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Ramos Peña DE, Pillet S, Grupioni Lourenço A, Pozzetto B, Bourlet T, Motta ACF. Human immunodeficiency virus and oral microbiota: mutual influence on the establishment of a viral gingival reservoir in individuals under antiretroviral therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1364002. [PMID: 38660490 PMCID: PMC11039817 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1364002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of the oral microbiota in the overall health and in systemic diseases has gained more importance in the recent years, mainly due to the systemic effects that are mediated by the chronic inflammation caused by oral diseases, such as periodontitis, through the microbial communities of the mouth. The chronic infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) interacts at the tissue level (e.g. gut, genital tract, brain) to create reservoirs; the modulation of the gut microbiota by HIV infection is a good example of these interactions. The purpose of the present review is to assess the state of knowledge on the oral microbiota (microbiome, mycobiome and virome) of HIV-infected patients in comparison to that of HIV-negative individuals and to discuss the reciprocal influence of HIV infection and oral microbiota in patients with periodontitis on the potential establishment of a viral gingival reservoir. The influence of different clinical and biological parameters are reviewed including age, immune and viral status, potent antiretroviral therapies, smoking, infection of the airway and viral coinfections, all factors that can modulate the oral microbiota during HIV infection. The analysis of the literature proposed in this review indicates that the comparisons of the available studies are difficult due to their great heterogeneity. However, some important findings emerge: (i) the oral microbiota is less influenced than that of the gut during HIV infection, although some recurrent changes in the microbiome are identified in many studies; (ii) severe immunosuppression is correlated with altered microbiota and potent antiretroviral therapies correct partially these modifications; (iii) periodontitis constitutes a major factor of dysbiosis, which is exacerbated in HIV-infected patients; its pathogenesis can be described as a reciprocal reinforcement of the two conditions, where the local dysbiosis present in the periodontal pocket leads to inflammation, bacterial translocation and destruction of the supporting tissues, which in turn enhances an inflammatory environment that perpetuates the periodontitis cycle. With the objective of curing viral reservoirs of HIV-infected patients in the future years, it appears important to develop further researches aimed at defining whether the inflamed gingiva can serve of viral reservoir in HIV-infected patients with periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Estefania Ramos Peña
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Team Mucosal Immunity and Pathogen Agents (GIMAP), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1111, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Sylvie Pillet
- Team Mucosal Immunity and Pathogen Agents (GIMAP), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1111, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Department of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Alan Grupioni Lourenço
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Pozzetto
- Team Mucosal Immunity and Pathogen Agents (GIMAP), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1111, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Department of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Thomas Bourlet
- Team Mucosal Immunity and Pathogen Agents (GIMAP), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1111, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Department of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Ana Carolina Fragoso Motta
- Department of Stomatology, Public Health and Forensic Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sodré CS, Rodrigues PMG, Vieira MS, Marques Paes da Silva A, Gonçalves LS, Ribeiro MG, de Carvalho Ferreira D. Oral mycobiome identification in atopic dermatitis, leukemia, and HIV patients - a systematic review. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1807179. [PMID: 32944157 PMCID: PMC7482892 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1807179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral mycobiome profiling is important to understand host-pathogen interactions that occur in various diseases. Invasive fungal infections are particularly relevant for patients who have received chemotherapy and for those who have HIV infection. In addition, changes in fungal microbiota are associated with the worsening of chronic conditions like atopic dermatitis (AD). This work aims, through a systematic review, to analyze the methods used in previous studies to identify oral fungi and their most frequent species in patients with the following conditions: HIV infection, leukemia, and atopic dermatitis. METHODS A literature search was performed on several different databases. Inclusion criteria were: written in English or Portuguese; published between September 2009 and September 2019; analyzed oral fungi of HIV-infected, leukemia, or AD patients. RESULTS 21 studies were included and the most identified species was Candida. The predominant methods of identification were morphological (13/21) and sugar fermentation and assimilation tests (11/21). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was the most used molecular method (8/21) followed by sequencing techniques (3/21). CONCLUSIONS Although morphological and biochemical tests are still used, they are associated with high-throughput sequencing techniques, due to their accuracy and time saving for profiling the predominant species in oral mycobiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Stofella Sodré
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Matheus Guerra Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Oral and Systemic Infections, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University- UNESA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucio Souza Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Oral and Systemic Infections, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University- UNESA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Gonçalves Ribeiro
- Medical Genetics Service, Martagão Gesteira Pediatric Institute (IPPMG- UFRJ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dennis de Carvalho Ferreira
- Laboratory of Oral and Systemic Infections, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University- UNESA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Nishimaki F, Yamada SI, Kawamoto M, Sakurai A, Hayashi K, Kurita H. Relationship Between the Quantity of Oral Candida and Systemic Condition/Diseases of the Host: Oral Candida Increases with Advancing Age and Anemia. Mycopathologia 2019; 184:251-260. [PMID: 30825055 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of host systemic conditions/diseases on the prosperity of oral Candida colonies remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a relationship exists between the quantity of oral Candida and the systemic condition/diseases of the host. PATIENTS AND METHODS The cross-sectional relationship between Candida mannan concentrations and health check-up results was analyzed in consideration of local conditions that influence the prevalence of oral Candida. RESULTS Candida mannan concentrations correlated with age, the number of untreated decayed teeth, number of prosthetic teeth, salivary pH, HbA1c, and the red blood cell count in a univariate analysis. In a multivariate analysis, Candida mannan concentrations correlated with age, the number of untreated decayed teeth, number of prosthetic teeth, salivary pH, and the red blood cell count. Candida mannan concentrations were higher in subjects older than 80 years, with a higher number of either untreated or prosthetic teeth, with a lower salivary pH, and with a decreased red blood cell count. Mannan concentrations were slightly higher in subjects with elevated HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest a close relationship between the quantity of oral Candida and the systemic condition/diseases of the host. Oral Candida may increase in immunocompromised hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Nishimaki
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1, Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Yamada
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1, Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Makiko Kawamoto
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1, Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Akinari Sakurai
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1, Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Hayashi
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1, Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurita
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1, Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
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Portela MB, Lima de Amorim E, Santos AM, Alexandre da Rocha Curvelo J, de Oliveira Martins K, Capillé CL, Maria de Araújo Soares R, Barbosa de Araújo Castro GF. Candida species from oral cavity of HIV-infected children exhibit reduced virulence factors in the HAART era. Microb Pathog 2016; 102:74-81. [PMID: 27913142 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess, in vitro, the biofilm viability and the phospholipase and protease production of Candida spp. from the saliva of HIV infected children and healthy controls, and to correlate the results with the use of medical data. A total of 79 isolates were analyzed: 48 Candida albicans isolates (33/15) and 20 Candida parapsilosis sensu lato complex isolates (12/8) (from HIV/control patients, respectively), and 8 Candida krusei, 1 Candida tropicalis, 1 Candida dubliniensis and 1 Candida guilliermondii from HIV patients. The XTT (2, 3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-Carboxanilide) reduction assay analyzed the biofilm viability. Phospholipase and protease assays were performed using the egg yolk and Bovine Serum Albumin agar plate methods, respectively. All isolates were able to form biofilm with cell viability. Quantitatively, Candida isolates from both groups presented a similar ability to form biofilm (p > 0.05). The biofilm viability activity was higher in C. albicans isolates than in non-albicans Candida isolates (p < 0.05) for both groups. Phospholipase activity was detected in 32 isolates (40.5%) and it was significantly higher in the HIV group (p = 0.006). Protease activity was detected in 66 isolates (84.8%) and most of them were relatively/very strong producers. No statistical association with medical data was found in the HIV group. Although Candida spp. isolates from HIV-positive children presented higher phospholipase production, in vitro they exhibited reduced virulence factors compared to isolates from healthy individuals. This finding may enlighten the role played by immunosuppression in the modulation of Candida virulence attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristela Barbosa Portela
- Department of Clinics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal Fluminense/Niterói (UFF), Brazil.
| | - Elaine Lima de Amorim
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Adrielle Mangabeira Santos
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - José Alexandre da Rocha Curvelo
- Department of General Microbiology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Karol de Oliveira Martins
- Department of Clinics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal Fluminense/Niterói (UFF), Brazil
| | - Cauli Lima Capillé
- Department of Clinics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal Fluminense/Niterói (UFF), Brazil
| | - Rosangela Maria de Araújo Soares
- Department of General Microbiology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
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Kim EK, Jang SH, Choi YH, Lee KS, Kim YJ, Kim SH, Lee HK. Effect of an oral hygienic care program for stroke patients in the intensive care unit. Yonsei Med J 2014; 55:240-6. [PMID: 24339313 PMCID: PMC3874900 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2014.55.1.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of an oral hygienic care program (OHCP) have been reported in several diseases. However, no study exists investigating the influence of an OHCP on stroke patients or patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) has been reported, thus we sought to investigate the potential effect of an OHCP. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-six consecutive stroke patients who were admitted to the ICU were randomly assigned to two groups: the intervention (29 patients) and control groups (27 patients). The OHCP included tooth brushing with an inter-dental brush and tongue cleaner and cleaning with chlorhexidine was administered to patients by one dentist once per day during admission in the ICU (mean, 2.2 weeks). The plague index, gingival index, clinical attachment loss, and colonization degree of candida albicans were assessed. RESULTS After OHCP, the plaque index, gingival index, and colonization degree of candida albicans in saliva showed a significant decrease in the intervention group compared to those of the control group (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in clinical attachment loss and the colonization degree of candida albicans on the tongue (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Our OHCP was effective in improving the oral hygienic status and periodontal health of stroke patients during their stay in the ICU. Therefore, we recommend administration of the OHCP for stroke patients during their stay in the ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyong Kim
- Department of Dentistry, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-703, Korea.
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Portela MB, das Chagas MS, Cerqueira DF, de Souza IPR, Souto-Padrón T, de Araújo Soares RM, de Araújo Castro GFB. Differential collagenolytic activity of Candida albicans isolated from oral mucosa and dentinal carious lesions of HIV-infected children. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 113:378-83. [PMID: 22669144 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare type I collagen degradation by Candida albicans isolated from oral mucosa (M) and cavitated active dentinal caries (CAD) of HIV-infected children. STUDY DESIGN To verify the proteolytic activity, the specimens were cultivated in brain-heart infusion medium and the supernatants were incubated in the presence or absence of type I collagen at 37°C for 12 hours and analyzed using 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Intensity of the bands on the gels was assessed by densitometric analysis using a scanner and images analyzed with software from Kodak Digital Science EDAS 120. RESULTS Supernatants of all the C. albicans degraded type I collagen: that from M, on average, by 38.3% (SD 21.67) and that from CAD by 54% (SD 25.94; Wilcoxon test: P < .05). Predisposing factors had no association with the percentage of type I collagen degradation (Mann-Whitney test: P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Candida albicans from different sites of the oral cavity of HIV-infected children has proteolytic activity for type I collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristela Barbosa Portela
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Biofilm of Candida albicans from oral cavity of an HIV-infected child: challenge on enamel microhardness. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 115:500-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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