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Renthal R. Arthropod repellent interactions with olfactory receptors and ionotropic receptors analyzed by molecular modeling. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 5:100082. [PMID: 38765913 PMCID: PMC11101704 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2024.100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The main insect chemoreceptors are olfactory receptors (ORs), gustatory receptors (GRs) and ionotropic receptors (IRs). The odorant binding sites of many insect ORs appear to be occluded and inaccessible from the surface of the receptor protein, based on the three-dimensional structure of OR5 from the jumping bristletail Machilis hrabei (MhraOR5) and a survey of a sample of vinegar fly (Drosophila melanogaster) OR structures obtained from artificial intellegence (A.I.) modeling. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the occluded site can become accessible through tunnels that transiently open and close. The present study extends this analysis to examine seventeen ORs and one GR docking with ligands that have known valence: nine that signal attraction and nine that signal aversion. All but one of the receptors displayed occluded ligand binding sites analogous to MhraOR5, and docking software predicted the known attractant and repellent ligands will bind to the occluded sites. Docking of the repellent DEET was examined, and more than half of the OR ligand sites were predicted to bind DEET, including receptors that signal aversion as well as those that signal attraction. However, DEET may not actually have access to all the attractant binding sites. The larger size and lower flexibility of repellent molecules may restrict their passage through the tunnel bottlenecks, which could act as filters to select access to the ligand binding sites. In contrast to ORs and GRs, the IR ligand binding site is in an extracellular domain known to undergo a large conformational change from an open to a closed state. A.I. models of two D. melanogaster IRs of known valence and two blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) IRs having unknown ligands were computationally tested for attractant and repellent binding. The ligand-binding sites in the closed state appear inaccessible to the protein surface, so attractants and repellents must bind initially at an accessible site in the open state before triggering the conformational change. In some IRs, repellent binding sites were identified at exterior sites adjacent to the ligand-binding site. These may be allosteric sites that, when occupied by repellents, can stabilize the open state of an attractant IR, or stabilize the closed state of an IR in the absence of its activating ligand. The model of D. melanogaster IR64a suggests a possible molecular mechanism for the activation of this IR by H+. The amino acids involved in this proposed mechanism are conserved in IR64a from several Dipteran pest species and disease vectors, potentially offering a route to discovery of new repellents that act via the allosteric site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Renthal
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Lima VH, do Nascimento Pinto SM, Barreto LP, Sarria ALF, Mascarin GM, Fernandes ÉKK, Borges LMF. Repellent activity of the non-host semiochemical (E)-2-octenal against Amblyomma sculptum and Amblyomma dubitatum ticks under field conditions. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2024; 92:423-437. [PMID: 38411794 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Amblyomma ticks pose a significant public health threat due to their potential to transmit pathogens associated with rickettsial diseases. (E)-2-octenal, a compound found in donkeys (Equus asinus), exhibits strong repellent properties against Amblyomma sculptum nymphs under laboratory conditions. This study assessed the effectiveness of the (E)-2-octenal in wearable slow-release devices for personal human protection against Amblyomma ticks under natural conditions. Slow-release devices treated with (E)-2-octenal and untreated controls were prepared and tested on two volunteers walking through a tick-infested area in Goiania, Brazil. The experiment was conducted twice daily for three series of 10 days, with each volunteer wearing two devices attached to each leg, one on the ankle and one just above the thigh. Volunteers with control and treated devices exchanged them between rounds. Also, the daily release rate of (E)-2-octenal from the slow-release devices was determined in the laboratory, increasing significantly from 0.77 ± 0.14 µg/day on the first day to 9.93 ± 1.92 µg/day on the 4th day and remaining constant until the 16th day. A total of 5409 ticks were collected from both volunteers. Treated devices resulted in recovering fewer ticks (n = 1,666; 31%) compared to untreated devices (control: n = 3,743; 69%). (E)-2-octenal effectively repelled Amblyomma spp. larvae, A. sculptum adults, and exhibited pronounced repellency against A. dubitatum nymphs and adults. These findings suggest the potential of (E)-2-octenal delivered by wearable slow-release devices as a green-based repellent. Further improvements, however, are necessary to provide better protection for humans against A. sculptum and A. dubitatum in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valesca Henrique Lima
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança S/N, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Salorrane Miranda do Nascimento Pinto
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança S/N, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Prado Barreto
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança S/N, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Éverton Kort Kamp Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança S/N, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Lígia Miranda Ferreira Borges
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança S/N, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
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Eisen L. Personal protection measures to prevent tick bites in the United States: Knowledge gaps, challenges, and opportunities. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101944. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Liu G, Ji N, Hornok S, Zhang Y, Zhao S, Chen X, Hazihan W, Gu X, Wang Y. Morphological and molecular analyses of Taenia and Mesocestoides species from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in northwestern China. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2021; 16:270-274. [PMID: 34868872 PMCID: PMC8626562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 263 tapeworms were collected from eight road-killed red foxes in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR, northwestern China). The tapeworms were analyzed based on morphological characters and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene sequences. Eighty-three Taenia and 180 Mesocestoides tapeworms were identified according to the presence or absence of rostellum, and the number, the length and the shape of the large rostellar hooks. The morphological and molecular analyses revealed that i) 180 Mesocestoides tapeworms, here named as Mesocestoides sp. (Vulpes vulpes), showed 99.21% (378/381 bp) identity to Mesocestoides sp. reported from red fox in Mongolia; and ii) 83 Taenia tapeworms belonged to three species. The first Taenia species [n = 16, named as Taenia sp. (Vulpes vulpes)], based on the length of large rostellar hooks (337–342 μm) and its cox1 sequence, was identified as a potentially novel species, which is phylogenetically close to Taenia laticollis. The second species [n = 54, named as Taenia sp. (Vulpes vulpes & Rhombomys opimus)], was morphologically similar to Taenia endothoracicus according to the number (n = 52), the length (319–332 μm) and the shape of the large rostellar hooks. This species, infecting three red foxes, shared 100% cox1 sequence identity with Taenia sp. (Rhombomys opimus) genotype C found previously in great gerbils (Rhombomys opimus) in the same region. The third species (n = 13, named as Taenia polyacantha-like), had shorter large rostellar hooks (178–180 μm) and showed 96.27% (361/375 bp) sequence identity to Taenia polyacantha reported from red fox in Italy. The “great gerbil-red fox” life cycle of Taenia sp. (Vulpes vulpes & Rhombomys opimus), belonging to the mitochondrial lineage of T. endothoracicus, is confirmed. The T. polyacantha-like species was firstly found in red fox in China. Taenia sp. (Vulpes vulpes) is a potentially novel species, which is close to T. laticollis based on its phylogenetic properties. The life cycle of Taenia sp. (Vulpes vulpes & Rhombomys opimus) is confirmed. The Taenia polyacantha-like species was firstly found in China. Taenia sp. (Vulpes vulpes) is a potentially novel species in China.
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Burthe SJ, Schäfer SM, Asaaga FA, Balakrishnan N, Chanda MM, Darshan N, Hoti SL, Kiran SK, Seshadri T, Srinivas PN, Vanak AT, Purse BV. Reviewing the ecological evidence base for management of emerging tropical zoonoses: Kyasanur Forest Disease in India as a case study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009243. [PMID: 33793560 PMCID: PMC8016103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonoses disproportionately affect tropical communities and are associated with human modification and use of ecosystems. Effective management is hampered by poor ecological understanding of disease transmission and often focuses on human vaccination or treatment. Better ecological understanding of multi-vector and multi-host transmission, social and environmental factors altering human exposure, might enable a broader suite of management options. Options may include "ecological interventions" that target vectors or hosts and require good knowledge of underlying transmission processes, which may be more effective, economical, and long lasting than conventional approaches. New frameworks identify the hierarchical series of barriers that a pathogen needs to overcome before human spillover occurs and demonstrate how ecological interventions may strengthen these barriers and complement human-focused disease control. We extend these frameworks for vector-borne zoonoses, focusing on Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (KFDV), a tick-borne, neglected zoonosis affecting poor forest communities in India, involving complex communities of tick and host species. We identify the hierarchical barriers to pathogen transmission targeted by existing management. We show that existing interventions mainly focus on human barriers (via personal protection and vaccination) or at barriers relating to Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) vectors (tick control on cattle and at the sites of host (monkey) deaths). We review the validity of existing management guidance for KFD through literature review and interviews with disease managers. Efficacy of interventions was difficult to quantify due to poor empirical understanding of KFDV-vector-host ecology, particularly the role of cattle and monkeys in the disease transmission cycle. Cattle are hypothesised to amplify tick populations. Monkeys may act as sentinels of human infection or are hypothesised to act as amplifying hosts for KFDV, but the spatial scale of risk arising from ticks infected via monkeys versus small mammal reservoirs is unclear. We identified 19 urgent research priorities for refinement of current management strategies or development of ecological interventions targeting vectors and host barriers to prevent disease spillover in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Burthe
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Natrajan Balakrishnan
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Narayanaswamy Darshan
- Department of Health and Family Welfare Services, Government of Karnataka, Shivamogga, India
- ICMR-National Institute for Traditional Medicine, Belgavi, India
| | - Subhash L. Hoti
- ICMR-National Institute for Traditional Medicine, Belgavi, India
| | - Shivani K. Kiran
- Department of Health and Family Welfare Services, Government of Karnataka, Shivamogga, India
| | - Tanya Seshadri
- Vivekananda Gorukana Kalyana Kendra (VGKK), Chamarajanagar, India
| | - Prashanth N. Srinivas
- Ashoka Trust for Ecology and the Environment, Bengaluru, India
- DBT/Wellcome Trust India Alliance Fellow, Hyderabad, India
- Institute of Public Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Abi T. Vanak
- Ashoka Trust for Ecology and the Environment, Bengaluru, India
- DBT/Wellcome Trust India Alliance Fellow, Hyderabad, India
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bethan V. Purse
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom
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Are Orienteers Protected Enough against Tick Bites? Estimating Human Exposure to Tick Bites through a Participative Science Survey during an Orienteering Competition. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063161. [PMID: 33803910 PMCID: PMC8003242 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mass-participation events in temperate forests are now well-established features of outdoor activities and represent high-risk activities regarding human exposition to tick bites. In this study we used a citizen science approach to quantify the space-time frequency of tick bites and undetected tick bites among orienteers that participated in a 6-day orienteering competition that took place in July 2018 in the forests of Eastern France, and we looked at the use and efficacy of different preventive behaviors. Our study confirms that orienteers are a high-risk population for tick bites, with 62.4% of orienteers bitten at least once during the competition, and 2.4 to 12.1 orienteers per 100 orienteers were bitten by ticks when walking 1 km. In addition, 16.7% of orienteers bitten by ticks had engorged ticks, meaning that they did not detect and remove their ticks immediately after the run. Further, only 8.5% of orienteers systematically used a repellent, and the use of repellent only partially reduced the probability of being bitten by ticks. These results represent the first attempt to quantify the risk of not immediately detecting a tick bite and provide rare quantitative data on the frequency of tick bites for orienteers according to walking distance and time spent in the forest. The results also provide information on the use of repellent, which will be very helpful for modeling risk assessment. The study also shows that prevention should be increased for orienteers in France.
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Chemosensory and Behavioural Responses of Ixodes scapularis to Natural Products: Role of Chemosensory Organs in Volatile Detection. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080502. [PMID: 32759735 PMCID: PMC7469143 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Ticks are responsible of transmitting serious disease agents of importance to human and veterinary health. Despite the importance of repellents, deterrents and acaricides in tick management, little is understood about the types of chemicals recognized and the mechanism behind chemoreception. Being almost totally blind, ticks rely on chemosensation to identify and locate hosts for a successful blood meal and to detect chemical signals in the environment. We explored the neurophysiology of tick chemosensory system in the context of behaviourally-relevant volatile stimuli, including essential oil components, to evaluate how the combination of attractants and plant volatile compounds is detected and processed. The observed inhibition (or deterrent effect) in tick electrophysiological response and behavioural activity, after the tick has been exposed to a binary mixture of attractant and volatile compound, represents an important advancement in understanding how tick olfaction works and what may be the mechanism behind detecting unpleasant odor stimuli and consequently been deterred. These information will provide more insights in developing new natural product-based deterrents for self-protection. Abstract Blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis, represent a significant public health concern due to their vectoring of tick-borne disease. Despite their medical importance, there is still limited knowledge of the chemosensory system of this species, and thus a poor understanding of host-seeking behaviour and chemical ecology. We investigated the electrophysiological sensitivity of adult female blacklegged ticks to attractants and plant-derived compounds via an electrode inserted into the scutum. The response of female ticks to binary mixtures with a constant concentration of a selected attractant (butyric acid) and increasing concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (geraniol, phenethyl alcohol, β-citronellol, and citral) was recorded. A strict relationship between increasing volatile concentration and a decreasing response was observed for each VOC. Y-tube bioassays confirmed that tick attraction towards butyric acid decreased with the presence of a VOC, which exerted a deterrent effect. To determine the specific role of sensory appendages involved in the detection of attractant chemical stimuli, we tested tick electrophysiological response after removing appendages that house chemosensory sensilla (foretarsi, pedipalps, or both). The chemosensory response was related to the molecular structure of attractant odorant, and the lack of pedipalps significantly reduced olfactory responses, suggesting they play an important role in detecting attractants. This study provides new insight into the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying tick olfaction and the potential for interactions between attractant and deterrent chemical detection.
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Foster E, Fleshman AC, Ford SL, Levin ML, Delorey MJ, Eisen RJ, Eisen L. Preliminary Evaluation of Human Personal Protective Measures Against the Nymphal Stage of the Asian Longhorned Tick (Acari: Ixodidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:1141-1148. [PMID: 32073128 PMCID: PMC8056286 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The invasive, human-biting Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, is establishing in the United States. This tick is a threat to public health in its native range in Asia, serving as a vector of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and Rickettsia japonica, the agent of Japanese spotted fever. However, there is a lack of published information specifically for H. longicornis concerning the efficacy of generally recommended personal tick bite prevention measures. We, therefore, evaluated permethrin-treated clothing and formulated human skin repellent products, representing the six repellent active ingredients generally recommended for tick bite prevention by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), against H. longicornis nymphs from a colony established with adult ticks collected in New York state. Reluctance of H. longicornis nymphs to stay in contact with nontreated human skin precluded the use of a human skin bioassay to optimally evaluate repellency. In a Petri dish choice bioassay, all tested product formulations were highly effective with estimated repellencies ranging from 93 to 97%. In addition, we observed strong contact irritancy of a summer-weight permethrin-treated garment against H. longicornis nymphs, with 96% of introduced ticks dislodging from the vertically oriented textile within 3 min. These preliminary studies indicate that personal tick bite prevention measures currently recommended by the CDC are effective against the invasive H. longicornis. However, additional studies are needed to explore the efficacy of the evaluated products against different life stages of H. longicornis, as well as ticks collected in the field rather than reared in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Foster
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Amy C. Fleshman
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Shelby L. Ford
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS G-13, Atlanta, GA 30329-4018
| | - Michael L. Levin
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS G-13, Atlanta, GA 30329-4018
| | - Mark J. Delorey
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Rebecca J. Eisen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Lars Eisen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521
- Corresponding author,
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Zeringóta V, de Oliveira Filho JG, Borges LMF. Activation of the ambusher tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) exposed to different stimuli. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 34:236-239. [PMID: 31483877 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the behaviour of larvae of Rhipicephalus microplus exposed to different stimuli. A Y-olfactometer was positioned vertically and R. microplus larvae were exposed to environmental air, CO2 alone, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) alone, and CO2 combined with the repellents DEET and (E)-2-octenal. Tests were also conducted with the olfactometer positioned horizontally; in this case, however, only CO2 was tested. In all tests conducted with the Y-olfactometer positioned vertically, CO2 activated R. microplus larvae even in the presence of DEET and (E)-2-octenal, although activation was lower when these repellents were used. In the absence of CO2 , larval behaviour against DEET was similar to that of the larvae in the control group. In the tests performed with the olfactometer positioned horizontally, the larvae had no significant response to the presence of CO2 . The larvae were not attracted to or repelled by any compound tested in either the vertical or horizontal position of the olfactometer. The lack of horizontal displacement, attraction or repellence may have been a result of the ambush behaviour of this tick species. However, when larvae were exposed to stimuli and the olfactometer was positioned vertically, the interference of attractant and repellent stimuli in larval behaviour was assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zeringóta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - J G de Oliveira Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - L M F Borges
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Kulma M, Kopecký O, Bubová T. Nymphs of Ixodes ricinus Are More Sensitive to Deet Than Adult Females. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2019; 35:279-284. [PMID: 31922943 DOI: 10.2987/19-6849.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of repellents is a unique measure of personal protection, which can avoid tick attachment and thus reduce the risk of tick-borne infections. In the European Union, the efficacy of the repellents coming onto the market has to be evaluated according to the guidelines published by the European Chemical Agency before registration. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has a similar role. Despite obvious differences in morphology and behavior, both these guidelines allow the use of nymph or adult female ticks for laboratory testing. Here, we provide evidence that sensitivity to diethyltoluamide (deet) (P < 0.0001) of Ixodes ricinus nymphs within the in vitro trial was significantly higher than in adult females. In the experiment, we also observed that feral ticks were less sensitive to repellent than were laboratory-reared ticks (P < 0.01) and that mobility decreased when the trial was repeated (P < 0.05). This study showed that the results of efficacy tests could vary significantly even when the protocol was conducted in accordance with the recommended methods. To refine the results of efficacy tests, we recommend a reevaluation of the guidelines, with emphasis on the developmental stage and origin of ticks.
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In vitro bioassays used in evaluating plant extracts for tick repellent and acaricidal properties: A critical review. Vet Parasitol 2018; 254:160-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Meade P, Abate AL, Pavo J, Yeung-Cheung AK, Pappas CJ. A Novel Ex Vivo Bioassay Suggests DEET is an Effective Repellent of Rhipicephalus Sanguineus1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3954/1523-5475-33.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Meade
- Department of Biology, Manhattanville College, Purchase, NY 10577
| | - Alfa L. Abate
- Department of Biology, Manhattanville College, Purchase, NY 10577
| | - Jason Pavo
- Department of Biology, Manhattanville College, Purchase, NY 10577
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Repellent efficacy of DEET, Icaridin, and EBAAP against Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes scapularis nymphs (Acari, Ixodidae). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2015; 6:494-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pages F, Dautel H, Duvallet G, Kahl O, de Gentile L, Boulanger N. Tick Repellents for Human Use: Prevention of Tick Bites and Tick-Borne Diseases. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2014; 14:85-93. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2013.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gérard Duvallet
- Université Paul-Valéry—UMR 5175 CEFE, Centre d'Ecologie fonctionnelle et évolutive, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Ludovic de Gentile
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut de biologie en santé, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers Cedex 9, France
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- EA7290: Virulence bactérienne précoce, Groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Membre du Centre National de Référence Borrelia, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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