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Alexander KL, Ford ML. The Entangled World of Memory T Cells and Implications in Transplantation. Transplantation 2024; 108:137-147. [PMID: 37271872 PMCID: PMC10696133 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cells that are specific for alloantigen can arise from a variety of stimuli, ranging from direct allogeneic sensitization from prior transplantation, blood transfusion, or pregnancy to the elicitation of pathogen-specific T cells that are cross-reactive with alloantigen. Regardless of the mechanism by which they arise, alloreactive memory T cells possess key metabolic, phenotypic, and functional properties that render them distinct from naive T cells. These properties affect the immune response to transplantation in 2 important ways: first, they can alter the speed, location, and effector mechanisms with which alloreactive T cells mediate allograft rejection, and second, they can alter T-cell susceptibility to immunosuppression. In this review, we discuss recent developments in understanding these properties of memory T cells and their implications for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mandy L. Ford
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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2
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Cohen GS, Kallarakal MA, Jayaraman S, Ibukun FI, Tong KP, Orzolek LD, Larman HB, Krummey SM. Transplantation elicits a clonally diverse CD8 + T cell response that is comprised of potent CD43 + effectors. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112993. [PMID: 37590141 PMCID: PMC10727118 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells mediate acute rejection of allografts, which threatens the long-term survival of transplanted organs. Using MHC class I tetramers, we find that allogeneic CD8+ T cells are present at an elevated naive precursor frequency relative to other epitopes, only modestly increase in number after grafting, and maintain high T cell receptor diversity throughout the immune response. While antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cells poorly express the canonical effector marker KLRG-1, expression of the activated glycoform of CD43 defines potent effectors after transplantation. Activated CD43+ effector T cells maintain high expression of the coreceptor induced T cell costimulator (ICOS) in the presence of CTLA-4 immunoglobulin (Ig), and dual CTLA-4 Ig/anti-ICOS treatment prolongs graft survival. These data demonstrate that graft-specific CD8+ T cells have a distinct response profile relative to anti-pathogen CD8+ T cells and that CD43 and ICOS are critical surface receptors that define potent effector CD8+ T cell populations that form after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Cohen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Melissa A Kallarakal
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sahana Jayaraman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Francis I Ibukun
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Katherine P Tong
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Linda D Orzolek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - H Benjamin Larman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Scott M Krummey
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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3
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Duneton C, Winterberg PD, Ford ML. Activation and regulation of alloreactive T cell immunity in solid organ transplantation. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:663-676. [PMID: 35902775 PMCID: PMC9968399 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation is the only curative treatment for patients with kidney failure but it poses unique immunological challenges that must be overcome to prevent allograft rejection and ensure long-term graft survival. Alloreactive T cells are important contributors to graft rejection, and a clearer understanding of the mechanisms by which these cells recognize donor antigens - through direct, indirect or semi-direct pathways - will facilitate their therapeutic targeting. Post-T cell priming rejection responses can also be modified by targeting pathways that regulate T cell trafficking, survival cytokines or innate immune activation. Moreover, the quantity and quality of donor-reactive memory T cells crucially shape alloimmune responses. Of note, many fundamental concepts in transplant immunology have been derived from models of infection. However, the programmed differentiation of allograft-specific T cell responses is probably distinct from that of pathogen-elicited responses, owing to the dearth of pathogen-derived innate immune activation in the transplantation setting. Understanding the fundamental (and potentially unique) immunological pathways that lead to allograft rejection is therefore a prerequisite for the rational development of therapeutics that promote transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Duneton
- Paediatric Nephrology, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pamela D Winterberg
- Paediatric Nephrology, Emory University Department of Paediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Lewis EL, Xu R, Beltra JC, Ngiow SF, Cohen J, Telange R, Crane A, Sawinski D, Wherry EJ, Porrett PM. NFAT-dependent and -independent exhaustion circuits program maternal CD8 T cell hypofunction in pregnancy. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20201599. [PMID: 34882194 PMCID: PMC8666877 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a common immunization event, but the molecular mechanisms and immunological consequences provoked by pregnancy remain largely unknown. We used mouse models and human transplant registry data to reveal that pregnancy induced exhausted CD8 T cells (Preg-TEX), which associated with prolonged allograft survival. Maternal CD8 T cells shared features of exhaustion with CD8 T cells from cancer and chronic infection, including transcriptional down-regulation of ribosomal proteins and up-regulation of TOX and inhibitory receptors. Similar to other models of T cell exhaustion, NFAT-dependent elements of the exhaustion program were induced by fetal antigen in pregnancy, whereas NFAT-independent elements did not require fetal antigen. Despite using conserved molecular circuitry, Preg-TEX cells differed from TEX cells in chronic viral infection with respect to magnitude and dependency of T cell hypofunction on NFAT-independent signals. Altogether, these data reveal the molecular mechanisms and clinical consequences of maternal CD8 T cell hypofunction and identify pregnancy as a previously unappreciated context in which T cell exhaustion may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Lewis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Surgery, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jean-Christophe Beltra
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shin Foong Ngiow
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jordana Cohen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rahul Telange
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Alexander Crane
- Department of Surgery, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Deirdre Sawinski
- Department of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - E. John Wherry
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Paige M. Porrett
- Department of Surgery, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Comprehensive Transplant Institute, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Del Rio ML, Nguyen TH, Tesson L, Heslan JM, Gutierrez-Adan A, Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Gutierrez-Arroyo J, Buhler L, Pérez-Simón JA, Anegon I, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI. The impact of CD160 deficiency on alloreactive CD8 T cell responses and allograft rejection. Transl Res 2022; 239:103-123. [PMID: 34461306 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD160 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily with a pattern of expression mainly restricted to cytotoxic cells. To assess the functional relevance of the HVEM/CD160 signaling pathway in allogeneic cytotoxic responses, exon 2 of the CD160 gene was targeted by CRISPR/Cas9 to generate CD160 deficient mice. Next, we evaluated the impact of CD160 deficiency in the course of an alloreactive response. To that aim, parental donor WT (wild-type) or CD160 KO (knock-out) T cells were adoptively transferred into non-irradiated semiallogeneic F1 recipients, in which donor alloreactive CD160 KO CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells clonally expanded less vigorously than in WT T cell counterparts. This differential proliferative response rate at the early phase of T cell expansion influenced the course of CD8 T cell differentiation and the composition of the effector T cell pool that led to a significant decreased of the memory precursor effector cells (MPECs) / short-lived effector cells (SLECs) ratio in CD160 KO CD8 T cells compared to WT CD8 T cells. Despite these differences in T cell proliferation and differentiation, allogeneic MHC class I mismatched (bm1) skin allograft survival in CD160 KO recipients was comparable to that of WT recipients. However, the administration of CTLA-4.Ig showed an enhanced survival trend of bm1 skin allografts in CD160 KO with respect to WT recipients. Finally, CD160 deficient NK cells were as proficient as CD160 WT NK cells in rejecting allogeneic cellular allografts or MHC class I deficient tumor cells. CD160 may represent a CD28 alternative costimulatory molecule for the modulation of allogeneic CD8 T cell responses either in combination with costimulation blockade or by direct targeting of alloreactive CD8 T cells that upregulate CD160 expression in response to alloantigen stimulation.
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MESH Headings
- 4-1BB Ligand/metabolism
- Allografts
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Cell Differentiation
- Female
- GPI-Linked Proteins/genetics
- GPI-Linked Proteins/immunology
- GPI-Linked Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, MHC Class I
- Graft Rejection/etiology
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/metabolism
- Skin Transplantation
- Thymocytes/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luisa Del Rio
- Transplantation Immunobiology and Immunotherapy Section. Institute of Molecular Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, University of Leon, Leon, Spain; CIBERONC Consortium, Accion Estrategica en Salud, Grant # CB16/12/00480.
| | - Tuan H Nguyen
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, Nantes, France; SFR Bonamy, GenoCellEdit Platform, CNRS UMS3556, Nantes, France
| | - Laurent Tesson
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, Nantes, France; SFR Bonamy, GenoCellEdit Platform, CNRS UMS3556, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Marie Heslan
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, Nantes, France; SFR Bonamy, GenoCellEdit Platform, CNRS UMS3556, Nantes, France
| | - Alfonso Gutierrez-Adan
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Gutierrez-Arroyo
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leo Buhler
- Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - José-Antonio Pérez-Simón
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio / Institute of Biomedicine (IBIS / CSIC / CIBERONC), Sevilla, Spain; CIBERONC Consortium, Accion Estrategica en Salud, Grant # CB16/12/00480
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, Nantes, France; SFR Bonamy, GenoCellEdit Platform, CNRS UMS3556, Nantes, France
| | - Jose-Ignacio Rodriguez-Barbosa
- Transplantation Immunobiology and Immunotherapy Section. Institute of Molecular Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, University of Leon, Leon, Spain; CIBERONC Consortium, Accion Estrategica en Salud, Grant # CB16/12/00480.
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6
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Crepeau RL, Ford ML. Programmed T cell differentiation: Implications for transplantation. Cell Immunol 2020; 351:104099. [PMID: 32247511 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
While T cells play a critical role in protective immunity against infection, they are also responsible for graft rejection in the setting of transplantation. T cell differentiation is regulated by both intrinsic transcriptional pathways as well as extrinsic factors such as antigen encounter and the cytokine milieu. Herein, we review recent discoveries in the transcriptional regulation of T cell differentiation and their impact on the field of transplantation. Recent studies uncovering context-dependent differentiation programs that differ in the setting of infection or transplantation will also be discussed. Understanding the key transcriptional pathways that underlie T cell responses in transplantation has important clinical implications, including development of novel therapeutic agents to mitigate graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Crepeau
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Suite 5208, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Suite 5208, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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