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Gao T, Yang X, Fujisawa M, Ohara T, Wang T, Tomonobu N, Sakaguchi M, Yoshimura T, Matsukawa A. SPRED2: A Novel Regulator of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Stemness in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054996. [PMID: 36902429 PMCID: PMC10003366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The downregulation of SPRED2, a negative regulator of the ERK1/2 pathway, was previously detected in human cancers; however, the biological consequence remains unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of SPRED2 loss on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell function. Human HCC cell lines, expressing various levels of SPRED2 and SPRED2 knockdown, increased ERK1/2 activation. SPRED2-knockout (KO)-HepG2 cells displayed an elongated spindle shape with increased cell migration/invasion and cadherin switching, with features of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). SPRED2-KO cells demonstrated a higher ability to form spheres and colonies, expressed higher levels of stemness markers and were more resistant to cisplatin. Interestingly, SPRED2-KO cells also expressed higher levels of the stem cell surface markers CD44 and CD90. When CD44+CD90+ and CD44-CD90- populations from WT cells were analyzed, a lower level of SPRED2 and higher levels of stem cell markers were detected in CD44+CD90+ cells. Further, endogenous SPRED2 expression decreased when WT cells were cultured in 3D, but was restored in 2D culture. Finally, the levels of SPRED2 in clinical HCC tissues were significantly lower than those in adjacent non-HCC tissues and were negatively associated with progression-free survival. Thus, the downregulation of SPRED2 in HCC promotes EMT and stemness through the activation of the ERK1/2 pathway, and leads to more malignant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Gao
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fujisawa
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ohara
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Nahoko Tomonobu
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sakaguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsukawa
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-86-235-7141
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Jin X, Kaes J, Van Slambrouck J, Inci I, Arni S, Geudens V, Heigl T, Jansen Y, Carlon MS, Vos R, Van Raemdonck D, Zhang Y, Vanaudenaerde BM, Ceulemans LJ. A Comprehensive Review on the Surgical Aspect of Lung Transplant Models in Mice and Rats. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030480. [PMID: 35159289 PMCID: PMC8833959 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung transplantation improves the outcome and quality of life of patients with end-stage pulmonary disease. However, the procedure is still hampered by the lack of suitable donors, the complexity of the surgery, and the risk of developing chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Over the past decades, translational experiments in animal models have led to a better understanding of physiology and immunopathology following the lung transplant procedure. Small animal models (e.g., rats and mice) are mostly used in experiments regarding immunology and pathobiology and are preferred over large animal models due to the ethical aspects, the cost-benefit balance, and the high throughput possibility. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the reported surgical techniques for lung transplantation in rodent models and the management of perioperative complications. Furthermore, we propose a guide to help identify the appropriate species for a given experiment and discuss recent experimental findings in small animal lung transplant models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department CHROMETA, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (X.J.); (J.K.); (J.V.S.); (V.G.); (T.H.); (Y.J.); (M.S.C.); (R.V.); (D.V.R.); (B.M.V.)
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janne Kaes
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department CHROMETA, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (X.J.); (J.K.); (J.V.S.); (V.G.); (T.H.); (Y.J.); (M.S.C.); (R.V.); (D.V.R.); (B.M.V.)
| | - Jan Van Slambrouck
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department CHROMETA, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (X.J.); (J.K.); (J.V.S.); (V.G.); (T.H.); (Y.J.); (M.S.C.); (R.V.); (D.V.R.); (B.M.V.)
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilhan Inci
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland; (I.I.); (S.A.)
| | - Stephan Arni
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland; (I.I.); (S.A.)
| | - Vincent Geudens
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department CHROMETA, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (X.J.); (J.K.); (J.V.S.); (V.G.); (T.H.); (Y.J.); (M.S.C.); (R.V.); (D.V.R.); (B.M.V.)
| | - Tobias Heigl
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department CHROMETA, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (X.J.); (J.K.); (J.V.S.); (V.G.); (T.H.); (Y.J.); (M.S.C.); (R.V.); (D.V.R.); (B.M.V.)
| | - Yanina Jansen
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department CHROMETA, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (X.J.); (J.K.); (J.V.S.); (V.G.); (T.H.); (Y.J.); (M.S.C.); (R.V.); (D.V.R.); (B.M.V.)
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marianne S. Carlon
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department CHROMETA, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (X.J.); (J.K.); (J.V.S.); (V.G.); (T.H.); (Y.J.); (M.S.C.); (R.V.); (D.V.R.); (B.M.V.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robin Vos
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department CHROMETA, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (X.J.); (J.K.); (J.V.S.); (V.G.); (T.H.); (Y.J.); (M.S.C.); (R.V.); (D.V.R.); (B.M.V.)
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Van Raemdonck
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department CHROMETA, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (X.J.); (J.K.); (J.V.S.); (V.G.); (T.H.); (Y.J.); (M.S.C.); (R.V.); (D.V.R.); (B.M.V.)
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (L.J.C.); Tel.: +32-16-34-68-20 (L.J.C.)
| | - Bart M. Vanaudenaerde
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department CHROMETA, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (X.J.); (J.K.); (J.V.S.); (V.G.); (T.H.); (Y.J.); (M.S.C.); (R.V.); (D.V.R.); (B.M.V.)
| | - Laurens J. Ceulemans
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department CHROMETA, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (X.J.); (J.K.); (J.V.S.); (V.G.); (T.H.); (Y.J.); (M.S.C.); (R.V.); (D.V.R.); (B.M.V.)
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (L.J.C.); Tel.: +32-16-34-68-20 (L.J.C.)
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Oda S, Fujisawa M, Chunning L, Ito T, Yamaguchi T, Yoshimura T, Matsukawa A. Expression of Spred2 in the urothelial tumorigenesis of the urinary bladder. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254289. [PMID: 34818323 PMCID: PMC8612556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Ras/Raf/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase)-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway is involved in the progression of cancer, including urothelial carcinoma; but the negative regulation remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated pathological expression of Spred2 (Sprouty-related EVH1 domain-containing protein 2), a negative regulator of the Ras/Raf/ERK-MAPK pathway, and the relation to ERK activation and Ki67 index in various categories of 275 urothelial tumors obtained from clinical patients. In situ hybridization demonstrated that Spred2 mRNA was highly expressed in high-grade non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma (HGPUC), and the expression was decreased in carcinoma in situ (CIS) and infiltrating urothelial carcinoma (IUC). Immunohistochemically, membranous Spred2 expression, important to interact with Ras/Raf, was preferentially found in HGPUC. Interestingly, membranous Spred2 expression was decreased in CIS and IUC relative to HGPUC, while ERK activation and the expression of the cell proliferation marker Ki67 index were increased. HGPUC with membranous Spred2 expression correlated significantly with lower levels of ERK activation and Ki67 index as compared to those with negative Spred2 expression. Thus, our pathological findings suggest that Spred2 counters cancer progression in non-invasive papillary carcinoma possibly through inhibiting the Ras/Raf/ERK-MAPK pathway, but this regulatory mechanism is lost in cancers with high malignancy. Spred2 appears to be a key regulator in the progression of non-invasive bladder carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Oda
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fujisawa
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Li Chunning
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsukawa
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Wang LF, Sun YY, Pan Q, Yin YQ, Tian XM, Liu Y, Bu T, Zhang Q, Wang YA, Zhao J, Luo Y. Diminazen Aceturate Protects Pulmonary Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via Inhibition of ADAM17-Mediated Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Shedding. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:713632. [PMID: 34712133 PMCID: PMC8546118 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.713632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is induced by pulmonary artery occlusion and reperfusion. Lung IR injury commonly happens after weaning from extracorporeal circulation, lung transplantation, and pulmonary thromboendarterectomy; it is a lethal perioperative complication. A definite therapeutic intervention remains to be determined. It is known that the enzyme activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is critical in maintaining pulmonary vascular tone and epithelial integrity. In a noxious environment to the lungs, inactivation of ACE2 is mainly due to a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) protein-mediated ACE2 shedding. Thus, we assumed that protection of local ACE2 in the lung against ADAM17-mediated shedding would be a therapeutic target for lung IR injury. In this study, we established both in vivo and in vitro models to demonstrate that the damage degree of lung IR injury depends on the loss of ACE2 and ACE2 enzyme dysfunction in lung tissue. Treatment with ACE2 protectant diminazen aceturate (DIZE) maintained higher ACE2 enzyme activity and reduced angiotensin II, angiotensin type 1 receptor, and ADAM17 levels in the lung tissue. Concurrently, DIZE-inhibited oxidative stress and nitrosative stress via p38MAPK and NF-κB pathways consequently reduced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. The underlying molecular mechanism of DIZE contributed to its protective effect against lung IR injury and resulted in the improvement of oxygenation index and ameliorating pulmonary pathological damage. We concluded that DIZE protects the lungs from IR injury via inhibition of ADAM17-mediated ACE2 shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang-Yang Sun
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Qian Pan
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Qing Yin
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yue Liu
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tegeleqi Bu
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qingy Zhang
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-An Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
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