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Landman S, van der Horst C, van Erp PEJ, Joosten I, de Vries R, Koenen HJPM. Immune responses to azacytidine in animal models of inflammatory disorders: a systematic review. J Transl Med 2021; 19:11. [PMID: 33407530 PMCID: PMC7788785 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory disorders like diabetes, systemic lupus erythematodes, inflammatory lung diseases, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, but also rejection of transplanted organs and GvHD, form a major burden of disease. Current classes of immune suppressive drugs to treat these disorders are never curative and side effects are common. Therefore there is a need for new drugs with improved and more targeted modes of action. Potential candidates are the DNA methyl transferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine (Aza) and its derivative 5-aza 2′deoxycitidine (DAC). Aza and DAC have been tested in several pre-clinical in vivo studies. In order to obtain an overview of disorders for which Aza and/or DAC can be a potential treatment, and to find out where information is lacking, we systematically reviewed pre-clinical animal studies assessing Aza or DAC as a potential therapy for distinct inflammatory disorders. Also, study quality and risk of bias was systematically assessed. In the 35 identified studies, we show that both Aza and DAC do not only seem to be able to alleviate a number of inflammatory disorders, but also prevent solid organ rejection and GvHD in in vivo pre-clinical animal models. Aza/DAC are known to upregulate FOXP3, a master transcription factor for Treg, in vitro. Seventeen studies described the effect on Treg, of which 16 studies showed an increase in Treg. Increasing Treg therefore seems to be a common mechanism in preventing inflammatory disorders by Aza/DAC. We also found, however, that many essential methodological details were poorly reported leading to an unclear risk of bias. Therefore, reported effects might be an overestimation of the true effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sija Landman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine-Laboratory Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Chiel van der Horst
- Department of Laboratory Medicine-Laboratory Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piet E J van Erp
- Department of Dermatology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Department of Laboratory Medicine-Laboratory Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob de Vries
- Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE), Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J P M Koenen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine-Laboratory Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Li G, Yang L, Li D, Zhang J, Du L, Xia L, Liu Y, Hu W. Effects of combined treatment with PD‑L1 Ig and CD40L mAb on immune tolerance in the CBA/J x DBA/2 mouse model. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:1789-1798. [PMID: 32319625 PMCID: PMC7057827 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.10977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryo is a natural allograft and is the only exception to immune rejection, which reflects maternal immune tolerance towards the embryo. However, pregnancy loss is primarily caused by maternal immune rejection of the embryo. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of combined treatment of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunoglobulin (Ig) and CD40-ligand (CD40L) monoclonal antibody (mAb) on immune tolerance in an abortion-prone mating model. Mice were divided into the normal, spontaneous abortion, PD-L1 Ig, CD40L mAb and the PD-L1 Ig + CD40L mAb groups. On day 14 of gestation, the embryo resorption abortion rates of all the groups was observed. The maternal hypo-responsiveness to paternal antigens was determined using a mixed lymphocyte response and the splenic CD4+CD25+ T-cell population, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II+, CD80+ and CD86+ cell populations in pregnant female CBA/J mice were analyzed using flow cytometry. The expression levels of intracellular cytokines in the splenic tissues of pregnant CBA/J female mice were analyzed using western blotting. The PD-L1 Ig + CD40L group displayed the lowest resorption rate compared with the other groups. A significant decrease in the proliferative response of maternal splenic immunocompetent cells against paternal antigens, and a significant increase in the proliferative response of maternal splenic CD4+CD25+ T cells was observed in the PD-L1 Ig + CD40L group compared with the spontaneous abortion group. The number of MHC-II+, CD80+ and CD86+ bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) generated by female mice, and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ in the spleens of female mice were significantly decreased in the PD-L1 Ig + CD40L mAb group compared with the spontaneous abortion group. By contrast, interleukin-4 levels were significantly increased in the PD-L1 Ig + CD40L mAb group compared with the spontaneous abortion group. The results suggested that the administration of PD-L1 Ig + CD40L mAb on day 4 of gestation, the period of peri-implantation, may induce paternal antigen-specific immunotolerance, leading to the embryo resorption rate of the abortion-prone model being similar to that of the normal pregnancy model. The results indicate that the combined treatment of PD-L1 Ig and anti-CD40L mAbs may serve as a potential therapeutic for pregnancy loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanfei Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Jinhong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Ling Du
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Libin Xia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Yunhua Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Wanqin Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
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Abstract
Islet transplantation is a potential treatment for Type 1 diabetes; however, improvements need to be made before it could become clinically widely available. In preclinical studies, the mouse is often used to model islet transplantation, with most studies aiming to improve transplantation outcome by manipulating the islets prior to transplantation or by treating the recipient mouse. Here, we describe the process of islet transplantation in the mouse, including how one can make the mouse diabetic, isolate donor islets, and transplant the islets into two different sites. Finally, we discuss how to assess the outcome of the transplantation in order to determine whether the experimental intervention has been beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen J F King
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Chloe L Rackham
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Kim JY, Kang BM, Lee JS, Park HJ, Wi HJ, Yoon JS, Ahn C, Shin S, Kim KH, Jung KC, Kwon O. UVB-induced depletion of donor-derived dendritic cells prevents allograft rejection of immune-privileged hair follicles in humanized mice. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:1344-1355. [PMID: 30500995 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key targets for immunity and tolerance induction; they present donor antigens to recipient T cells by donor- and recipient-derived pathways. Donor-derived DCs, which are critical during the acute posttransplant period, can be depleted in graft tissue by forced migration via ultraviolet B light (UVB) irradiation. Here, we investigated the tolerogenic potential of donor-derived DC depletion through in vivo and ex vivo UVB preirradiation (UV) combined with the injection of anti-CD154 antibody (Ab) into recipients in an MHC-mismatched hair follicle (HF) allograft model in humanized mice. Surprisingly, human HF allografts achieved long-term survival with newly growing pigmented hair shafts in both Ab-treated groups (Ab-only and UV plus Ab) and in the UV-only group, whereas the control mice rejected all HF allografts with no hair regrowth. Perifollicular human CD3+ T cell and MHC class II+ cell infiltration was significantly diminished in the presence of UV and/or Ab treatment. HF allografts in the UV-only group showed stable maintenance of the immune privilege in the HF epithelium without evidence of antigen-specific T cell tolerance, which is likely promoted by normal HFs in vivo. This immunomodulatory strategy targeting the donor tissue exhibited novel biological relevance for clinical allogeneic transplantation without generalized immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yong Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Mi Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Su Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hi-Jung Park
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology and Graduate Course of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Joo Wi
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology and Graduate Course of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Yoon
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sue Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Seoul Metropolitan Government Public Cord Blood Bank, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Han Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeong Cheon Jung
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology and Graduate Course of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ohsang Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Kinnear G, Wood KJ, Fallah-Arani F, Jones ND. A diametric role for OX40 in the response of effector/memory CD4+ T cells and regulatory T cells to alloantigen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:1465-75. [PMID: 23817421 PMCID: PMC3721124 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OX40 is a member of the TNFR superfamily that has potent costimulatory properties. Although the impact of blockade of the OX40-OX40 ligand (OX40L) pathway has been well documented in models of autoimmune disease, its effect on the rejection of allografts is less well defined. In this article, we show that the alloantigen-mediated activation of naive and memory CD4(+) T cells results in the induction of OX40 expression and that blockade of OX40-OX40L interactions prevents skin allograft rejection mediated by either subset of T cells. Moreover, a blocking anti-OX40 had no effect on the activation and proliferation of T cells; rather, effector T cells failed to accumulate in peripheral lymph nodes and subsequently migrate to skin allografts. This was found to be the result of an enhanced degree of cell death among proliferating effector cells. In clear contrast, blockade of OX40-OX40L interactions at the time of exposure to alloantigen enhanced the ability of regulatory T cells to suppress T cell responses to alloantigen by supporting, rather than diminishing, regulatory T cell survival. These data show that OX40-OX40L signaling contributes to the evolution of the adaptive immune response to an allograft via the differential control of alloreactive effector and regulatory T cell survival. Moreover, these data serve to further highlight OX40 and OX40L as therapeutic targets to assist the induction of tolerance to allografts and self-Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Kinnear
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences (NDS), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU
| | - Kathryn J. Wood
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences (NDS), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU
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