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Bugmyrin SV, Gorbach VV. Mark-release-recapture of ticks: A case study of estimating the abundance of Ixodes persulcatus (Acari, Ixodidae). MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 36:185-193. [PMID: 35122695 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the applicability of three common methods of absolute abundance estimation-Peterson, Bailey and Jolly-Seber-to Ixodes persulcatus ticks based on mark-release-recapture data. The ticks were collected by flagging during the seasonal activity peak of the ticks in the mid-taiga zone of Karelia (62.0697°N, 33.9614°E). In total, 108 females and 92 males of I. persulcatus were marked. The marked individuals were captured 161 times before the end of the study period with their proportion in the samples reaching 50%. Females were recaptured more often than males, 105 versus 56 times. Estimates of adult tick abundance ranged from 0.4 to 2 specimens per m2 depending on the calculation method. The obtained estimates of absolute abundance varied unpredictably depending on the length of the intervals between capture sessions and showed no significant correlations with the number of ticks collected by flagging. The choice of the method of tick abundance estimation mainly depends on the study aims. The Petersen method may be useful for quick estimates of local tick abundance, whereas the Jolly-Seber method allows an estimation of the absolute abundance during the entire period of the tick activity. Individual marking of ticks may improve the accuracy of the estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Bugmyrin
- Laboratory for Animal and Plant Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav V Gorbach
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Russia
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Sullivan CF, Parker BL, Skinner M. A Review of Commercial Metarhizium- and Beauveria-Based Biopesticides for the Biological Control of Ticks in the USA. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030260. [PMID: 35323558 PMCID: PMC8952794 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Microbial biopesticides containing entomopathogenic fungi have potential in tick management. In this review, we compiled a comprehensive list of the use of commercialized Metarhizium and Beauveria-based biopesticides in the USA that have been tested against ixodid ticks under laboratory and field conditions and when used as a part of integrated tick management. Despite considerable progress in the development of fungal biopesticides over the past 20 years, the establishment of commercial products available for use against ticks continues to be slow. There is a need for the development of sustainable, nonchemical tick management strategies. Until efficacious fungus-based products become more available, tick management will rely primarily on synthetic chemical acaricides, with natural-product acaricides as the alternative. Abstract There is a need for the development of sustainable, nonchemical tick management strategies. Mycoacaricide and mycoinsecticide product development worldwide has focused primarily on fungi in the genera Beauveria (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) and Metarhizium (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae). Microbial biopesticides containing entomopathogenic fungi have potential in tick management. However, despite considerable progress in the development of fungal biopesticides over the past 20 years, the establishment of commercial products available for use against ticks continues to be slow. We reviewed published scientific literature and compiled a comprehensive list of reports of the effectiveness of commercial biopesticides based on the fungal genera Metarhizium and Beauveria and registered for use in the USA against ixodid ticks under laboratory and field conditions. We also report on results when these biopesticides were used as a part of integrated tick management. Until efficacious fungus-based products become more available, tick management will rely primarily on synthetic chemical acaricides, with natural-product acaricides as the alternative.
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White A, Minch R, Bidder L, Gaff H. A Simple, Inexpensive Method for Mark-Recapture of Ixodid Ticks. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:5948070. [PMID: 33135748 PMCID: PMC7604875 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mark-recapture techniques have been widely used and specialized to study organisms throughout the field of biology. To mark-recapture ticks (Ixodida), we have created a simple method to mark ticks using nail polish applied with an insect pin secured in a pencil that allows for a variety of questions to be answered. For measuring tick control efficacy, estimating population estimates, or measuring movement of ticks, this inexpensive mark-recapture method has been easily applied in the field and in the lab to provide useful data to answer a variety of questions about ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis White
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation (QDEC) Lab Group, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Robin Minch
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC
| | - Lindsey Bidder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
| | - Holly Gaff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Tosato M, Nah K, Wu J. Are host control strategies effective to eradicate tick-borne diseases (TBD)? J Theor Biol 2020; 508:110483. [PMID: 32918921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are responsible for spreading harmful diseases including Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis. Understanding tick population dynamics and predicting risk of tick-borne disease insurgence helps to design preventive actions against the disease spread. Using a compartmental model describing the pathogen transmission among ticks and hosts, we study the influence of host-targeted tick control strategies with chemical insecticides on tick population and disease transmission dynamics. Our analysis shows that in areas with rapid-growing population of ticks, host-targeted controls using chemical insecticides may enhance disease persistence and even turn a disease-free area to a disease endemic area. Therefore, the complex dynamics of pathogen spread among ticks and hosts should be carefully examined when designing tick control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tosato
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Kyeongah Nah
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jianhong Wu
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Nadolny RM, Gaff HD. Natural history of Ixodes affinis in Virginia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:109-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schwab SR, Stone CM, Fonseca DM, Fefferman NH. The importance of being urgent: The impact of surveillance target and scale on mosquito-borne disease control. Epidemics 2017; 23:55-63. [PMID: 29279187 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With the emergence or re-emergence of numerous mosquito-borne diseases in recent years, effective methods for emergency vector control responses are necessary to reduce human infections. Current vector control practices often vary significantly between different jurisdictions, and are executed independently and at different spatial scales. Various types of surveillance information (e.g. number of human infections or adult mosquitoes) trigger the implementation of control measures, though the target and scale of surveillance vary locally. This patchy implementation of control measures likely alters the efficacy of control. We modeled six different scenarios, with larval mosquito control occurring in response to surveillance data of different types and at different scales (e.g. across the landscape or in each patch). Our results indicate that: earlier application of larvicide after an escalation of disease risk achieves much greater reductions in human infections than later control implementation; uniform control across the landscape provides better outbreak mitigation than patchy control application; and different types of surveillance data require different levels of sensitivity in their collection to effectively inform control measures. Our simulations also demonstrate a potential logical fallacy of reactive, surveillance-driven vector control: measures stop being implemented as soon as they are deemed effective. This false sense of security leads to patchier control efforts that will do little to curb the size of future vector-borne disease outbreaks. More investment should be placed in collecting high quality information that can trigger early and uniform implementation, while researchers work to discover more informative metrics of human risk to trigger more effective control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Schwab
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States.
| | - Chris M Stone
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Dina M Fonseca
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| | - Nina H Fefferman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
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Eisen L, Dolan MC. Evidence for Personal Protective Measures to Reduce Human Contact With Blacklegged Ticks and for Environmentally Based Control Methods to Suppress Host-Seeking Blacklegged Ticks and Reduce Infection with Lyme Disease Spirochetes in Tick Vectors and Rodent Reservoirs. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:1063-1092. [PMID: 27439616 PMCID: PMC5788731 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the 1980s, the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, and rodents were recognized as the principal vector and reservoir hosts of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi in the eastern United States, and deer were incriminated as principal hosts for I. scapularis adults. These realizations led to pioneering studies aiming to reduce the risk for transmission of B. burgdorferi to humans by attacking host-seeking ticks with acaricides, interrupting the enzootic transmission cycle by killing immatures infesting rodent reservoirs by means of acaricide-treated nesting material, or reducing deer abundance to suppress tick numbers. We review the progress over the past three decades in the fields of: 1) prevention of human-tick contact with repellents and permethrin-treated clothing, and 2) suppression of I. scapularis and disruption of enzootic B. burgdorferi transmission with environmentally based control methods. Personal protective measures include synthetic and natural product-based repellents that can be applied to skin and clothing, permethrin sprays for clothing and gear, and permethrin-treated clothing. A wide variety of approaches and products to suppress I. scapularis or disrupt enzootic B. burgdorferi transmission have emerged and been evaluated in field trials. Application of synthetic chemical acaricides is a robust method to suppress host-seeking I. scapularis ticks within a treated area for at least 6-8 wk. Natural product-based acaricides or entomopathogenic fungi have emerged as alternatives to kill host-seeking ticks for homeowners who are unwilling to use synthetic chemical acaricides. However, as compared with synthetic chemical acaricides, these approaches appear less robust in terms of both their killing efficacy and persistence. Use of rodent-targeted topical acaricides represents an alternative for homeowners opposed to open distribution of acaricides to the ground and vegetation on their properties. This host-targeted approach also provides the benefit of the intervention impacting the entire rodent home range. Rodent-targeted oral vaccines against B. burgdorferi and a rodent-targeted antibiotic bait have been evaluated in laboratory and field trials but are not yet commercially available. Targeting of deer-via deer reduction or treatment of deer with topical acaricides-can provide area-wide suppression of host-seeking I. scapularis. These two deer-targeted approaches combine great potential for protection that impacts the entire landscape with severe problems relating to public acceptance or implementation logistics. Integrated use of two or more methods has unfortunately been evaluated in very few published studies, but additional field evaluations of integrated tick and pathogen strategies are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Eisen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521 (; )
| | - Marc C Dolan
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521 (; )
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Nadolny RM, Feldman KA, Pagac B, Stromdahl EY, Rutz H, Wee SB, Richards AL, Smith J, Armolt M, Gaff HD. Review of the Mid-Atlantic Tick Summit III: A model for regional information sharing. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2015; 6:435-8. [PMID: 25920376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are the most significant vectors of infectious diseases in the United States, inspiring many researchers to study aspects of their biology, ecology, and their effects on public health. However, regional differences in tick abundance and pathogen infection prevalence result in the inability to assume results from one area are relevant in another. Current local information on tick ranges, infection rates, and human cases is needed to assess tick-borne disease risk in any given region. The Mid-Atlantic Tick Summit III brought together over 100 area experts and researchers to share regional updates on ticks and their associated pathogens. We report some meeting highlights here. Regional meetings foster cross-disciplinary collaborations that benefit the community, and open novel lines of inquiry so that tick-bite risk can be reduced and tick-borne diseases can be treated effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Nadolny
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States; U.S. Army Public Health Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | - Katherine A Feldman
- Center for Zoonotic and Vector-borne Diseases, Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Benedict Pagac
- U.S. Army Public Health Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | - Ellen Y Stromdahl
- U.S. Army Public Health Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | - Heather Rutz
- Center for Zoonotic and Vector-borne Diseases, Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Siok-Bi Wee
- Center for Zoonotic and Vector-borne Diseases, Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Allen L Richards
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Joshua Smith
- Fairfax County Health Department, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Mary Armolt
- Center for Zoonotic and Vector-borne Diseases, Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Holly D Gaff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States.
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