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Zaporozhets T, Besednova N. Prospects for the therapeutic application of sulfated polysaccharides of brown algae in diseases of the cardiovascular system: review. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:3126-3135. [PMID: 27252012 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1185444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fucoidans are water-soluble, highly sulfated, branched homo- and hetero-polysaccharides derived from the fibrillar cell walls and intercellular spaces of brown seaweeds of the class Phaeophyceae. Fucoidans possess mimetic properties of the natural ligands of protein receptors and regulate functions of biological systems via key signaling molecules. OBJECTIVES The aim of this review was to collect and combine all available scientific literature about the potential use of the fucoidans for diseases of cardiovascular system. MATERIALS AND METHODS The review has been compiled using references from major databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Springer and Google Scholar (up to September 2015). After obtaining all reports from database (a total number is about 580), the papers were carefully analyzed in order to find data related to the topic of this review (129 references). RESULTS An exhaustive survey of literature revealed that fucoidans possess a broad spectrum of biological activity, including anti-coagulant, hypolipidemic, anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, anti-adhesive and anti-hypertensive properties. Numerous investigations of fucoidans in diseases of the cardiovascular system mainly focus on pleiotropic anti-inflammatory effects. Fucoidans also possess pro-angiogenic and pro-vasculogenic properties. CONCLUSION A great number of investigations in the past years have demonstrated that fucoidans has great potential for in-depth investigation of their effects on cardiovascular system. Through this review, the authors hope to attract the attention of researchers to use fucoidan as mimetic of natural ligand receptor protein with the view of developing new formulations with an improved therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Zaporozhets
- a Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology , Vladivostok , Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Besednova
- a Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology , Vladivostok , Russian Federation
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Peasura N, Laohakunjit N, Kerdchoechuen O, Vongsawasdi P, Chao LK. Assessment of biochemical and immunomodulatory activity of sulphated polysaccharides from Ulva intestinalis. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:269-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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de Jesus Raposo MF, de Morais AMB, de Morais RMSC. Marine polysaccharides from algae with potential biomedical applications. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2967-3028. [PMID: 25988519 PMCID: PMC4446615 DOI: 10.3390/md13052967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a current tendency towards bioactive natural products with applications in various industries, such as pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetics and food. This has put some emphasis in research on marine organisms, including macroalgae and microalgae, among others. Polysaccharides with marine origin constitute one type of these biochemical compounds that have already proved to have several important properties, such as anticoagulant and/or antithrombotic, immunomodulatory ability, antitumor and cancer preventive, antilipidaemic and hypoglycaemic, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, making them promising bioactive products and biomaterials with a wide range of applications. Their properties are mainly due to their structure and physicochemical characteristics, which depend on the organism they are produced by. In the biomedical field, the polysaccharides from algae can be used in controlled drug delivery, wound management, and regenerative medicine. This review will focus on the biomedical applications of marine polysaccharides from algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Filomena de Jesus Raposo
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alcina Maria Bernardo de Morais
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Manuel Santos Costa de Morais
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal.
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Jang JY, Moon SY, Joo HG. Differential effects of fucoidans with low and high molecular weight on the viability and function of spleen cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 68:234-8. [PMID: 24681238 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fucoidan is an edible sulfated polysaccharide purified from brown algae that has multiple biological activities. However, the effects of fucoidans of different molecular weights on immune cells have not been determined. Thus, we treated spleen cells with low- and high-molecular-weight fucoidans (LMF and HMF, respectively). Viability assays demonstrated that HMF enhanced the viability and prevented the death of spleen cells. Furthermore, functional analysis revealed that HMF significantly increased the production of interferon-γ and nitric oxide. In contrast, LMF had low activity and was relatively toxic to spleen cells. Taken together, these results indicate that HMF makes the greatest contribution to the immunostimulatory activity of fucoidan mixtures. Additionally, fucoidans with different molecular weights may have different effects on the viability and function of immune cells. This study increases our understanding of fucoidans, and may broaden their use in the basic research and clinical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Jang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Moon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Gu Joo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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Progenitor cell mobilizing treatments prevent experimental transplant arteriosclerosis. J Surg Res 2013; 181:69-70. [PMID: 22546289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Induction of apoptosis by low-molecular-weight fucoidan through calcium- and caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathways in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:235-42. [PMID: 23391903 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fucoidan, a fucose-rich polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweed, has antitumor, anticoagulant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. Several studies have shown that a fucoidan treatment of cancer cells induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis and inhibited angiogenesis and invasion. We investigated in the present study the effect of low-molecular-weight fucoidan (LMWF) on apoptosis in estrogen receptor-negative MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The LMWF treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells was associated with the activation of caspases and mitochondrial dysfunction, including dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), alteration of Ca(2+) homeostasis, cytochrome c release, and decreased expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. Understanding the molecular events that mediated LMWF-induced MDA-MB-231 cell death will contribute to a more rational approach to cancer chemotherapy.
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Zhang Z, Teruya K, Yoshida T, Eto H, Shirahata S. Fucoidan extract enhances the anti-cancer activity of chemotherapeutic agents in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:81-98. [PMID: 23303302 PMCID: PMC3564159 DOI: 10.3390/md11010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan, a fucose-rich polysaccharide isolated from brown alga, is currently under investigation as a new anti-cancer compound. In the present study, fucoidan extract (FE) from Cladosiphon navae-caledoniae Kylin was prepared by enzymatic digestion. We investigated whether a combination of FE with cisplatin, tamoxifen or paclitaxel had the potential to improve the therapeutic efficacy of cancer treatment. These co-treatments significantly induced cell growth inhibition, apoptosis, as well as cell cycle modifications in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. FE enhanced apoptosis in cancer cells that responded to treatment with three chemotherapeutic drugs with downregulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xL and Mcl-1. The combination treatments led to an obvious decrease in the phosphorylation of ERK and Akt in MDA-MB-231 cells, but increased the phosphorylation of ERK in MCF-7 cells. In addition, we observed that combination treatments enhanced intracellular ROS levels and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in breast cancer cells, suggesting that induction of oxidative stress was an important event in the cell death induced by the combination treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Zhang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; E-Mails: (Z.Z.); (S.S.)
| | - Kiichiro Teruya
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; E-Mails: (Z.Z.); (S.S.)
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yoshida
- Yoshida Clinic, 6-18-27 Higashi Mikuni, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-0002, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Hiroshi Eto
- Daiichi Sangyo Co., Ltd., 6-7-2 Nishitenman, Kita-ku, Osaka 530-0037, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Sanetaka Shirahata
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan; E-Mails: (Z.Z.); (S.S.)
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Song MY, Ku SK, Han JS. Genotoxicity testing of low molecular weight fucoidan from brown seaweeds. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:790-6. [PMID: 22107991 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fucoidan extracts from brown seaweed have anticoagulant, antithrombotic, and antiviral activities. Low molecular weight fucoidan (LMF) obtained by acid hydrolysis of high molecular weight fucoidan showed more favorable bioactivity. Despite extensive work on LMF bioactivities, detailed studies on the genotoxicity of LMF have not been conducted. As part of a safety evaluation, the potential genotoxicity of LMF was evaluated using a standard battery of tests (bacterial reverse mutation assay, chromosomal aberrations assay, and mouse micronucleus assay). The LMF was determined not to be genotoxic under the conditions of the reverse mutation assay, chromosomal aberrations assay, or mouse micronucleus assay. In a reverse mutation assay using four Salmonella typhimurium strains and Escherichia coli, LMF did not increase the number of revertant colonies in any tester strain regardless of metabolic activation by S9 mix, and did not cause chromosomal aberration in short tests with the S9 mix or in the continuous (24 h) test. A bone marrow micronucleus test in ICR mice dosed by oral gavage at doses up to 2000 mg/kg body weight/day showed no significant or dose-dependent increases in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. Use of LMF is presently expected to be safe, as anticipated intake is small compared to doses administered in the genotoxicity assays and may prove to be a useful bioactive agent after further toxicity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Yong Song
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Seoul 153-803, Republic of Korea
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Santiago B, Izquierdo E, Rueda P, Rey MJD, Criado G, Usategui A, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Pablos JL. CXCL12γ isoform is expressed on endothelial and dendritic cells in rheumatoid arthritis synovium and regulates T cell activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:409-17. [DOI: 10.1002/art.33345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
Polysaccharides are ubiquitous in animals and plant cells where they play a significant role in a number of physiological situations e.g. hydration, mechanical properties of cell walls and ionic regulation. This review concentrates on heparin-like entities from marine procaryotes and eukaryotes. Carbohydrates from marine prokaryotes offer a significant structural chemodiversity with novel material and biological properties. Cyanobacteria are Gram-negative photosynthetic prokaryotes considered as a rich source of novel molecules, and marine bacteria are a rich source of polysaccharides with novel structures, which may be a good starting point from which to synthesise heparinoid molecules. For example, some sulphated polysaccharides have been isolated from gamma-proteobacteria such as Alteromonas and Pseudoalteromonas sp. In contrast to marine bacteria, all marine algae contain sulphated wall polysaccharides, whereas such polymers are not found in terrestrial plants. In their native form, or after chemical modifications, a range of polysaccharides isolated from marine organisms have been described that have anticoagulant, anti-thrombotic, anti-tumour, anti-proliferative, anti-viral or anti-inflammatory activities.In spite of the enormous potential of sulphated oligosaccharides from marine sources, their technical and pharmaceutical usage is still limited because of the high complexity of these molecules. Thus, the production of tailor-made oligo- and polysaccharidic structures by biocatalysis is also a growing field of interest in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Colliec-Jouault
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Molécules Marines, Nantes Cedex 3, France.
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Morya VK, Kim J, Kim EK. Algal fucoidan: structural and size-dependent bioactivities and their perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 93:71-82. [PMID: 22089385 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3666-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fucoidan is a complex-sulfated polysaccharide distributed in various marine organisms, and the brown algae are reported as the major producer. The fucoidan is important for their high bioactive properties, like antibacterial, anticoagulant, antiviral, anti-tumor, etc., and many more to be explored. There is a strong archival support for the bioactivity and promising properties of this molecule, which creates a hope for this molecule as future drug against thrombosis and some kind of cancers. Reports other than the above bioactive properties have also been a matter of interest for the design of signal or enzyme-arrested new class of drugs. In the past three decades, the research on isolation, molecular characterization, and screening of biological applications has significantly increased. One major issue associated with this molecule is the higher size and seasonal variation in their chemical composition; to resolve the issue and maintain its bioactivity, a prioritized and literal hydrolysis process is required to be developed. Here, in this mini-review, we have tried to summarize the algal fucoidan research and the bioactivities influenced by their molecular size.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Morya
- National Research Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
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Sarlon G, Zemani F, David L, Duong Van Huyen JP, Dizier B, Grelac F, Colliec-Jouault S, Galy-Fauroux I, Bruneval P, Fischer AM, Emmerich J, Boisson-Vidal C. Therapeutic effect of fucoidan-stimulated endothelial colony-forming cells in peripheral ischemia. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:38-48. [PMID: 22066680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fucoidan, an antithrombotic polysaccharide, can induce endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFC) to adopt an angiogenic phenotype in vitro. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the effect of fucoidan on vasculogenesis induced by ECFC in vivo. METHODS We used a murine hindlimb ischemia model to probe the synergic role of fucoidan-treatment and ECFC infusion during tissue repair. RESULTS We found that exposure of ECFC to fucoidan prior to their intravenous injection improved residual muscle blood flow and increased collateral vessel formation. Necrosis of ischemic tissue was significantly reduced on day 14, to 12.1% of the gastronecmius cross-sectional surface area compared with 40.1% in animals injected with untreated-ECFC. ECFC stimulation with fucoidan caused a rapid increase in cell adhesion to activated endothelium in flow conditions, and enhanced transendothelial extravasation. Fucoidan-stimulated ECFC were resistant to shear stresses of up to 21 dyn cm(-2). Direct binding assays showed strong interaction of fucoidan with displaceable binding sites on the ECFC membrane. Bolus intramuscular administration of fucoidan 1 day after surgery reduces rhabdomyolysis. Mice injected with fucoidan (15 mg kg(-1)) had significantly lower mean serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity than control animals. This CPK reduction was correlated with muscle preservation against necrosis (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Fucoidan greatly increases ECFC-mediated angiogenesis in vivo. Its angiogenic effect would be due in part to its transportation to the ischemic site and its release after displacement by proteoglycans present in the extracellular matrix. The use of ECFC and fucoidan together, will be an efficient angiogenesis strategy to provide therapeutic neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sarlon
- INSERM UMRS608, Marseille, France
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Roux N, Brakenhielm E, Freguin-Bouillant C, Lallemand F, Henry JP, Boyer O, Thuillez C, Plissonnier D. Progenitor cell mobilizing treatments prevent experimental transplant arteriosclerosis. J Surg Res 2011; 176:657-65. [PMID: 22341036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.11.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular rejection after organ transplantation is characterized by an arterial occlusive lesion, resulting from intimal proliferation occurring in response to arterial wall immune aggression. Our hypothesis is that an early endothelial repair may prevent vascular graft rejection. The aim of the current study was to compare different pharmacologic progenitor cell mobilizing treatments for their protective effects against vascular rejection. METHODS AND RESULTS Aortic transplants were made from balb/c donor to C57Bl/6 recipient mice. Three different mobilizing pharmacologic agents were used: low molecular weight fucoidan (LMWF), simvastatin, and AMD3100. The circulating levels of progenitor cells were found to be increased by all three treatments, as determined by flow cytometry. For each treatment, the design was: treated allografts, nontreated allografts, treated isografts, and nontreated isografts. After 21 d, morphometric and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. We found that the three treatments significantly reduced intimal proliferation, compared with nontreated allografts. This was associated with intimal re-endothelialization of the grafts. Further, in chimeric mice that had previously received GFP-transgenic bone marrow transplantation, GFP-positive cells were found in the vascular allograft intima, indicating that re-endothelialization was, at least partly, due to the recruitment of bone marrow-derived, presumably endothelial progenitor circulating cells. CONCLUSIONS In this aortic allograft model, three different mobilizing treatments were found to partially prevent vascular transplant rejection. Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells mobilized by the three treatments may play a direct role in the endothelial repair process and in the suppression of intimal proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Roux
- Inserm U644, Institute for Biomedical Research, Rouen University, Rouen, France
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Freguin-Bouilland C, Alkhatib B, David N, Lallemand F, Bessou JP, Boyer O, Thuillez C, Plissonnier D. Syngeneic Bone Marrow Cell Therapy Prevents Intimal Proliferation in Allogeneic Vascular Transplantation. J Surg Res 2011; 168:143-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yoon HS, Shin YK, Lee SH, Lee DS, Jung YM, Lee HS, Ku SK. 14 Days Repeat Oral Dose Toxicity of Low Molecular Weight Fucoidan in Rats. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2010. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2010.18.1.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Yoon HS, Shin YK, Jung YM, Lee HS, Ku SK. Single Oral Dose Toxicity Test of Low Molecular Weight Fucoidan in Rats. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2009. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2009.17.3.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Li B, Lu F, Wei X, Zhao R. Fucoidan: structure and bioactivity. Molecules 2008; 13:1671-95. [PMID: 18794778 PMCID: PMC6245444 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13081671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 760] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan refers to a type of polysaccharide which contains substantial percentages of L-fucose and sulfate ester groups, mainly derived from brown seaweed. For the past decade fucoidan has been extensively studied due to its numerous interesting biological activities. Recently the search for new drugs has raised interest in fucoidans. In the past few years, several fucoidans' structures have been solved, and many aspects of their biological activity have been elucidated. This review summarizes the research progress on the structure and bioactivity of fucoidan and the relationships between structure and bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, P.R. China.
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Abstract
Stem cells can differentiate into a variety of cells to replace dead cells or to repair damaged tissues. Recent evidence indicates that stem cells are involved in the pathogenesis of transplant arteriosclerosis, an alloimmune initiated vascular stenosis that often results in transplant organ failure. Although the pathogenesis of transplant arteriosclerosis is not yet fully understood, recent developments in stem cell research have suggested novel mechanisms of vascular remodeling in allografts. For example, stem cells derived from the recipient may repair damaged endothelial cells of arteries in transplant organs. Further evidence suggests that stem cells or endothelial progenitor cells may be released from both bone marrow and non–bone marrow tissues. Vascular stem cells appear to replenish cells that died in donor vessels. Concomitantly, stem/progenitor cells may also accumulate in the intima, where they differentiate into smooth muscle cells. However, several issues concerning the contribution of stem cells to the pathogenesis of transplant arteriosclerosis are controversial, eg, whether bone marrow–derived stem cells can differentiate into smooth muscle cells that form neointimal lesions of the vessel wall. This review summarizes recent research on the role of stem cells in transplant arteriosclerosis, discusses the mechanisms of stem cell homing and differentiation into mature endothelial and smooth muscle cells, and highlights the controversial issues in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Xu
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London, United Kingdom
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Jung YM, Yoo KM, Park DC, Kim TK, Lee HS, Ku SK. Oral Single Dose Toxicity Study of Low Molecular Fucoidan in Mice. Toxicol Res 2008; 24:79-86. [PMID: 32038780 PMCID: PMC7006321 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2008.24.1.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to obtain information of the oral dose toxicity of low molecular fucoidan (LMF) in male and female mice. In order to calculate 50% lethal dose (LD50) and approximate lethal dose (LD), test material was once orally administered to male and female ICR mice at dose levels of 2000, 1000, 500, 250, 125 and 0 (vehicle control) mg/kg (body wt.). The mortality and the changes on body weight, clinical signs, gross observation and organ weight and histopathology of principle organs were monitored 14 days after LMF treatment. We could not find any mortalities, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross findings. In addition, significant changes in the organ weight and histopathology of principal organs were not observed except for some sporadic findings. The results obtained in this study suggest that LMF may not be toxic in mice and may be therefore safe for clinical use. The LD50 and approximate LD in mice after single oral dose of LMF were considered over 2000 mg/kg in both female and male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kang Min Yoo
- 211Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 Korea
| | | | | | | | - Sae-Kwang Ku
- 411Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, 290, Yugok-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbukdo, 712-715 Korea.,511Development Team for The New Drug of Oriental Medicine (BK21 program), Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, 712-715 Korea
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Fréguin-Bouilland C, Alkhatib B, David N, Lallemand F, Henry JP, Godin M, Thuillez C, Plissonnier D. Low Molecular Weight Fucoidan Prevents Neointimal Hyperplasia After Aortic Allografting. Transplantation 2007; 83:1234-41. [PMID: 17496541 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000261109.97928.9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fucoidan, a new low molecular weight sulfated polysaccharide (LMWF), has previously been shown to mobilize bone marrow-derived progenitors cells via stimulation of stromal derived factor (SDF)-1 release. Mobilized progenitor cells have been suggested to repair intimal lesions after immune-mediated endothelial injury and thus prevent intimal proliferation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of LMWF treatment in a rat aortic allograft model of transplant arteriosclerosis (TA). METHODS Aortic grafts were performed in Brown Norway (BN, donor) and Lewis (Lew, recipient) rats. The recipient rats were treated with LMWF (5 mg/kg/day) and sacrificed at 30 days. To determine the role of SDF-1 in mediating the effects of LMWF, a specific inhibitor of the SDF-1 receptor CXCR4, AMD 3100 (20 microg/kg/day), was used. The grafted segments were evaluated by morphometric (histochemical) analyses. RESULTS Untreated aortic allografts exhibited severe intimal proliferation, indicative of TA. In contrast, LMWF treatment significantly prevented allograft intimal proliferation as compared with controls (5.7+/-3 vs. 66.2+/-6 microm, P<0.01) and permitted a normalization of the intima/media ratio (0.1+/-0.1 vs. 1.7+/-0.3, P<0.01). Further, LMWF treatment stimulated allograft reendothelialization, as evidenced by strong intimal endothelial nitric oxide synthase antibody and CD31 signals. Unexpectedly, AMD treatment failed to prevent the protective effect of LMWF on intimal thickening and AMD treatment alone was found to reduced intimal proliferation in allografts. CONCLUSIONS We found that LMWF treatment reduced intimal thickness and induced the presence of an endothelial cell lining in the vascular graft at 30 days. Our findings may suggest a novel therapeutic strategy in the prevention of TA.
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Alkhatib B, Freguin-Bouilland C, Litzler PY, Jacquot S, Lallemand F, Henry JP, Thuillez C, Plissonnier D. Antidonor humoral transfer induces transplant arteriosclerosis in aortic and cardiac graft models in rats. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 133:791-7. [PMID: 17320586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The humoral pathway is suggested as playing a key role in transplant arteriosclerosis. The humoral immunity is demonstrated in the present study to induce direct vascular lesion. METHODS Ten abdominal aortic grafts were performed on 4 groups of rats: Brown Norway (BN) isografts, BN to Lewis (LEW) allografts, and two BN to nude (RNU) grafted groups with and without any humoral transfer. The humoral sera were obtained by skin grafts performed in BN to LEW combination. Lewis anti-BN alloantisera was transferred in nude recipients through intraperitoneal injections. The aortic wall was histologically studied with morphometric analysis on the 21st day. Two additional BN to RNU aortic graft groups were evaluated by immunohistochemistry on days 3 (10 rats) and 10 (10 rats). RESULTS In the absence of the humoral transfer, the BN aortic wall implanted in RNU remained intact. The humoral transfer induced a marked intimal proliferation (63 +/- 4 vs 4 +/- 1.1 microm; P < .001) and an adventitial cell infiltration (5.1 +/- 0.7 vs 2.8 +/- 0.6 x 10(3) c/mm2, P < .001). The medial thickness and the medial cell density were not modified. On day 3, the remaining endothelial cells were covered by immunoglobulin G deposits. On day 10 the endothelial cells disappeared completely and intimal proliferation occurred. In an additional cardiac graft group, transplant coronary arteriopathy was evidenced in 7 of the 9 nude recipients that had undergone the humoral transfer. CONCLUSION The transplant arterial occlusive lesion is demonstrated here (1) to be induced by humoral antidonor immunity and (2) to be linked to an adventitial or perivascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam Alkhatib
- Cardiac and Vascular Surgery Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
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