradication of unresectable liver metastasis through induction of tumour specific energy depletion. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3051. [PMID: 31296864 PMCID: PMC6624273 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of liver metastasis experiences slow progress owing to the severe side effects. In this study, we demonstrate a strategy capable of eliminating metastatic cancer cells in a selective manner. Nucleus-targeting W18O49 nanoparticles (WONPs) are conjugated to mitochondria-selective mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) containing photosensitizer (Ce6) through a Cathepsin B-cleavable peptide. In hepatocytes, upon the laser irradiation, the generated singlet oxygen species are consumed by WONPs, in turn leading to the loss of their photothermally heating capacity, thereby sparing hepatocyte from thermal damage induced by the laser illumination. By contrast, in cancer cells, the cleaved peptide linker allows WONPs and MSNs to respectively target nucleus and mitochondria, where the therapeutic powers could be unleashed, both photodynamically and photothermally. This ensures the energy production of cancer cells can be abolished. We further assess the underlying molecular mechanism at both gene and protein levels to better understand the therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Huo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guojun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and the California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and the California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingyu Luo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiqun Jiang
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhen Gu
- Department of Bioengineering and the California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Yong Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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18
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Nguyen CDL, Malchow S, Reich S, Steltgens S, Shuvaev KV, Loroch S, Lorenz C, Sickmann A, Knobbe-Thomsen CB, Tews B, Medenbach J, Ahrends R. A sensitive and simple targeted proteomics approach to quantify transcription factor and membrane proteins of the unfolded protein response pathway in glioblastoma cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8836. [PMID: 31222112 PMCID: PMC6586633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cellular events are driven by changes in protein expression, measurable by mass spectrometry or antibody-based assays. However, using conventional technology, the analysis of transcription factor or membrane receptor expression is often limited by an insufficient sensitivity and specificity. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a high-resolution targeted proteomics strategy, which allows quantification down to the lower attomol range in a straightforward way without any prior enrichment or fractionation approaches. The method applies isotope-labeled peptide standards for quantification of the protein of interest. As proof of principle, we applied the improved workflow to proteins of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signaling pathway of great clinical importance, and could for the first time detect and quantify all major UPR receptors, transducers and effectors that are not readily detectable via antibody-based-, SRM- or conventional PRM assays. As transcription and translation is central to the regulation of UPR, quantification and determination of protein copy numbers in the cell is important for our understanding of the signaling process as well as how pharmacologic modulation of these pathways impacts on the signaling. These questions can be answered using our newly established workflow as exemplified in an experiment using UPR perturbation in a glioblastoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi D L Nguyen
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Malchow
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Reich
- Translational Control Group, Biochemistry I, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Steltgens
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Konstantin V Shuvaev
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Loroch
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christin Lorenz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Medizinische Fakultät, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, 44801, Germany.,College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Old Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Christiane B Knobbe-Thomsen
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Björn Tews
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg and DKFZ, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Mechanisms of Tumor Invasion, DKFZ, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Medenbach
- Translational Control Group, Biochemistry I, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Ahrends
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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19
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Pluquet O, Galmiche A. Impact and Relevance of the Unfolded Protein Response in HNSCC. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112654. [PMID: 31151143 PMCID: PMC6601021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) encompass a heterogeneous group of solid tumors that arise from the upper aerodigestive tract. The tumor cells face multiple challenges including an acute demand of protein synthesis often driven by oncogene activation, limited nutrient and oxygen supply and exposure to chemo/radiotherapy, which forces them to develop adaptive mechanisms such as the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). It is now well documented that the UPR, a homeostatic mechanism, is induced at different stages of cancer progression in response to intrinsic (oncogenic activation) or extrinsic (microenvironment) perturbations. This review will discuss the role of the UPR in HNSCC as well as in the key processes that characterize the physiology of HNSCC. The role of the UPR in the clinical context of HNSCC will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Pluquet
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR8161-M3T-Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Antoine Galmiche
- Service de Biochimie, Centre de Biologie Humaine (CBH), CHU Sud, 80054 Amiens, France.
- EA7516, Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), 80054 Amiens, France.
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20
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Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) in Survival, Dormancy, Immunosuppression, Metastasis, and Treatments of Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102518. [PMID: 31121863 PMCID: PMC6566956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has diverse functions, and especially misfolded protein modification is in the focus of this review paper. With a highly regulatory mechanism, called unfolded protein response (UPR), it protects cells from the accumulation of misfolded proteins. Nevertheless, not only does UPR modify improper proteins, but it also degrades proteins that are unable to recover. Three pathways of UPR, namely PERK, IRE-1, and ATF6, have a significant role in regulating stress-induced physiological responses in cells. The dysregulated UPR may be involved in diseases, such as atherosclerosis, heart diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and cancer. Here, we discuss the relation between UPR and cancer, considering several aspects including survival, dormancy, immunosuppression, angiogenesis, and metastasis of cancer cells. Although several moderate adversities can subject cancer cells to a hostile environment, UPR can ensure their survival. Excessive unfavorable conditions, such as overloading with misfolded proteins and nutrient deprivation, tend to trigger cancer cell death signaling. Regarding dormancy and immunosuppression, cancer cells can survive chemotherapies and acquire drug resistance through dormancy and immunosuppression. Cancer cells can also regulate the downstream of UPR to modulate angiogenesis and promote metastasis. In the end, regulating UPR through different molecular mechanisms may provide promising anticancer treatment options by suppressing cancer proliferation and progression.
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21
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Haider T, Tiwari R, Vyas SP, Soni V. Molecular determinants as therapeutic targets in cancer chemotherapy: An update. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 200:85-109. [PMID: 31047907 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that cancer cells are heterogeneous in nature and very distinct from their normal counterparts. Commonly these cancer cells possess different and complementary metabolic profile, microenvironment and adopting behaviors to generate more ATPs to fulfill the requirement of high energy that is further utilized in the production of proteins and other essentials required for cell survival, growth, and proliferation. These differences create many challenges in cancer treatments. On the contrary, such situations of metabolic differences between cancer and normal cells may be expected a promising strategy for treatment purpose. In this article, we focus on the molecular determinants of oncogene-specific sub-organelles such as potential metabolites of mitochondria (reactive oxygen species, apoptotic proteins, cytochrome c, caspase 9, caspase 3, etc.), endoplasmic reticulum (unfolded protein response, PKR-like ER kinase, C/EBP homologous protein, etc.), nucleus (nucleolar phosphoprotein, nuclear pore complex, nuclear localization signal), lysosome (microenvironment, etc.) and plasma membrane phospholipids, etc. that might be exploited for the targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs for therapeutic benefits. This review will help to understand the various targets of subcellular organelles at molecular levels. In the future, this molecular level understanding may be combined with the genomic profile of cancer for the development of the molecularly guided or personalized therapeutics for complete eradication of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanweer Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India
| | - Rahul Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India
| | - Suresh Prasad Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India
| | - Vandana Soni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India.
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22
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Moon HW, Han HG, Jeon YJ. Protein Quality Control in the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3020. [PMID: 30282948 PMCID: PMC6213883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential compartment of the biosynthesis, folding, assembly, and trafficking of secretory and transmembrane proteins, and consequently, eukaryotic cells possess specialized machineries to ensure that the ER enables the proteins to acquire adequate folding and maturation for maintaining protein homeostasis, a process which is termed proteostasis. However, a large variety of physiological and pathological perturbations lead to the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER, which is referred to as ER stress. To resolve ER stress and restore proteostasis, cells have evolutionary conserved protein quality-control machineries of the ER, consisting of the unfolded protein response (UPR) of the ER, ER-associated degradation (ERAD), and autophagy. Furthermore, protein quality-control machineries of the ER play pivotal roles in the control of differentiation, progression of cell cycle, inflammation, immunity, and aging. Therefore, severe and non-resolvable ER stress is closely associated with tumor development, aggressiveness, and response to therapies for cancer. In this review, we highlight current knowledge in the molecular understanding and physiological relevance of protein quality control of the ER and discuss new insights into how protein quality control of the ER is implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer, which could contribute to therapeutic intervention in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| | - Hye Gyeong Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| | - Young Joo Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
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Budhwani M, Mazzieri R, Dolcetti R. Plasticity of Type I Interferon-Mediated Responses in Cancer Therapy: From Anti-tumor Immunity to Resistance. Front Oncol 2018; 8:322. [PMID: 30186768 PMCID: PMC6110817 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of several therapeutic strategies against cancer, including cytotoxic drugs, radiotherapy, targeted immunotherapies and oncolytic viruses, depend on intact type I interferon (IFN) signaling for the promotion of both direct (tumor cell inhibition) and indirect (anti-tumor immune responses) effects. Malfunctions of this pathway in tumor cells or in immune cells may be responsible for the lack of response or resistance. Although type I IFN signaling is required to trigger anti-tumor immunity, emerging evidence indicates that chronic activation of type I IFN pathway may be involved in mediating resistance to different cancer treatments. The plastic and dynamic features of type I IFN responses should be carefully considered to fully exploit the therapeutic potential of strategies targeting IFN signaling. Here, we review available evidence supporting the involvement of type I IFN signaling in mediating resistance to various cancer therapies and highlight the most promising modalities that are being tested to overcome resistance.
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Mazzio EA, Lewis CA, Soliman KFA. Transcriptomic Profiling of MDA-MB-231 Cells Exposed to Boswellia Serrata and 3-O-Acetyl-B-Boswellic Acid; ER/UPR Mediated Programmed Cell Death. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2018; 14:409-425. [PMID: 29109091 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by the absence of hormone receptors (estrogen, progesterone and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2) and a relatively poor prognosis due to inefficacy of hormone receptor-based chemotherapies. It is imperative that we continue to explore natural products with potential to impede growth and metastasis of TNBC. In this study, we screened over 1,000 natural products for capacity to induce cell death in TNBC (MDA-MB -231) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Frankincense (Boswellia serrata extract (BSE)) and 3-O-Acetyl-β-boswellic acid (3-OAβBA) were relatively potent, findings that corroborate the body of existing literature. The effects of BSE and 3-OAβBA on genetic parameters in MDA-MB-231 cells were evaluated by examining whole-transcriptomic influence on mRNAs, long intergenic non-coding RNA transcripts (lincRNA) and non-coding miRNAs. RESULTS Bio-statistical analysis demarcates the primary effect of both BSE/3-OAβBA on the up-regulation of PERK (protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase)- endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways that are closely tied to activated programmed cell death (APCD). Global profiling confirms concomitant effects of BSE/3-OAβBA on upwardly expressed ER/URP APCD key components PERK (EIF2AK3), XBP1, C/EBP homologous protein transcription factor (CHOP), ATF3 and DDIT3,4/DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3,4 (GADD34). Further, BSE and/or 3-OAβBA significantly down-regulated oncogenes (OG) which, heretofore, lack functional pathway mapping, but are capable of driving epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell survival, proliferation, metastasis and drug resistance. Among these are cell migration-inducing protein hyaluronan binding (CEMIP) [-7.22]; transglutaminase 2 [-4.96], SRY box 9 (SOX9) [-4.09], inhibitor of DNA binding 1, dominant negative helix-loop-helix protein (ID1) [-6.56]; and endothelin 1 (EDN1, [-5.06]). Likewise, in the opposite manner, BSE and/or 3-OAβBA induced the robust overexpression of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), including: glutathione-depleting ChaC glutathione-specific gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase 1 (CHAC1) [+21.67]; the mTOR inhibitors - sestrin 2 (SESN2) [+16.4] Tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3) [+6.2], homocysteine-inducible, endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducible, ubiquitin-like domain member 1 (HERPUD1) [+12.01]; and cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH) [+11.12]. CONCLUSION The anti-cancer effects of the historically used frankincense sap (BSE) appear to involve major impact on the ER/UPR response, concomitant to effecting multiple targets counter to the growth, proliferation and metastasis of TNBC cancer cells. The microarray data are available at Expression Omnibus GEO Series accession number GSE102891.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mazzio
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A
| | - Charles A Lewis
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A
| | - Karam F A Soliman
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A.
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Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature in solid tumors and is associated with cancer progression. The main regulators of the hypoxic response are hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) that guide the cellular adaptation to hypoxia by gene activation. The actual oxygen sensing is performed by HIF prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) that under normoxic conditions mark the HIF-α subunit for degradation. Cancer progression is not regulated only by the cancer cells themselves but also by the whole tumor microenvironment, which consists of cellular and extracellular components. Hypoxic conditions also affect the stromal compartment, where stromal cells are in close contact with the cancer cells. The important function of HIF in cancer cells has been shown by many animal models and described in hundreds of reviews, but less in known about PHDs and even less PHDs in stromal cells. Here, we review hypoxic signaling in tumors, mainly in the tumor stroma, with a focus on HIFs and PHDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Laitala
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janine T Erler
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
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Pommier A, Anaparthy N, Memos N, Kelley ZL, Gouronnec A, Yan R, Auffray C, Albrengues J, Egeblad M, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Lyons SK, Fearon DT. Unresolved endoplasmic reticulum stress engenders immune-resistant, latent pancreatic cancer metastases. Science 2018; 360:science.aao4908. [PMID: 29773669 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao4908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The majority of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) develop metastatic disease after resection of their primary tumor. We found that livers from patients and mice with PDA harbor single disseminated cancer cells (DCCs) lacking expression of cytokeratin 19 (CK19) and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI). We created a mouse model to determine how these DCCs develop. Intraportal injection of immunogenic PDA cells into preimmunized mice seeded livers only with single, nonreplicating DCCs that were CK19- and MHCI- The DCCs exhibited an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response but paradoxically lacked both inositol-requiring enzyme 1α activation and expression of the spliced form of transcription factor XBP1 (XBP1s). Inducible expression of XBP1s in DCCs, in combination with T cell depletion, stimulated the outgrowth of macrometastatic lesions that expressed CK19 and MHCI. Thus, unresolved ER stress enables DCCs to escape immunity and establish latent metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Pommier
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Naishitha Anaparthy
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Nicoletta Memos
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Alizée Gouronnec
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Ran Yan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Cédric Auffray
- Institut Cochin, Paris Descartes Université, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Jean Albrengues
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Mikala Egeblad
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Scott K Lyons
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Douglas T Fearon
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA. .,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
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Yoo YS, Han HG, Jeon YJ. Unfolded Protein Response of the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Tumor Progression and Immunogenicity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2969271. [PMID: 29430279 PMCID: PMC5752989 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2969271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a pivotal regulator of folding, quality control, trafficking, and targeting of secreted and transmembrane proteins, and accordingly, eukaryotic cells have evolved specialized machinery to ensure that the ER enables these proteins to acquire adequate folding and maturation in the presence of intrinsic and extrinsic insults. This adaptive capacity of the ER to intrinsic and extrinsic perturbations is important for maintaining protein homeostasis, which is termed proteostasis. Failure in adaptation to these perturbations leads to accumulation of misfolded or unassembled proteins in the ER, which is termed ER stress, resulting in the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) of the ER and the execution of ER-associated degradation (ERAD) to restore homeostasis. Furthermore, both of the two axes play key roles in the control of tumor progression, inflammation, immunity, and aging. Therefore, understanding UPR of the ER and subsequent ERAD will provide new insights into the pathogenesis of many human diseases and contribute to therapeutic intervention in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Seon Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gyeong Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
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28
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Harvey RF, Willis AE. Post-transcriptional control of stress responses in cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 48:30-35. [PMID: 29100210 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The processes by which the canonical protein synthesis machinery is modified by environmental stresses to allow healthy cells to respond to external conditions to maintain homeostasis, are frequently hijacked by tumour cells to enhance their survival. Two major stress response pathways that play a major role in this regard are the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the DNA damage response (DDR). Recent data have shown that key proteins which coordinate post-transcriptional control, and which are regulated by signalling through the UPR and DDR, are upregulated in cancers and that targeting these proteins/pathways will provide new therapeutic avenues for cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Harvey
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Lancaster Rd, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Anne E Willis
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Lancaster Rd, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
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