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Farhad SZ, Karbalaeihasanesfahani A, Dadgar E, Nasiri K, Esfahaniani M, Nabi Afjadi M. The role of periodontitis in cancer development, with a focus on oral cancers. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:814. [PMID: 39008163 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a severe gum infection that begins as gingivitis and can lead to gum recession, bone loss, and tooth loss if left untreated. It is primarily caused by bacterial infection, which triggers inflammation and the formation of periodontal pockets. Notably, periodontitis is associated with systemic health issues and has been linked to heart disease, diabetes, respiratory diseases, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and cancers. Accordingly, the presence of chronic inflammation and immune system dysregulation in individuals with periodontitis significantly contributes to the initiation and progression of various cancers, particularly oral cancers. These processes promote genetic mutations, impair DNA repair mechanisms, and create a tumor-supportive environment. Moreover, the bacteria associated with periodontitis produce harmful byproducts and toxins that directly damage the DNA within oral cells, exacerbating cancer development. In addition, chronic inflammation not only stimulates cell proliferation but also inhibits apoptosis, causes DNA damage, and triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Collectively, these factors play a crucial role in the progression of cancer in individuals affected by periodontitis. Further, specific viral and bacterial agents, such as hepatitis B and C viruses, human papillomavirus (HPV), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and Porphyromonas gingivalis, contribute to cancer development through distinct mechanisms. Bacterial infections have systemic implications for cancer development, while viral infections provoke immune and inflammatory responses that can lead to genetic mutations. This review will elucidate the link between periodontitis and cancers, particularly oral cancers, exploring their underlying mechanisms to provide insights for future research and treatment advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Zahra Farhad
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Isfahan(Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Esmaeel Dadgar
- Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kamyar Nasiri
- Faculty of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahla Esfahaniani
- Faculty of Dentistry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Nabi Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Xiao S, Sun G, Huang S, Lin C, Li Y. Nanoarchitectonics-Based Materials as a Promising Strategy in the Treatment of Endodontic Infections. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:759. [PMID: 38931881 PMCID: PMC11207628 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Endodontic infections arise from the interactive activities of microbial communities colonizing in the intricate root canal system. The present study aims to update the latest knowledge of nanomaterials, their antimicrobial mechanisms, and their applications in endodontics. A detailed literature review of the current knowledge of nanomaterials used in endodontic applications was performed using the PubMed database. Antimicrobial nanomaterials with a small size, large specific surface area, and high chemical activity are introduced to act as irrigants, photosensitizer delivery systems, and medicaments, or to modify sealers. The application of nanomaterials in the endodontic field could enhance antimicrobial efficiency, increase dentin tubule penetration, and improve treatment outcomes. This study supports the potential of nanomaterials as a promising strategy in treating endodontic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suli Xiao
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361003, China;
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Guanwen Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University Xiamen Humanity Hospital, Xiamen 361018, China;
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361003, China;
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Yijun Li
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361003, China;
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen 361003, China
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3
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Duraisamy AK, Logani A, Kumar V, Chawla A, Sharma S, Pandey RM. Influence of the severity of periodontal disease on the outcome of non-surgical endodontic therapy: A prospective cohort study. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:217. [PMID: 38489130 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of severity of periodontal disease on periapical healing after non-surgical endodontic therapy (NSET). MATERIAL AND METHODS In this prospective study, subjects (n = 45) requiring NSET in a mandibular molar tooth with the diagnosis of pulp necrosis and asymptomatic apical periodontitis exhibiting radiographic periapical index (PAI) score ≥ 3 and concomitant endodontic periodontal lesion (CEPL) without communication were enrolled. After dividing as per the classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions, subjects were equally allocated into three groups. Group I- only endodontic lesion {control: healthy periodontium (n = 15)}, Group II- CEPL having stage I and II periodontitis (n = 15) and Group III- CEPL having stage III periodontitis (n = 15). Standardized two-visit NSET was performed with 2% chlorhexidine gel as an intracanal medicament. Periodontal therapy was instituted wherever required. Subjects were recalled at 6-and 12-months for clinical and radiographic assessment. Chi-square test was performed to evaluate the difference between the groups. RESULTS At 12-month follow-up, all teeth in the three study groups were asymptomatic. On radiographic evaluation of the periapical region, healing was observed in 80%, 47% and 50% of teeth in Groups I, Group II and Group III, respectively. However, the difference was not statistically significant between the groups (p = 0.150). CONCLUSION The severity of periodontal disease had no influence on periapical healing after NSET in teeth with concomitant endodontic periodontal lesions without communication. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Periodontal disease has significant impact on apical periodontitis however severity of the periodontitis does not negatively impact the apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Duraisamy
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, 110029
| | - Ajay Logani
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, 110029.
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, 110029
| | - Amrita Chawla
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, 110029
| | - Sidhartha Sharma
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, 110029
| | - R M Pandey
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Science and Research, New Delhi, India, 110029
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Lv H, Zhuang Y, Wu W. Lung Abscess Caused by Tannerella forsythia Infection: A Case Report. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:6975-6981. [PMID: 37928606 PMCID: PMC10625316 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s434494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tannerella forsythia is a gram-negative anaerobic bacterium commonly found in the oral cavity. It is among the common pathogenic bacteria associated with gingivitis, chronic periodontitis, and aggressive periodontitis. However, there is currently no literature discussing lung abscesses primarily caused by T. forsythia infection. Presentation This article presents the case of a 55-year-old male with a massive lung abscess. The patient underwent ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage, and the sample was sent for pathogen metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) testing. The test indicated that the lung abscess was primarily caused by T. forsythia infection. A literature review was conducted to understand the characteristics of this pathogen as well as its clinical features and suitable treatment approaches. Conclusion Currently, there is no literature specifically mentioning T. forsythia as a primary pathogen causing lung abscesses. This anaerobic bacterium is commonly found in the oral cavity and is difficult to cultivate using routine culture methods. mNGS emerges as a value diagnostic method for identifying this pathogen. Treatment recommendations include drainage and antibiotic selection encompassing common periodontal pathogens such as red complex bacteria and Actinomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Lv
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yawen Zhuang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijing Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
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Hou Y, Wang L, Zhang L, Tan X, Huang D, Song D. Potential relationship between clinical symptoms and the root canal microbiomes of root filled teeth based on the next-generation sequencing. Int Endod J 2021; 55:18-29. [PMID: 34592001 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine the microorganism in root canal systems of root filled teeth with periapical disease and their relationship with clinical symptoms using next-generation sequencing. METHODOLOGY The roots of 10 extracted teeth were collected from 10 patients who presented with post-treatment apical periodontitis (PTAP; six with symptoms and four without symptoms). Each root was divided horizontally into two parts (apical and coronal segments) and cryo-pulverized. Microbial communities were detected using 16S rDNA hypervariable V3-V4 region. The diversity, principal coordinate analysis and linear discriminant analysis effect size were performed in the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups (apical and coronal parts respectively). A Mann-Whitney test and an analysis of similarities were applied for intergroup analysis, at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS A total of 23 phyla, 257 genera and 425 species were detected. Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum in all samples. Three phyla (Fusobacteria, Synergistetes and unidentified_Bacteria) and seven genera (Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, Phocaeicola, Olsenella, Campylobacter, Tannerella and Fretibacterium) were significantly more abundant in the symptomatic patients (p < .05), whereas asymptomatic patients had more Sphingomonas. The species more significantly abundant in the symptomatic samples were Porphyromonas gingivalis, Phocaeicola abscessus, Campylobacter showae, Tannerella forsythia and Olsenella uli (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS A greater microbial diversity was observed in root filled teeth with PTAP compared to earlier reports. Several genera and species in root canal systems might be associated with clinical symptoms of PTAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Liu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuelian Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Dingming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongzhe Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
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Quantitative Analysis of Candidate Endodontic Pathogens and Their Association with Cause and Symptoms of Apical Periodontitis in a Sudanese Population. Eur Endod J 2021; 6:50-55. [PMID: 33762533 PMCID: PMC8056810 DOI: 10.14744/eej.2020.52297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the prevalence of key endodontic pathogens and their association with the clinical features and the cause of apical periodontitis. Methods: The study population included patients referred to Khartoum Dental teaching Hospital, Sudan for endodontic treatment. Samples were collected from single-rooted teeth carious or traumatised teeth with clinical and radiographic evidence of apical periodontitis. The endodontic pathogens Porphyromonas endodontalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Treponema denticola were quantified by real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The prevalence of each species was identified at both a low detection threshold (>50 bacteria) and a high detection threshold (>1000 bacteria). Results: 75 patients (mean age 30.1 yrs SD 10.1) were included in the analysis. The most prevalent bacterium at both the low and high threshold was F. nucleatum followed by T. denticola at the low threshold and P. endodontalis at the high threshold. There was no association with symptoms at the low detection threshold, but at high threshold P. endodontalis was associated with swelling, adjusted odds ratio (OR), 9.32 95%CI 1.11- 78.66, P=0.04. All species were more prevalent in apical periodontitis due to caries only at the low detection threshold, OR=5.01 (P=0.006) for T. denticola; 4.84 (P=0.01) for F. nucleatum; and 3.62 (P=0.03) for P. endodontalis. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of the F. nucleatum, T. denticola and P. endodontalis in apical periodontitis associated with caries. None of these bacterial were associated with pain but the presence of P. endodontalis at high levels was associated with swelling.
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Victor DJ, Subramanian S, Prakash P, Raj DRS. Putative periodontal pathogens in persisting periodontal pockets of endodontic origin. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2021; 25:17-21. [PMID: 33642736 PMCID: PMC7904007 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_397_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The microbial profile of endodontically treated teeth, presenting with a persisting deep periodontal pocket, secondary to a primary endodontic lesion, draining through the gingival crevice, has received very less attention. This observational study was done to evaluate if these sites with persisting pockets of endodontic origin persist because they have acquired bacteria which are considered as putative periodontal pathogens. Materials and Methods: Subgingival plaque samples were collected from fifty patients diagnosed with a primary endodontic and a secondary periodontal lesion that persisted even after completion of the root canal treatment. Clinical parameters such as probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index, furcation, and tooth mobility were recorded. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the possible association between six bacteria, which are frequently associated with periodontal and endodontic lesions. Results: The mean cycle threshold value for Treponema denticola (Td) was found to be 33.74, and for Enterococcus faecalis (Ef), it was 34.39. With regard to clinical attachment loss, Td (P < 0.04) and Parvimonas micra (P < 0.05) had a significant correlation. Conclusion: Ef (92%) and Td (86%) were found to be most prevalent. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia were in minimal to nonexistent levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhayanand John Victor
- Faculty, Department of Periodontics, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Ramapuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sangeetha Subramanian
- Faculty, Department of Periodontics, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Ramapuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Psg Prakash
- Faculty, Department of Periodontics, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Ramapuram, Tamil Nadu, India
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Singh KK, Kumar P, Das P, Marandi M, Panda S, Mahajan A, Kumar D. Association of specific microorganisms with endodontic signs and symptoms. A comparative study. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:3965-3969. [PMID: 33110794 PMCID: PMC7586604 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_523_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The study aimed to evaluate the association of root canal microorganisms red complex and E. facealis with endodontic clinical signs and symptoms using polymerase chain reaction. Materials and Methods Bacterial samples were obtained using sterile paper points from the teeth of 100 subjects divided into two groups; Group I: 50 individuals with primary tooth infections and Group II: 50 individuals with failed endodontic treatment having the secondary infection. DNA extracted from samples was analyzed for endodontic pathogens by using species-specific primers. Results The pain was noticed in 66%, (33 of 50 subjects) in primary infection and 60% (30 of 50) in a secondary infection. A statistically significant association between pain and E. faecalis bacteria observed both in primary infection and secondary infection (P < 0.05). Tenderness on percussion was associated with 40% cases in Group I and 70% cases in Group II. The red complex accounted for 94% of cases associated with tenderness on percussion in primary infection while 86% of cases associated with secondary infection with a statistically significant association (P < 0.05). Conclusion Prevalence of red complex bacteria and E. faecalis suggested the association of studied bacteria with symptomatic infected pulp and periradicular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Awadh Dental College and Hospital, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
| | - Pragyan Das
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Awadh Dental College and Hospital, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
| | - Manjula Marandi
- Department of Oral Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Odontology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Dental Institute, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Swagat Panda
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hi-tech Dental College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Amit Mahajan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rama Dental College and Hospital, Kanpur, UP, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- BRS Dental College and Hospital, Sultanpur, Panchkula, Haryana, India
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Cardoso FGDR, Martinho FC, Ferreira NDS, Prado RFD, Manhães-Júnior LRC, Rocco MA, Valera MC. Correlation Between Volume of Root Canal, Cultivable Bacteria, Bacterial Complexes and Endotoxins in Primary Infection. Braz Dent J 2019; 30:117-122. [PMID: 30970053 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201902239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This clinical study was conducted to correlate the levels of endotoxins and culturable bacteria found in primary endodontic infection (PEI) with the volume of root canal determined by using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT); and to evaluate the bacterial diversity correlating with clinical features. Twenty patients with PEI were selected and clinical features were recorded. The volume (mm3) of root canal was determined by CBCT analysis. Root canal samples were analyzed by using kinetic LAL-assay test to determine the levels of endotoxins and anaerobic technique to determine the bacterial count (CFU/mL). DNA was extracted from all samples to determine bacterial diversity and quantified by using Checkerboard-DNA-DNA- Hybridization. Culturable bacteria and endotoxins were detected in 100% of the root canal samples. Linear regression analysis revealed a correlation between root canal volume and presence of anaerobic bacteria (p<0.05). Positive correlations were found between bacteria species and presence of different clinical features (p<0.05). After grouping the bacteria species into bacterial complexes, positive associations were found between green, orange and red complexes with presence of sinus tract (p<0.05). This clinical study revealed that larger root canals hold higher levels of culturable bacteria in PEI. Thus, the interaction of different virulent bacteria species in complexes seems to play an important role in the development of clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Goulart da Rosa Cardoso
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.,Department of Dentistry, Endodontic Division, University of Taubaté - UNITAU, Taubaté, SP, Brazil
| | - Frederico Canato Martinho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.,Department of Advanced Oral Science & Therapeutics, Endodontic Division, University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Maryland, USA
| | - Nádia de Souza Ferreira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.,Department of Semiology, UFPel - Universidade Federal de Pelotas, School of Dentistry, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Falchete do Prado
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Antônio Rocco
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia Carneiro Valera
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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Pattanshetty S, Kotrashetti VS, Bhat K, Nayak RS, Somannavar P, Pujar M. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction detection of selected bacterial species from symptomatic and asymptomatic non-vital teeth with primary endodontic infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 9:e12312. [DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Smita Pattanshetty
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology; Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G Halgekar’s Institute of Dental Sciences; Karnataka India
| | - Vijayalakshmi S. Kotrashetti
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology; Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G Halgekar’s Institute of Dental Sciences; Karnataka India
| | - Kishore Bhat
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology; Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G Halgekar’s Institute of Dental Sciences; Karnataka India
| | - Ramakant S. Nayak
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology; Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G Halgekar’s Institute of Dental Sciences; Karnataka India
| | - Pradeep Somannavar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology; Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G Halgekar’s Institute of Dental Sciences; Karnataka India
| | - Madhu Pujar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics; Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G Halgekar’s Institute of Dental Sciences; Karnataka India
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Halkai KR, Halkai R, Mudda JA, Shivanna V, Rathod V. Antibiofilm efficacy of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles against endodontic-periodontal pathogens: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2018; 21:662-666. [PMID: 30546215 PMCID: PMC6249955 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_203_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Endodontic-periodontal pathogens exist as biofilms which are difficult to eliminate. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) emerged as newer antimicrobial agents with potential benefits. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC); evaluate the antibiofilm efficacy of fungal-derived AgNPs against Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacillus pumilus, and Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods: MIC of AgNPs against test pathogens was determined using micro broth dilution method. Serial dilutions of AgNPs ranging from 80 to 1 μg/ml concentration were added to wells containing 10 μl of bacterial inoculum in culture media and control group without AgNPs. For biofilm models, 120 dentin blocks were prepared, sterilized, and contaminated for 2 weeks with (n = 40 each). Group 1: B. pumilus, Group 2: E. faecalis, and Group 3: P. gingivalis and each group is divided into four subgroups (n = 10 each) and treated with distilled water, AgNPs, 2% and 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX). Colonies counted after 24 h of incubation and statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests. Results: MIC for B. pumilus was determined as 20 μg/ml and 30 μg/ml for E. faecalis and P. gingivalis. AgNPs were effective as 2% CHX against all biofilms compared to control group. Post hoc Tukey test (P < 0.0001) shows no significant difference between groups. Conclusion: Fungal-derived AgNPs are effective against endo-perio pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran R Halkai
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, HKE's SN Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kalaburgi, Karnataka, India
| | - Rahul Halkai
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jayashree A Mudda
- Department of Periodontics, HKE's SN Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kalaburgi, Karnataka, India
| | - Vasundhara Shivanna
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Vandana Rathod
- Department of Microbiology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka, India
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12
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Hernández-Ríos P, Pussinen PJ, Vernal R, Hernández M. Oxidative Stress in the Local and Systemic Events of Apical Periodontitis. Front Physiol 2017; 8:869. [PMID: 29163211 PMCID: PMC5672116 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory disorders. Apical periodontitis (AP) usually results in the formation of an osteolytic apical lesion (AL) caused by the immune response to endodontic infection. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by phagocytic cells in response to bacterial challenge represent an important host defense mechanism, but disturbed redox balance results in tissue injury. This mini review focuses on the role of oxidative stress in the local and associated systemic events in chronic apical periodontitis. During endodontic infection, ligation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on phagocytes' surface triggers activation, phagocytosis, synthesis of ROS, activation of humoral and cellular responses, and production of inflammatory mediators, such as, cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The increment in ROS perturbs the normal redox balance and shifts cells into a state of oxidative stress. ROS induce molecular damage and disturbed redox signaling, that result in the loss of bone homeostasis, increased pro-inflammatory mediators, and MMP overexpression and activation, leading to apical tissue breakdown. On the other hand, oxidative stress has been strongly involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, where a chronic inflammatory process develops in the arterial wall. Chronic AP is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and especially atherogenesis. The potential mechanisms linking these diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Hernández-Ríos
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pirkko J Pussinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Hernández
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Halkai KR, Mudda JA, Shivanna V, Rathod V, Halkai RS. Biosynthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles Derived from Endophytic Fungi against P. gingivalis. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZC92-ZC96. [PMID: 29207843 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/29434.10681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Microbial resistance to existing antimicrobial agents in periodontal therapy is a growing problem. Therefore, there is a need for development of new antimicrobial agents. Aim To biosynthesize and characterize Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) using endophytic fungi and to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy against P. gingivalis. Materials and Methods Cut leaf segments of Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) were used to isolate the fungi. Fresh cultures of fungi were inoculated in Erlenmeyer flask of 100 ml Malt Glucose Yeast Peptone (MGYP) broth and incubated at 29°C for 72 hours for the biomass to grow. Biomass was filtered and cell free fungal filtrate was used further. Biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized by visual observation, Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Selected Area Electron Diffraction Analysis (SAED) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Antibacterial efficacy was evaluated by agar diffusion method measuring the zone of inhibition. The study groups included different concentrations of AgNPs: A (20 μl), B (40 μl), C (60 μl), D (80 μl) and E (100 μl) of AgNPs, F (0.2% CHX), G (2% CHX), H (Ampicillin) and I (sterile distilled water). The data collected for inhibition zones were statistically analysed using One-way Anova followed by Tukey post-hoc multiple comparison tests. Results The fungi were identified as Fusarium semitectum. Characterization studies showed the colour change from colourless to reddish brown; U-V spectrum showed peak 420 nm, TEM revealed the particles spherical in shape and 10-20 nm in size. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of functional groups. AgNPs 80 μl and 100 μl showed mean zone of inhibition 17.33 and 18 mm against P. gingivalis. CHX (0.2%) 17.85 and CHX (2%) 19.97 mm, Ampicillin 20.5 mm and no zone for sterile distilled water. Conclusion Biosynthesized AgNPs showed efficient antibacterial efficacy against P. gingivalis hence, creates a new horizon in periodontal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Rahul Halkai
- PhD Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, HKES's SN Institute of Dental College, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayashree A Mudda
- Professor, Department of Periodontics, HKES's SN Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India
| | - Vasundhara Shivanna
- Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dental Sciences, Davanagere, Karnataka, India
| | - Vandana Rathod
- Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburgi, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India
| | - Rahul S Halkai
- Assistant Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Gulf Medical College, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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Halkai KR, Mudda JA, Shivanna V, Rathod V, Halkai RS. Evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles derived from fungi against endo-perio pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacillus pumilus, and Enterococcus faecalis. J Conserv Dent 2017; 20:398-404. [PMID: 29430090 PMCID: PMC5799984 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_173_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even after rapid progress in contemporary dental practice, we encounter the failures due to endodontic, periodontal, or combined lesions. Complex anatomy of tooth and resistant microbes demands the development of new treatment strategies. Aim The aim of this study is to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using fungi and determine the antibacterial efficacy against Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacillus pumilus, and Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods Fungi isolated from healthy leaves of Withania somnifera were used to biosynthesize AgNPs. The biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized by different methods, and antibacterial efficacy was evaluated by agar well diffusion method measuring the zone of inhibition. Test microorganisms were divided as Group 1: B. pumilus 27142 (American Type Culture Collection [ATCC]), Group 2: E. faecalis 29212 (ATCC), and Group 3: P. gingivalis 33277 (ATCC). Agents used for antibacterial efficacy were grouped as: AgNPs: A (20 μl), B (40 μl), C (60 μl), D (80 μl), E (100 μl), F (0.2% chlorhexidine [CHX]), G (2% CHX), H (Ampicillin), and I (sterile distilled water). Results Characterization studies showed the color change from colorless to reddish brown color; ultraviolet spectrum showed peak at 420 nm, transmission electron microscope revealed the particles spherical in shape and 10-20 nm size. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of functional groups. Data collected for antibacterial efficacy were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's multiple shows no significant difference among three groups (P < 0.0001). AgNPs were as effective as CHX and positive control ampicillin. No zones were seen for I (distilled water). Conclusion Biosynthesized AgNPs showed efficient antibacterial efficacy. Therefore, it creates a new horizon in the management of endodontic, periodontal, and combined lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Rahul Halkai
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, HKE's SN Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kalaburgi, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayashree A Mudda
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, HKE's SN Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kalaburgi, Karnataka, India
| | - Vasundhara Shivanna
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dental Sciences, Davanagere, Karnataka, India
| | - Vandana Rathod
- Department of Periodontics, HKE's SN Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kalaburgi, Karnataka, India
| | - Rahul S Halkai
- Department of Microbiology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka, India
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Prevalence of Treponema Species Detected in Endodontic Infections: Systematic Review and Meta-regression Analysis. J Endod 2015; 41:579-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sanghavi TH, Shah N, Shah RR, Sanghavi A. Investigate the correlation between clinical sign and symptoms and the presence of P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia individually or as a "Red complex" by a multiplex PCR method. J Conserv Dent 2014; 17:555-60. [PMID: 25506144 PMCID: PMC4252930 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.144604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between endodontic clinical signs and symptoms and the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia or their association by Multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microbial samples were taken from 30 cases with necrotic pulp tissues in primary infections. DNA was extracted from the samples, which were analyzed for the presence of three endodontic pathogens by using species-specific primers. RESULTS P. gingivalis, T. denticola, T. forsythia, and Red Complex were present in 11, 17, 4, and 2 canals, respectively. Clinical and statistically significant relationships were found between T. forsythia and mobility and between T. denticola and swelling. (P < 0.05). Presence of other Red complex bacteria shows clinical association with presence of signs and symptoms but no statistically significant relationship. CONCLUSION The high prevalence of P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia in the examined samples suggests that these bacteria are related to the etiology of symptomatic periradicular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nimisha Shah
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, K.M. Shah Dental College, Sumandeep Vidhyapeeth, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujrat, India
| | - Ruchi Rani Shah
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, K.M. Shah Dental College, Sumandeep Vidhyapeeth, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujrat, India
| | - Akta Sanghavi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, K.M. Shah Dental College, Sumandeep Vidhyapeeth, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujrat, India ; Department of Periodontics, K.M. Shah Dental College, Sumandeep Vidhyapeeth, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujrat, India
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Garrido M, Dezerega A, Castro-Martínez A, Hernández M. Host-derived biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid for complementary diagnosis of apical periodontitis. World J Stomatol 2014; 3:19-24. [DOI: 10.5321/wjs.v3.i2.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical periodontitis (AP) develops as a result of the host’s immune inflammatory response to pulpal infection of the dental root canals that leads to the generation of an apical lesion of endodontic origin (ALEO) and potentially to systemic metabolic alterations. Misdiagnosed ALEO is not infrequent due to the lack of diagnostic tools to differentiate apical lesions of different natures. Despite the conservative endodontic treatment shows a high success rate, there are refractory cases that can not be identified early enough during follow up. This evidences the need to develop complementary diagnostic tools, such as oral fluid biomarker analysis. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is a serum transudate that becomes an exudate under inflammatory conditions, carrying molecules from local periodontal tissues and general circulation than can be harvested non-invasively. We aimed to review the available literature analyzing GCF composition in AP patients to evaluate whether GCF has any potential for complementary diagnosis. To the date, only few studies addressing changes of GCF components in AP are available. Most studies support GCF modifications in specific components in AP-affected teeth, suggesting that it might reflect periapical inflammation. GCF has potential for diagnostic tool, treatment follow-up and eventually to assess systemic comprise.
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