1
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Aljuaid M, Chang Y, Haddleton DM, Wilson P, Houck HA. Thermoreversible [2 + 2] Photodimers of Monothiomaleimides and Intrinsically Recyclable Covalent Networks Thereof. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19177-19182. [PMID: 38953610 PMCID: PMC11258687 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The development of intrinsically recyclable cross-linked materials remains challenged by the inherently unfavorable chemical equilibrium that dictates the efficiency of the reversible covalent bonding/debonding chemistry. Rather than having to (externally) manipulate the bonding equilibrium, we here introduce a new reversible chemistry platform based on monosubstituted thiomaleimides that can undergo complete and independent light-activated covalent bonding and on-demand thermal debonding above 120 °C. Specifically, repeated bonding/debonding of a small-molecule thiomaleimide [2 + 2] photodimer is demonstrated over five heat/light cycles with full conversion in both directions, thereby regenerating its initial monothiomaleimide constituents. This motivated the synthesis of multifunctional thiomaleimide reagents as precursors for the design of covalently cross-linked networks that display intrinsic switching between a monomeric and polymeric state. The resulting materials are shown to covalently dissociate and depolymerize upon heating both in solution and in bulk, thus transforming the densely photo-cross-linked material back into a viscous liquid. Temperature-regulated photorheology evidenced the intrinsic recyclability of the thiomaleimide-based thermosets during multiple cycles of UV cross-linking and thermal de-cross-linking. The thermally reversible photodimerization of thiomaleimides presents a new addition to the designer playground of dynamic polymer networks, providing interesting opportunities for the reprocessing and closed-loop recycling of covalently cross-linked materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Aljuaid
- Photochemistry
for Materials Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, Turabah University College,
Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yujing Chang
- Photochemistry
for Materials Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Haddleton
- Photochemistry
for Materials Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Wilson
- Photochemistry
for Materials Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Hannes A. Houck
- Photochemistry
for Materials Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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2
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Abyar S, Huang L, Husiev Y, Bretin L, Chau B, Ramu V, Wildeman JH, Belfor K, Wijaya LS, van der Noord VE, Harms AC, Siegler MA, Le Dévédec SE, Bonnet S. Oxygen-Dependent Interactions between the Ruthenium Cage and the Photoreleased Inhibitor in NAMPT-Targeted Photoactivated Chemotherapy. J Med Chem 2024; 67:11086-11102. [PMID: 38924492 PMCID: PMC11247496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Photoactivated chemotherapy agents form a new branch of physically targeted anticancer agents with potentially lower systemic side effects for patients. On the other hand, limited information exists on the intracellular interactions between the photoreleased metal cage and the photoreleased anticancer inhibitor. In this work, we report a new biological study of the known photoactivated compound Ru-STF31 in the glioblastoma cancer cell line, U87MG. Ru-STF31 targets nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), an enzyme overexpressed in U87MG. Ru-STF31 is activated by red light irradiation and releases two photoproducts: the ruthenium cage and the cytotoxic inhibitor STF31. This study shows that Ru-STF31 can significantly decrease intracellular NAD+ levels in both normoxic (21% O2) and hypoxic (1% O2) U87MG cells. Strikingly, NAD+ depletion by light activation of Ru-STF31 in hypoxic U87MG cells could not be rescued by the addition of extracellular NAD+. Our data suggest an oxygen-dependent active role of the ruthenium photocage released by light activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selda Abyar
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden
University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Luojiao Huang
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden
University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Yurii Husiev
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Ludovic Bretin
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Bobby Chau
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden
University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Vadde Ramu
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob Hendricus Wildeman
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden
University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberley Belfor
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden
University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas S. Wijaya
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden
University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Vera E. van der Noord
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden
University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Amy C. Harms
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden
University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime A. Siegler
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Sylvia E. Le Dévédec
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden
University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
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3
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Hoenders D, Ludwanowski S, Barner-Kowollik C, Walther A. Cyclodextrin 'Chaperones' Enable Quasi-Ideal Supramolecular Network Formation and Enhanced Photodimerization of Hydrophobic, Red-shifted Photoswitches in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405582. [PMID: 38640085 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Precision-engineered light-triggered hydrogels are important for a diversity of applications. However, fields such as biomaterials require wavelength outside the harsh UV regime to prevent photodamage, typically requiring chromophores with extended π-conjugation that suffer from poor water solubility. Herein, we demonstrate how cyclodextrins can be used as auxiliary agents to not only solubilize such chromophores, but even to preorganize them in a 2 : 2 host-guest inclusion complex to facilitate photodimerization. We apply our concept to styrylpyrene-end-functionalized star-shaped polyethylene glycols (sPEGs). We initially unravel details of the host-guest inclusion complex using spectroscopy and mass spectrometry to give clear evidence of a 2 : 2 complex formation. Subsequently, we show that the resultant supramolecularly linked hydrogels conform to theories of supramolecular quasi-ideal model networks, and derive details on their association dynamics using in-depth rheological measurements and kinetic models. By comparing sPEGs of different arm length, we further elucidate the model network topology and the accessible mechanical property space. The photo-mediated dimerization proceeds smoothly, allowing to transform the supramolecular model networks into covalent ones. We submit that our strategy opens avenues for executing hydrophobic photochemistry in aqueous environments with enhanced control over reactivity, hydrogel topology or programmable mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hoenders
- Life-Like Materials and Systems Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Simon Ludwanowski
- Life-Like Materials and Systems Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, 4000 Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- Life-Like Materials and Systems Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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4
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Wei S, Smith-Jones J, Lalisse RF, Hestenes JC, Chen D, Danielsen SPO, Bell RC, Churchill EM, Munich NA, Marbella LE, Gutierrez O, Rubinstein M, Nelson A, Campos LM. Light-Induced Living Polymer Networks with Adaptive Functional Properties. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313961. [PMID: 38593210 PMCID: PMC11209791 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The advent of covalent adaptable networks (CANs) through the incorporation of dynamic covalent bonds has led to unprecedented properties of macromolecular systems, which can be engineered at the molecular level. Among the various types of stimuli that can be used to trigger chemical changes within polymer networks, light stands out for its remote and spatiotemporal control under ambient conditions. However, most examples of photoactive CANs need to be transparent and they exhibit slow response, side reactions, and limited light penetration. In this vein, it is interesting to understand how molecular engineering of optically active dynamic linkages that offer fast response to visible light can impart "living" characteristics to CANs, especially in opaque systems. Here, the use of carbazole-based thiuram disulfides (CTDs) that offer dual reactivity as photoactivated reshuffling linkages and iniferters under visible light irradiation is reported. The fast response to visible light activation of the CTDs leads to temporal control of shape manipulation, healing, and chain extension in the polymer networks, despite the lack of optical transparency. This strategy charts a promising avenue for manipulating multifunctional photoactivated CANs in a controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Julian Smith-Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Remy F Lalisse
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Julia C Hestenes
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Danyang Chen
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Scott P O Danielsen
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Rowina C Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Emily M Churchill
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Naiara A Munich
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Lauren E Marbella
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Departments of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, and Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Alshakim Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Luis M Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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5
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Nieland E, Voss J, Schmidt BM. Photoresponsive Supramolecular Cages and Macrocycles. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300353. [PMID: 37638597 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The utilisation of light to achieve precise manipulation and control over the structure and function of supramolecular assemblies has emerged as a highly promising approach in the development of complex, configurable, or multifunctional systems and nanoscopic machine-like entities. In this minireview, we highlight recent examples of self-assembled and covalently bound cages and macrocycles with a focus on the external and internal functionalisation of a structure with a photoswitchable unit or the embedment of a photoswitch into the framework of a structure. Functionalising the interior or exterior of a supramolecular cage or macrocycle with a photoresponsive group enables control over different properties, such as guest binding or assembly in the solid-state, while the overall shape of the assembly often undergoes no significant change. By directly integrating a photoswitchable unit into the framework of a supramolecular structure, the isomerisation can either induce a geometry change, the disassembly, or the disassembly and reassembly of the structure. Historical and recent examples covered in this review are based on azobenzene, diarylethene, stilbene photoswitches, or alkene motors that were incorporated into macrocycles and cages constructed by metal-organic, dynamic covalent, or covalent bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nieland
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jona Voss
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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6
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Wu X, Barner-Kowollik C. Fluorescence-readout as a powerful macromolecular characterisation tool. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12815-12849. [PMID: 38023522 PMCID: PMC10664555 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant progress in synthetic macromolecular chemistry, which can provide access to diverse macromolecules with varying structural complexities, topology and functionalities, bringing us closer to the aim of controlling soft matter material properties with molecular precision. To reach this goal, the development of advanced analytical techniques, allowing for micro-, molecular level and real-time investigation, is essential. Due to their appealing features, including high sensitivity, large contrast, fast and real-time response, as well as non-invasive characteristics, fluorescence-based techniques have emerged as a powerful tool for macromolecular characterisation to provide detailed information and give new and deep insights beyond those offered by commonly applied analytical methods. Herein, we critically examine how fluorescence phenomena, principles and techniques can be effectively exploited to characterise macromolecules and soft matter materials and to further unravel their constitution, by highlighting representative examples of recent advances across major areas of polymer and materials science, ranging from polymer molecular weight and conversion, architecture, conformation to polymer self-assembly to surfaces, gels and 3D printing. Finally, we discuss the opportunities for fluorescence-readout to further advance the development of macromolecules, leading to the design of polymers and soft matter materials with pre-determined and adaptable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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7
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You L. Dual reactivity based dynamic covalent chemistry: mechanisms and applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12943-12958. [PMID: 37772969 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04022d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) focuses on the reversible formation, breakage, and exchange of covalent bonds and assemblies, setting a bridge between irreversible organic synthesis and supramolecular chemistry and finding wide utility. In order to enhance structural and functional diversity and complexity, different types of dynamic covalent reactions (DCRs) are placed in one vessel, encompassing orthogonal DCC without crosstalk and communicating DCC with a shared reactive functional group. As a means of adding tautomers, widespread in chemistry, to interconnected DCRs and combining the features of orthogonal and communicating DCRs, a concept of dual reactivity based DCC and underlying structural and mechanistic insights are summarized. The manipulation of the distinct reactivity of structurally diverse ring-chain tautomers allows selective activation and switching of reaction pathways and corresponding DCRs (C-N, C-O, and C-S) and assemblies. The coupling with photoswitches further enables light-mediated formation and scission of multiple types of reversible covalent bonds. To showcase the capability of dual reactivity based DCC, the versatile applications in dynamic polymers and luminescent materials are presented, paving the way for future functionalization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei You
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350108, China
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8
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Yan T, Balzer AH, Herbert KM, Epps TH, Korley LTJ. Circularity in polymers: addressing performance and sustainability challenges using dynamic covalent chemistries. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5243-5265. [PMID: 37234906 PMCID: PMC10208058 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00551h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The circularity of current and future polymeric materials is a major focus of fundamental and applied research, as undesirable end-of-life outcomes and waste accumulation are global problems that impact our society. The recycling or repurposing of thermoplastics and thermosets is an attractive solution to these issues, yet both options are encumbered by poor property retention upon reuse, along with heterogeneities in common waste streams that limit property optimization. Dynamic covalent chemistry, when applied to polymeric materials, enables the targeted design of reversible bonds that can be tailored to specific reprocessing conditions to help address conventional recycling challenges. In this review, we highlight the key features of several dynamic covalent chemistries that can promote closed-loop recyclability and we discuss recent synthetic progress towards incorporating these chemistries into new polymers and existing commodity plastics. Next, we outline how dynamic covalent bonds and polymer network structure influence thermomechanical properties related to application and recyclability, with a focus on predictive physical models that describe network rearrangement. Finally, we examine the potential economic and environmental impacts of dynamic covalent polymeric materials in closed-loop processing using elements derived from techno-economic analysis and life-cycle assessment, including minimum selling prices and greenhouse gas emissions. Throughout each section, we discuss interdisciplinary obstacles that hinder the widespread adoption of dynamic polymers and present opportunities and new directions toward the realization of circularity in polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Yan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - Alex H Balzer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - Katie M Herbert
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - Thomas H Epps
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - LaShanda T J Korley
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
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9
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Zhang V, Kang B, Accardo JV, Kalow JA. Structure-Reactivity-Property Relationships in Covalent Adaptable Networks. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22358-22377. [PMID: 36445040 PMCID: PMC9812368 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymer networks built out of dynamic covalent bonds offer the potential to translate the control and tunability of chemical reactions to macroscopic physical properties. Under conditions at which these reactions occur, the topology of covalent adaptable networks (CANs) can rearrange, meaning that they can flow, self-heal, be remolded, and respond to stimuli. Materials with these properties are necessary to fields ranging from sustainability to tissue engineering; thus the conditions and time scale of network rearrangement must be compatible with the intended use. The mechanical properties of CANs are based on the thermodynamics and kinetics of their constituent bonds. Therefore, strategies are needed that connect the molecular and macroscopic worlds. In this Perspective, we analyze structure-reactivity-property relationships for several classes of CANs, illustrating both general design principles and the predictive potential of linear free energy relationships (LFERs) applied to CANs. We discuss opportunities in the field to develop quantitative structure-reactivity-property relationships and open challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Boyeong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Joseph V Accardo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
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10
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Truong VX, Holloway JO, Barner-Kowollik C. Fluorescence turn-on by photoligation - bright opportunities for soft matter materials. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13280-13290. [PMID: 36507164 PMCID: PMC9682895 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05403e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochemical ligation has become an indispensable tool for applications that require spatially addressable functionalisation, both in biology and materials science. Interestingly, a number of photochemical ligations result in fluorescent products, enabling a self-reporting function that provides almost instantaneous visual feedback of the reaction's progress and efficiency. Perhaps no other chemical reaction system allows control in space and time to the same extent, while concomitantly providing inherent feedback with regard to reaction success and location. While photoactivable fluorescent properties have been widely used in biology for imaging purposes, the expansion of the array of photochemical reactions has further enabled its utility in soft matter materials. Herein, we concisely summarise the key developments of fluorogenic-forming photoligation systems and their emerging applications in both biology and materials science. We further summarise the current challenges and future opportunities of exploiting fluorescent self-reporting reactions in a wide array of chemical disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh X. Truong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)2 Fusionopolis WaySingapore 138 634Singapore,School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQLD 4000Australia
| | - Joshua O. Holloway
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQLD 4000Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQLD 4000Australia,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344 Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
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11
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Truong VX, Rodrigues LL, Barner-Kowollik C. Light- and mechanic field controlled dynamic soft matter materials. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00892k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A photochemical reaction system that fuses photo- and mechanochemistry into one macromolecular design for light- and mechano-reversible modification of polymer endgroups is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh X. Truong
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Leona L. Rodrigues
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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