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Zenchenko AA, Drenichev MS, Khvatov EV, Uvarova VI, Goryashchenko AS, Frolenko VS, Karpova EV, Kozlovskaya LI, Osolodkin DI, Ishmukhametov AA, Mikhailov SN, Oslovsky VE. Elongation of N 6-benzyladenosine scaffold via Pd-catalyzed C-C bond formation leads to derivatives with antiflaviviral activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 98:117552. [PMID: 38128296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Decoration of nucleoside analogues with lipophilic groups often leads to compounds with improved antiviral activity. For example, N6-benzyladenosine derivatives containing elongated lipophilic substituents in the benzyl core efficiently inhibit reproduction of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), while N6-benzyladenosine itself potently inhibits reproduction of human enterovirus A71 (EV-A71). We have extended a series of N6-benzyladenosine analogues using effective synthetic methods of CC bond formation based on Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions (Sonogashira and Suzuki) in order to study the influence of bulky lipophilic substituents in the N6 position of adenosine on the antiviral activity against flaviviruses, such as TBEV, yellow fever virus (YFV) and West Nile virus (WNV), as well as a panel of enteroviruses including EV-A71, Echovirus 30 (E30), and poliovirus type 2 (PV2). Reproduction of tested flaviviruses appeared to be inhibited by the micromolar concentrations of the compounds, while cytotoxicity in most cases was beyond the detection limit. Time-of-addition studies demonstrated that the hit compounds inhibited the stage of viral RNA synthesis, but not the stages of the viral entry or protein translation. As a result, several new promising antiflaviviral leads have been identified. On the other hand, none of the synthesized compounds inhibited enterovirus reproduction, indicating a possibility of involvement of flavivirus-specific pathways in their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Evgeny V Khvatov
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia
| | - Victoria I Uvarova
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia
| | | | - Vasilisa S Frolenko
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgenia V Karpova
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Liubov I Kozlovskaya
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry I Osolodkin
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Aydar A Ishmukhametov
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Hills SL, Poehling KA, Chen WH, Staples JE. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2023. MMWR Recomm Rep 2023; 72:1-29. [PMID: 37943707 PMCID: PMC10651317 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.rr7205a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is focally endemic in parts of Europe and Asia. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans by the bites of infected Ixodes species ticks but can also be acquired less frequently by alimentary transmission. Other rare modes of transmission include through breastfeeding, blood transfusion, solid organ transplantation, and slaughtering of viremic animals. TBE virus can cause acute neurologic disease, which usually results in hospitalization, often permanent neurologic or cognitive sequelae, and sometimes death. TBE virus infection is a risk for certain travelers and for laboratory workers who work with the virus. In August 2021, the Food and Drug Administration approved Ticovac TBE vaccine for use among persons aged ≥1 year. This report summarizes the epidemiology of and risks for infection with TBE virus, provides information on the immunogenicity and safety of TBE vaccine, and summarizes the recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for use of TBE vaccine among U.S. travelers and laboratory workers. The risk for TBE for most U.S. travelers to areas where the disease is endemic is very low. The risk for exposure to infected ticks is highest for persons who are in areas where TBE is endemic during the main TBE virus transmission season of April–November and who are planning to engage in recreational activities in woodland habitats or who might be occupationally exposed. All persons who travel to areas where TBE is endemic should be advised to take precautions to avoid tick bites and to avoid the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products because alimentary transmission of TBE virus can occur. TBE vaccine can further reduce infection risk and might be indicated for certain persons who are at higher risk for TBE. The key factors in the risk-benefit assessment for vaccination are likelihood of exposure to ticks based on activities and itinerary (e.g., location, rurality, season, and duration of travel or residence). Other risk-benefit considerations should include 1) the rare occurrence of TBE but its potentially high morbidity and mortality, 2) the higher risk for severe disease among certain persons (e.g., older persons aged ≥60 years), 3) the availability of an effective vaccine, 4) the possibility but low probability of serious adverse events after vaccination, 5) the likelihood of future travel to areas where TBE is endemic, and 6) personal perception and tolerance of risk ACIP recommends TBE vaccine for U.S. persons who are moving or traveling to an area where the disease is endemic and will have extensive exposure to ticks based on their planned outdoor activities and itinerary. Extensive exposure can be considered based on the duration of travel and frequency of exposure and might include shorter-term (e.g., <1 month) travelers with daily or frequent exposure or longer-term travelers with regular (e.g., a few times a month) exposure to environments that might harbor infected ticks. In addition, TBE vaccine may be considered for persons who might engage in outdoor activities in areas where ticks are likely to be found, with a decision to vaccinate made on the basis of an assessment of their planned activities and itinerary, risk factors for a poor medical outcome, and personal perception and tolerance of risk. In the laboratory setting, ACIP recommends TBE vaccine for laboratory workers with a potential for exposure to TBE virus
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Kosak L, Satz N, Jutzi M, Dobec M, Schlagenhauf P. Spotted fever group rickettsiae and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato seropositive individuals with or without Lyme disease: A retrospective analysis. New Microbes New Infect 2023; 53:101139. [PMID: 37168237 PMCID: PMC10165448 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2023.101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Ixodes ricinus tick is the main vector of Borrelia burgdorferi and tick-borne encephalitis virus in Switzerland. Spotted fever group Rickettsiae (SFG) and Anaplasma phagocytophilum have been detected in Swiss ticks, however, information about the extent and clinical presentation of these infections in humans is scant. Methods Indirect fluorescent antibody tests for SFG rickettsiae and Anaplasma phagocytophilum were performed on serum samples of 121 Borrelia burgdorferi seropositive patients with and without Lyme disease and 43 negative controls. Results Out of 121 Borrelia burgdorferi seropositive individuals, 65 (53.7%) were seropositive for IgG and 15 (12.4%) for IgM antibodies to SFG rickettsiae. IgM antibodies were detected more frequently in early-than in late-stage of Lyme disease (12 out of 51 and 2 out of 49; respectively; p = 0.0078). Significantly higher IgG antibody titers against SFG rickettsiae were found in patients with late-stage compared to patients with early-stage Lyme disease (mean titer 1:261 and 1:129, respectively; p = 0.038). This difference was even more pronounced in patients with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans compared to patients with early stage of Lyme disease (mean titer 1:337 and 1:129, respectively; p = 0.009).In patients presenting with fatigue, headache and myalgia, the prevalence of IgG antibodies against SFG rickettsiae was significantly higher (7 out of 11; 63.6%) than in Borrelia burgdorferi seropositive individuals without clinical illness (1 out of 10; 10%; p = 0.024). IgG antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum were detected in 12 out of 121 individuals (9.9%), no IgM antibodies were found. Conclusion Infections with SFG rickettsiae and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are underdiagnosed and should be ruled out after a tick bite. Further studies are needed to elucidate the possible causative role of SFG rickettsiae for myalgia, headache and long-lasting fatigue after a tick bite and to determine the necessity for an antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Kosak
- University of Zürich, Institute for Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, Zürich, Switzerland
- Corresponding author.
| | | | - Markus Jutzi
- Analytica Medizinische Laboratorien AG, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marinko Dobec
- Analytica Medizinische Laboratorien AG, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Schlagenhauf
- University of Zürich, Institute for Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Travellers' Health, Department of Global and Public Health, MilMedBiol Competence Centre, Zürich, Switzerland
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Yang M, Ma Y, Jiang Q, Song M, Kang H, Liu J, Qu L. Isolation, identification and pathogenic characteristics of tick-derived parainfluenza virus 5 in northeast China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3300-3316. [PMID: 35964328 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The number of parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) infection cases has increased worldwide over the past six decades; however, factors underlying this increase remain unclear. PIV5 has been emerging or re-emerging in humans and animal species. To date, no information is yet available regarding PIV5 infection in arthropod ticks. Here, we successfully isolated tick-derived PIV5 from the Ixodes persulcatus species designated as HLJ/Tick/2019 in Heilongjiang, China. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the tick-derived PIV5 is closely related to subclade 2.2.6, which has become the dominant subtype prevalent in dogs, pigs and wildlife across China. Further experiments to understand the importance of this virus as an infectious vector revealed that a ferret animal model experimentally infected with Tick/HLJ/2019 via the oronasal and ocular inoculation routes developed moderate respiratory distress with pneumonia and neurologic tissue damage from inflammation for the first time. Further surveillance of PIV5 in vectors of viral transmission is necessary to enhance our knowledge of its ecology in reservoirs and facilitate the control of re-emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfa Yang
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yunyun Ma
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mingxin Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongtao Kang
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jiasen Liu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liandong Qu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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The Prevalence of Asymptomatic Infections with Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus and Attitude towards Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccine in the Endemic Area of Northeastern Poland. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081294. [PMID: 36016182 PMCID: PMC9412675 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In Poland, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccination rate is low despite high incidence of severe infections with TBE virus (TBEV). However, infection with TBEV can be asymptomatic or mild, which makes the total number of cases difficult to assess. We aimed at assessing asymptomatic TBEV infections and describing attitudes towards the TBE vaccine. We studied 298 healthy adult blood donors and 180 children from the TBE endemic area of northeastern Poland for the presence of anti-TBEV IgG antibodies. We also surveyed a separate cohort of 444 adults. Thirty-eight blood donors (13%) and 38 survey respondents (9%) reported a history of a prior anti-TBEV vaccination. Forty respondents (9%) reported vaccinating their child in the past. Fourteen unvaccinated blood donors (5%) and four children (2%) were seropositive for specific anti-TBEV antibodies, suggesting a history of an undiagnosed TBEV infection. In the surveyed cohort, 130 (32%) expressed their intention to be vaccinated and 144 (36%) expressed their intention to vaccinate their child. This intention was significantly higher in respondents with a recent tick-bite, a diagnosis of tick-borne disease in a close relative, and in males. Our study shows that asymptomatic TBEV infections are common. The acceptance of TBE vaccine is low, but might be increased by communicating risks associated with tick bites.
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Banović P, Díaz-Sánchez AA, Đurić S, Sević S, Turkulov V, Lendak D, Mikić SS, Simin V, Mijatović D, Bogdan I, Potkonjak A, Savić S, Obregón D, Cabezas-Cruz A. Unexpected TBEV Seropositivity in Serbian Patients Who Recovered from Viral Meningitis and Encephalitis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030371. [PMID: 35335695 PMCID: PMC8951648 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) causes a life-threatening disease named Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). The clinical symptoms associated with TBE range from non-specific to severe inflammation of the central nervous system and are very similar to the clinical presentation of other viral meningitis/encephalitis. In consequence, TBE is often misclassified by clinical physicians, mainly in the non-identified high-risk areas where none or only a few TBE cases have been reported. Considering this situation, we hypothesized that among persons from northern Serbia who recovered from viral meningitis or encephalitis, there would be evidence of TBEV infection. To test this hypothesis, in this observational study, we evaluated the seroreactivity against TBEV antigens in patients from northern Serbia who were hospitalized due to viral meningitis and/or viral encephalitis of unknown etiology. Three cases of seroreactivity to TBEV antigens were discovered among convalescent patients who recovered from viral meningitis and/or encephalitis and accepted to participate in the study (n = 15). The clinical and laboratory findings of these patients overlap with that of seronegative convalescent patients. Although TBE has been a notifiable disease in Serbia since 2004, there is no active TBE surveillance program for the serologic or molecular screening of TBEV infection in humans in the country. This study highlights the necessity to increase the awareness of TBE among physicians and perform active and systematic screening of TBEV antibodies among patients with viral meningitis and/or encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavle Banović
- Ambulance for Lyme Borreliosis and Other Tick-Borne Diseases, Department of Prevention of Rabies and Other Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
- Department of Microbiology with Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (A.C.-C.)
| | | | - Selena Đurić
- Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.Đ.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (D.L.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Siniša Sević
- Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.Đ.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (D.L.); (S.S.M.)
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vesna Turkulov
- Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.Đ.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (D.L.); (S.S.M.)
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dajana Lendak
- Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.Đ.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (D.L.); (S.S.M.)
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sandra Stefan Mikić
- Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.Đ.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (D.L.); (S.S.M.)
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Verica Simin
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Dragana Mijatović
- Ambulance for Lyme Borreliosis and Other Tick-Borne Diseases, Department of Prevention of Rabies and Other Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Ivana Bogdan
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Aleksandar Potkonjak
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Sara Savić
- Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Dasiel Obregón
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (A.C.-C.)
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Abstract
In recent decades, the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Sweden has increased. To calculate the burden of disease over a 17-year period, we analyzed data from the Swedish National Health Data Register for TBE cases diagnosed during 1998–2014. We compared healthcare use and sick leave associated with 2,429 persons with TBE with a referent cohort of 7,287 persons without TBE. Patients with TBE were hospitalized for significantly more days during the first year after disease onset (11.5 vs. 1.1 days), logged more specialist outpatient visits (3.6 vs. 1.2 visits), and logged more sick leave days (66 vs. 10.7 days). These differences generally increased over time. The case-fatality rate for TBE was 1.1%. Our calculated cost of TBE to society provides a baseline for decisions on immunization programs. Analyzing register data, our study adds to clinical studies of smaller cohorts and model-based studies that calculate disease burden.
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Geeraedts F, Wertenbroek A, de Klerk J, Prick JJ, Reichman LJA, Hess D, Bosma F, Reimerink J, Skidmore B, Laverman GD. Defining a risk area for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in a country where TBE is emerging, the Netherlands, July 2016-October 2020. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101898. [PMID: 35042080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
TBE is an emerging infectious disease in the Netherlands since July 2016, and risk areas have not been defined yet. Until October 2020 twelve autochthonous cases of TBE have been identified. In six of these cases transmission of TBE virus likely occurred in the Twente region, which therefore is the region with the highest case number and risk of contracting the disease. Here we summarize the Twente cases so far and discuss if the Twente region should be considered a risk-area using criteria of traditional TBE endemic countries, and the public health measures that may accompany such designation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Geeraedts
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Public Health, Hengelo, the Netherlands.
| | - Agnes Wertenbroek
- Department of Neurology, Ziekenhuis Groep Twente, Almelo/Hengelo, the Netherlands
| | - Jabke de Klerk
- Department of Neurology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Jan J Prick
- Department of Neurology, Ziekenhuis Groep Twente, Almelo/Hengelo, the Netherlands
| | - Loes J A Reichman
- Department of Neurology, Ziekenhuis Groep Twente, Almelo/Hengelo, the Netherlands
| | - Dorine Hess
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Public Health, Hengelo, the Netherlands
| | - Froukje Bosma
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Public Health, Hengelo, the Netherlands; Public Health Service, Twente, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Reimerink
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Gozewijn D Laverman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ziekenhuis Groep Twente, Almelo/Hengelo, the Netherlands
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Olsthoorn F, Sprong H, Fonville M, Rocchi M, Medlock J, Gilbert L, Ghazoul J. Occurrence of tick-borne pathogens in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks from Wester Ross, Northwest Scotland. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:430. [PMID: 34446082 PMCID: PMC8393815 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04946-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lyme borreliosis and other tick-borne diseases emerge from increased interactions between humans, other animals, and infected ticks. The risk of acquiring a tick-borne infection varies across space and time, so knowledge of the occurrence and prevalence of pathogens in ticks can facilitate disease diagnosis in a specific area and the implementation of mitigation measures and awareness campaigns. Here we identify the occurrence and prevalence of several pathogens in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Wester Ross, Northwest Scotland, a region of high tourism and tick exposure, yet data-poor in terms of tick-borne pathogens. Methods Questing I. ricinus nymphs (n = 2828) were collected from 26 sites in 2018 and 2019 and tested for the presence of tick-borne pathogens using PCR-based methods. Prevalence was compared with other regions of Scotland, England, Wales, and the Netherlands. Results Anaplasma phagocytophilum (4.7% prevalence), Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) (2.2%), Babesia from clade X (0.2%), Rickettsia helvetica (0.04%), and Spiroplasma ixodetis (0.4%) were detected, but no Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Borrelia miyamotoi, or Babesia microti. Typing of A. phagocytophilum using a fragment of the GroEL gene identified the presence of both ecotype I and ecotype II. Genospecies identification of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. revealed B. afzelii (53% of infected nymphs), B. garinii (9%), B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (7%), and B. valaisiana (31%). We found similar prevalence of A. phagocytophilum in Wester Ross as in the Netherlands, but higher than in other parts of Great Britain. We found lower B. burgdorferi s.l. prevalence than in England or the Netherlands, and similar to some other Scottish studies. We found higher prevalence of B. valaisiana and lower prevalence of B. garinii than in other Scottish studies. We found S. ixodetis at much lower prevalence than in the Netherlands, and R. helvetica at much lower prevalence than in England and the Netherlands. Conclusions As far as we know, this is the first description of S. ixodetis in Great Britain. The results are relevant for disease surveillance and management for public and veterinary health. The findings can also aid in designing targeted public health campaigns and in raising awareness among outdoor recreationists and professionals. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04946-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Olsthoorn
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Hein Sprong
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Manoj Fonville
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mara Rocchi
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentland Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Jolyon Medlock
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Emergency Response Department Science and Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Lucy Gilbert
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jaboury Ghazoul
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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Ecarnot F, Maggi S, Michel JP, Veronese N, Rossanese A. Vaccines and Senior Travellers. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:677907. [PMID: 35822022 PMCID: PMC9261415 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.677907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: International tourist travel has been increasingly steadily in recent years, and looks set to reach unprecedented levels in the coming decades. Among these travellers, an increasing proportion is aged over 60 years, and is healthy and wealthy enough to be able to travel. However, senior travellers have specific risks linked to their age, health and travel patterns, as compared to their younger counterparts. Methods: We review here the risk of major vaccine-preventable travel-associated infectious diseases, and forms and efficacy of vaccination for these diseases. Results: Routine vaccinations are recommended for older persons, regardless of whether they travel or not (e.g., influenza, pneumococcal vaccines). Older individuals should be advised about the vaccines that are recommended for their age group in the framework of the national vaccination schedule. Travel-specific vaccines must be discussed in detail on a case-by-case basis, and the risk associated with the vaccine should be carefully weighed against the risk of contracting the disease during travel. Travel-specific vaccines reviewed here include yellow fever, hepatitis, meningococcal meningitis, typhoid fever, cholera, poliomyelitis, rabies, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis and dengue. Conclusion: The number of older people who have the good health and financial resources to travel is rising dramatically. Older travellers should be advised appropriately about routine and travel-specific vaccines, taking into account the destination, duration and purpose of the trip, the activities planned, the type of accommodation, as well as patient-specific characteristics, such as health status and current medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Ecarnot
- University Hospital Besancon and University of Franche-Comté, Besancon, France
| | - Stefania Maggi
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience – Aging Branch, Padua, Italy
| | - Jean-Pierre Michel
- Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Geriatrics Section, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Rossanese
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS “Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria,” Verona, Italy
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In Vitro Characterization of the Innate Immune Pathways Engaged by Live and Inactivated Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060664. [PMID: 34204532 PMCID: PMC8234070 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection can lead to inflammation of the central nervous system. The disease can be effectively prevented by whole inactivated virus vaccines. Here, we investigated the innate immune profile induced in vitro by the antigen component of the vaccines, inactivated TBEV (I-TBEV), to gain insights into the mechanism of action of the TBE vaccine as compared to the live virus. To this end, we exposed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to inactivated and live TBEV and assessed cellular responses by RNA sequencing. Both inactivated and live TBEV significantly induced an interferon-dominated gene signature and an increased RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) expression. Using pathway-specific inhibitors, we assessed the involvement of pattern recognition receptors in the sensing of inactivated or live TBEV. Only RLR pathway inhibition significantly suppressed the downstream cascade induced by I-TBEV, while responses to the replicating virus were impacted by the inhibition of RIG-I-like, as well as Toll-like, receptors. Our results show that inactivated and live TBEV predominantly engaged an interferon response in our in vitro PBMC platform, and indicate RLRs as the main pattern recognition receptors involved in I-TBEV sensing.
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12
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Banović P, Obregón D, Mijatović D, Simin V, Stankov S, Budakov-Obradović Z, Bujandrić N, Grujić J, Sević S, Turkulov V, Díaz-Sánchez AA, Cabezas-Cruz A. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Seropositivity among Tick Infested Individuals in Serbia. Pathogens 2021; 10:301. [PMID: 33807559 PMCID: PMC8001322 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), caused by the TBE virus (TBEV), is a life-threatening disease with clinical symptoms ranging from non-specific to severe inflammation of the central nervous system. Despite TBE is a notifiable disease in Serbia since 2004, there is no active TBE surveillance program for the serologic or molecular screening of TBEV infection in humans in the country. This prospective cohort study aimed to assess the TBEV exposure among tick-infested individuals in Serbia during the year 2020. A total of 113 individuals exposed to tick bites were recruited for the study and screened for anti-TBEV antibodies using a commercial indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA) test. Blood samples from 50 healthy donors not exposed to tick bites were included as a control group. Most of the enrolled patients reported infestations with one tick, being I. ricinus the most frequent tick found in the participants. The TBEV seroprevalence was higher (13.27%, 15 total 113) in tick-infested individuals than in healthy donors (4%, 2 total 50), although the difference was not significant. Notably, male individuals exposed to tick bites showed five times higher relative risk (RR) of being TBEV-seropositive than healthy donors of the same gender (RR= 5.1, CI = 1.6-19; p = 0.007). None of the seropositive individuals developed clinical manifestations of TBE, but the first clinical-stage of Lyme borreliosis (i.e., erythema migrans) was detected in seven of them. Potential TBEV foci were identified in rural areas, mostly in proximity or within the Fruška Gora mountain. We conclude that the Serbian population is at high risk of TBEV exposure. Further epidemiological studies should focus on potential TBEV foci identified in this study. The implementation of active surveillance for TBEV might contribute to evaluating the potential negative impact of TBE in Serbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavle Banović
- Ambulance for Lyme Borreliosis and Other Tick-Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (Z.B.-O.); (N.B.); (J.G.); (S.S.); (V.T.)
| | - Dasiel Obregón
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Dragana Mijatović
- Ambulance for Lyme Borreliosis and Other Tick-Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Verica Simin
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Srdjan Stankov
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Zorana Budakov-Obradović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (Z.B.-O.); (N.B.); (J.G.); (S.S.); (V.T.)
- Blood Transfusion Institute Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nevenka Bujandrić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (Z.B.-O.); (N.B.); (J.G.); (S.S.); (V.T.)
- Blood Transfusion Institute Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Grujić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (Z.B.-O.); (N.B.); (J.G.); (S.S.); (V.T.)
- Blood Transfusion Institute Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Siniša Sević
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (Z.B.-O.); (N.B.); (J.G.); (S.S.); (V.T.)
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vesna Turkulov
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (Z.B.-O.); (N.B.); (J.G.); (S.S.); (V.T.)
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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13
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Perveen N, Muzaffar SB, Al-Deeb MA. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases of Livestock in the Middle East and North Africa: A Review. INSECTS 2021; 12:83. [PMID: 33477991 PMCID: PMC7835866 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are important vectors of an array of viral, bacterial and protozoan pathogens resulting in a wide range of animal and human diseases. There is limited information in the literature about tick species in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries, even though they have suitable climate and vegetation for ticks and their hosts. We reviewed the occurrence of tick species and the pathogens they transmit from the MENA on published papers from 1901-2020. We found taxonomic records of 55 tick species infesting livestock representing the following eight genera: Ornithodoros, Otobius, Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, Ixodes, and Rhipicephalus. In addition, 15 pathogens were recorded causing diseases of significance, with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, theileriosis, babesiosis and anaplasmosis being widely distributed diseases in the region. In recent decades, there has been increasing trends in disease occurrence and movement associated with global movement of humans and global trade of animals. We suggest that disease control and prevention could be achieved effectively through good integration between public health, veterinary medicine and animal management, and ecological approaches. We recommend further research in the areas of tick ecology and tick born-disease transmission. Furthermore, we suggest evaluation and improvement of disease control policies in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad Ali Al-Deeb
- Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, UAE; (N.P.); (S.B.M.)
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14
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Khristunova E, Barek J, Kratochvil B, Korotkova E, Dorozhko E, Vyskocil V. Electrochemical immunoassay for the detection of antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus by using various types of bioconjugates based on silver nanoparticles. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 135:107576. [PMID: 32502929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This work reports for the first time a significantly improved and simplified electrochemical immunoassay to detect antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) using a 96-well microtiter plate as a platform for immobilization and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as electrochemical labels. The electrochemical assay is performed by detecting the elemental silver oxidation signal where the electroactive signalling silver species are released from the bioconjugates (Ab@AgNP, AbS@AgNP, and ProteinA@AgNP). For this purpose, AgNPs were synthesized and further tagged with biomolecules (antibodies to TBEV, cleaved antibodies to TBEV, and protein A). Signal is read by linear sweep anodic stripping voltammetry (LSASV) of silver ions (through the electrochemical stripping of accumulated elemental silver) on a graphite electrode (GE). AbS@AgNP was chosen as the best option for the new electrochemical immunoassay. The results of electrochemical measurements demonstrated that voltammetric signal increased with the increasing concentration of target antibodies to TBEV within the range from 100 to 1600 IU mL-1, with a detection limit of 90 IU mL-1. To verify the practical application of the novel electrochemical immunosensor, the quantity of immunoglobulins against TBEV in human serum was checked. The results may contribute to the development of alternative methods for monitoring TBEV in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Khristunova
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Albertov 6, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Solid State Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Barek
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Albertov 6, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Bohumil Kratochvil
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; Department of Solid State Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Korotkova
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Elena Dorozhko
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vlastimil Vyskocil
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Albertov 6, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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15
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Azagi T, Hoornstra D, Kremer K, Hovius JWR, Sprong H. Evaluation of Disease Causality of Rare Ixodes ricinus-Borne Infections in Europe. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020150. [PMID: 32102367 PMCID: PMC7168666 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe, Ixodes ricinus ticks transmit pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). In addition, there is evidence for transmission to humans from I. ricinus of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia divergens, Babesia microti, Babesia venatorum, Borrelia miyamotoi, Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Rickettsia helvetica and Rickettsia monacensis. However, whether infection with these potential tick-borne pathogens results in human disease has not been fully demonstrated for all of these tick-borne microorganisms. To evaluate the available evidence for a causative relation between infection and disease, the current study analyses European case reports published from 2008 to 2018, supplemented with information derived from epidemiological and experimental studies. The evidence for human disease causality in Europe found in this review appeared to be strongest for A. phagocytophilum and B. divergens. Nonetheless, some knowledge gaps still exist. Importantly, comprehensive evidence for pathogenicity is lacking for the remaining tick-borne microorganisms. Such evidence could be gathered best through prospective studies, for example, studies enrolling patients with a fever after a tick bite, the development of specific new serological tools, isolation of these microorganisms from ticks and patients and propagation in vitro, and through experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Azagi
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dieuwertje Hoornstra
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands; (D.H.); (J.W.R.H.)
| | - Kristin Kremer
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Joppe W. R. Hovius
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands; (D.H.); (J.W.R.H.)
| | - Hein Sprong
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (H.S.)
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16
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Ignatieva EV, Yurchenko AA, Voevoda MI, Yudin NS. Exome-wide search and functional annotation of genes associated in patients with severe tick-borne encephalitis in a Russian population. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:61. [PMID: 31122248 PMCID: PMC6533173 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infectious disease caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). TBEV infection is responsible for a variety of clinical manifestations ranging from mild fever to severe neurological illness. Genetic factors involved in the host response to TBEV that may potentially play a role in the severity of the disease are still poorly understood. In this study, using whole-exome sequencing, we aimed to identify genetic variants and genes associated with severe forms of TBE as well as biological pathways through which the identified variants may influence the severity of the disease. Results Whole-exome sequencing data analysis was performed on 22 Russian patients with severe forms of TBE and 17 Russian individuals from the control group. We identified 2407 candidate genes harboring rare, potentially pathogenic variants in exomes of patients with TBE and not containing any rare, potentially pathogenic variants in exomes of individuals from the control group. According to DAVID tool, this set of 2407 genes was enriched with genes involved in extracellular matrix proteoglycans pathway and genes encoding proteins located at the cell periphery. A total of 154 genes/proteins from these functional groups have been shown to be involved in protein-protein interactions (PPIs) with the known candidate genes/proteins extracted from TBEVHostDB database. By ranking these genes according to the number of rare harmful minor alleles, we identified two genes (MSR1 and LMO7), harboring five minor alleles, and three genes (FLNA, PALLD, PKD1) harboring four minor alleles. When considering genes harboring genetic variants associated with severe forms of TBE at the suggestive P-value < 0.01, 46 genes containing harmful variants were identified. Out of these 46 genes, eight (MAP4, WDFY4, ACTRT2, KLHL25, MAP2K3, MBD1, OR10J1, and OR2T34) were additionally found among genes containing rare pathogenic variants identified in patients with TBE; and five genes (WDFY4,ALK, MAP4, BNIPL, EPPK1) were found to encode proteins that are involved in PPIs with proteins encoded by genes from TBEVHostDB. Three genes out of five (MAP4, EPPK1, ALK) were found to encode proteins located at cell periphery. Conclusions Whole-exome sequencing followed by systems biology approach enabled to identify eight candidate genes (MAP4, WDFY4, ACTRT2, KLHL25, MAP2K3, MBD1, OR10J1, and OR2T34) that can potentially determine predisposition to severe forms of TBE. Analyses of the genetic risk factors for severe forms of TBE revealed a significant enrichment with genes controlling extracellular matrix proteoglycans pathway as well as genes encoding components of cell periphery. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12920-019-0503-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Ignatieva
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Bioinformatics and Theoretical Genetics, The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Andrey A Yurchenko
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Genomics, The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Mikhail I Voevoda
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine-Branch of Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630004, Russia
| | - Nikolay S Yudin
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Genomics, The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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17
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Adaptive genetic diversifications among tick-borne encephalitis virus subtypes: A genome-wide perspective. Virology 2019; 530:32-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Meng F, Ding M, Tan Z, Zhao Z, Xu L, Wu J, He B, Tu C. Virome analysis of tick-borne viruses in Heilongjiang Province, China. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 10:412-420. [PMID: 30583876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are implicated in the transmission of various human and livestock pathogens worldwide. This study aimed to understand the geographical distribution of tick species, along with tick-associated viruses, in Heilongjiang Province, northeast China. Molecular methods were used to classify tick species, with next-generation sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-based analyses used to assess the viromes of ticks from four representative sampling locations in the Greater Khingan Mountains. Five species of ixodid ticks were identified, including Ixodes persulcatus, Dermacentor nuttalli, Dermacentor silvarum, Haemaphysalis longicornis, and Haemaphysalis concinna. From the 1102 ticks, 3,568,561 high-quality reads were obtained by next-generation sequencing. Following trimming, 302,540 reads were obtained, of which 6577 (2.16%) reads were annotated to viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the viral sequences shared a close relationship with Orthonairovirus, Phlebovirus, deer tick Mononegavirales-like virus, and Jingmen tick virus sequences, but the significance of these newly-identified tick-borne viruses to human and animal health requires further investigation. The results of this study provide a basis not only for further studies on the relationship between ticks and tick-borne viruses, but also for preventing future tick-borne epidemic outbreaks by means of vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, 530000, China; Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130000, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi Province, 530001, China.
| | - Meiming Ding
- Da Hinggan Ling Wildlife Conservation Center, Jiagedaqi, Heilongjiang Province, 165000, China.
| | - Zhizhou Tan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130000, China.
| | - Zihan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130000, China.
| | - Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130000, China.
| | - Jianmin Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, 530000, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi Province, 530001, China.
| | - Biao He
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130000, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225000, China.
| | - Changchun Tu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130000, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225000, China.
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19
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Erber W, Schmitt HJ. Self-reported tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccination coverage in Europe: Results from a cross-sectional study. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:768-777. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Sprong H, Azagi T, Hoornstra D, Nijhof AM, Knorr S, Baarsma ME, Hovius JW. Control of Lyme borreliosis and other Ixodes ricinus-borne diseases. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:145. [PMID: 29510749 PMCID: PMC5840726 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis (LB) and other Ixodes ricinus-borne diseases (TBDs) are diseases that emerge from interactions of humans and domestic animals with infected ticks in nature. Nature, environmental and health policies at (inter)national and local levels affect the risk, disease burden and costs of TBDs. Knowledge on ticks, their pathogens and the diseases they cause have been increasing, and resulted in the discovery of a diversity of control options, which often are not highly effective on their own. Control strategies involving concerted actions from human and animal health sectors as well as from nature managers have not been formulated, let alone implemented. Control of TBDs asks for a “health in all policies” approach, both at the (inter)national level, but also at local levels. For example, wildlife protection and creating urban green spaces are important for animal and human well-being, but may increase the risk of TBDs. In contrast, culling or fencing out deer decreases the risk for TBDs under specific conditions, but may have adverse effects on biodiversity or may be societally unacceptable. Therefore, in the end, nature and health workers together must carry out tailor-made control options for the control of TBDs for humans and animals, with minimal effects on the environment. In that regard, multidisciplinary approaches in environmental, but also medical settings are needed. To facilitate this, communication and collaboration between experts from different fields, which may include patient representatives, should be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hein Sprong
- Centre for Zoonoses & Environmental Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands. .,Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Tal Azagi
- Centre for Zoonoses & Environmental Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Dieuwertje Hoornstra
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ard M Nijhof
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Knorr
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Ewoud Baarsma
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joppe W Hovius
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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21
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Demina TV, Kozlova IV, Tkachev SE, Doroshchenko EK, Lisak OV, Savinova YS, Suntsova OV, Verkhozina MM, Dzhioev YP, Paramonov AI, Kiselev DO, Zlobin VI. DEFINITION AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE GENOMIC STRUCTURE OF SIBERIAN STRAINS OF TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS OF THE EUROPEAN SUBTYPE. Vopr Virusol 2018; 63:29-36. [PMID: 36494994 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-1-29-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is classified into three subtypes: Far Eastern (TBEV-FE), European (TBEV-EU) and Siberian (TBEV-SIB). In Russia, these are also called genotypes 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Geographically, TBEV-EU dominates in Central and Northern Europe, but its representatives are also found to the east - along the southern part of the forest zone of extratropical Eurasia - up to Eastern Siberia and South Korea. However, the strains isolated outside Europe remain poorly investigated. In the proposed study, eight full genomes of the Siberian isolates of TBEV-EU were determined and 13 complete genomes were compared. The analysis of 152 full-genome TBEV sequences showed that the TBEV-EU has a higher degree of stability of the genome-coding region in the entire Eurasian area (3.1% of differences) compared to TBEV-FE (6.6%) and TBEV-SIB (7.8%). At the same time, the maximum differences are observed not between European and Siberian strains, as one could expect, but between the representatives from Europe - TBEV strains Mandl-2009 from Norway and Hypr from the Czech Republic. The studied strains from Siberia form the compact genetic cluster of 42 TBEV-EU strains and are divided into two subclusters - West Siberian and East Siberian variants. These variants differ in the combinations of amino acid substitutions in all proteins except NS2B. The West Siberian variant mostly circulates in the territory of Altai, and the closest relative of its representatives is Absettarov strain from the European part of Russia. The strains similar to the East Siberian variant of the European subtype were recorded in the Altai (strain 84.2, 2007) and in Belarus (N256, about 1940).
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Demina
- Irkutsk State Agrarian University named after A.A. Ezhevsky
| | - I V Kozlova
- Science Center of Family Health Problems and Human Reproduction.,Irkutsk State Medical University
| | - S E Tkachev
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine
| | | | - O V Lisak
- Science Center of Family Health Problems and Human Reproduction
| | - Y S Savinova
- Science Center of Family Health Problems and Human Reproduction
| | - O V Suntsova
- Science Center of Family Health Problems and Human Reproduction
| | - M M Verkhozina
- Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Irkutsk region
| | | | - A I Paramonov
- Science Center of Family Health Problems and Human Reproduction
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Distribution of Ixodes ricinus ticks and prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus among questing ticks in the Arctic Circle region of northern Norway. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Ignatieva EV, Igoshin AV, Yudin NS. A database of human genes and a gene network involved in response to tick-borne encephalitis virus infection. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:259. [PMID: 29297316 PMCID: PMC5751789 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick-borne encephalitis is caused by the neurotropic, positive-sense RNA virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). TBEV infection can lead to a variety of clinical manifestations ranging from slight fever to severe neurological illness. Very little is known about genetic factors predisposing to severe forms of disease caused by TBEV. The aims of the study were to compile a catalog of human genes involved in response to TBEV infection and to rank genes from the catalog based on the number of neighbors in the network of pairwise interactions involving these genes and TBEV RNA or proteins. RESULTS Based on manual review and curation of scientific publications a catalog comprising 140 human genes involved in response to TBEV infection was developed. To provide access to data on all genes, the TBEVhostDB web resource ( http://icg.nsc.ru/TBEVHostDB/ ) was created. We reconstructed a network formed by pairwise interactions between TBEV virion itself, viral RNA and viral proteins and 140 genes/proteins from TBEVHostDB. Genes were ranked according to the number of interactions in the network. Two genes/proteins (CCR5 and IFNAR1) that had maximal number of interactions were revealed. It was found that the subnetworks formed by CCR5 and IFNAR1 and their neighbors were a fragments of two key pathways functioning during the course of tick-borne encephalitis: (1) the attenuation of interferon-I signaling pathway by the TBEV NS5 protein that targeted peptidase D; (2) proinflammation and tissue damage pathway triggered by chemokine receptor CCR5 interacting with CD4, CCL3, CCL4, CCL2. Among nine genes associated with severe forms of TBEV infection, three genes/proteins (CCR5, IL10, ARID1B) were found to have protein-protein interactions within the network, and two genes/proteins (IFNL3 and the IL10, that was just mentioned) were up- or down-regulated in response to TBEV infection. Based on this finding, potential mechanisms for participation of CCR5, IL10, ARID1B, and IFNL3 in the host response to TBEV infection were suggested. CONCLUSIONS A database comprising 140 human genes involved in response to TBEV infection was compiled and the TBEVHostDB web resource, providing access to all genes was created. This is the first effort of integrating and unifying data on genetic factors that may predispose to severe forms of diseases caused by TBEV. The TBEVHostDB could potentially be used for assessment of risk factors for severe forms of tick-borne encephalitis and for the design of personalized pharmacological strategies for the treatment of TBEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Ignatieva
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Bioinformatics and Theoretical Genetics, The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Center for Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Alexander V Igoshin
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Genomics, The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Nikolay S Yudin
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Genomics, The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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Veje M, Studahl M, Johansson M, Johansson P, Nolskog P, Bergström T. Diagnosing tick-borne encephalitis: a re-evaluation of notified cases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 37:339-344. [PMID: 29188467 PMCID: PMC5780526 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-3139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We set out to investigate the serological response of TBE virus (TBEV)-specific IgM and IgG antibodies in stored serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in notified TBE patients, in order to confirm or reject the diagnosis. We applied the ELISA methods used in clinical practice, Enzygnost and Immunozym, and assessed RT-PCR as a diagnostic tool. A total of 173 TBE cases were notified to the Public Health Agency. Samples from 129 patients were eligible for the study. Stored serum samples were found for 111 patients and CSF samples for 88 patients. All serum samples were analyzed with both Enzygnost and Immunozym, as well as an additional 140 control samples. CSF samples, including samples from ten controls, were analyzed with Immunozym. RT-PCR for TBEV was performed on 126 serum, two whole blood, 96 CSF, two feces and four nasopharynx samples. Only two of 111 notified patients lacked detectable TBEV IgM in serum, from whom one sample was RT-PCR positive. According to the ECDC definition, 117/129 (90.7%) of the reported TBE cases were confirmed. Positive RT-PCR results were obtained in eight patients, one from whole blood and eight from serum samples. Four out of eight of the RT-PCR positive patients were TBEV-IgM positive and none had detectable TBEV-specific IgG. All of the tested CSF, feces and nasopharynx samples were RT-PCR-negative. TBEV-specific IgG was detected in 88.4% and IgM in 31.6% of the CSF samples. RT-PCR on serum samples and CSF IgG antibodies can be used as complementary methods in TBE diagnostics, not least early in the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Veje
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Marie Studahl
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maja Johansson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patrik Johansson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Nolskog
- Department for Communicable Disease Control in Western Gotaland, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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25
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Lipowski D, Popiel M, Perlejewski K, Nakamura S, Bukowska-Osko I, Rzadkiewicz E, Dzieciatkowski T, Milecka A, Wenski W, Ciszek M, Debska-Slizien A, Ignacak E, Cortes KC, Pawelczyk A, Horban A, Radkowski M, Laskus T. A Cluster of Fatal Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus Infection in Organ Transplant Setting. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:896-901. [PMID: 28453842 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection has become a major health problem in Europe and is currently a common cause of viral brain infection in many countries. Encephalitis in transplant recipients, althrough rare, is becoming a recognized complication. Our study provides the first description of transmission of TBEV through transplantation of solid organs. Methods Three patients who received solid organ transplants from a single donor (2 received kidney, and 1 received liver) developed encephalitis 17-49 days after transplantation and subsequently died. Blood and autopsy tissue samples were tested by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results All 3 recipients were first analyzed in autopsy brain tissue samples and/or cerebrospinal fluid by NGS, which yielded 24-52 million sequences per sample and 9-988 matched TBEV sequences in each patient. The presence of TBEV was confirmed by RT-PCR in all recipients and in the donor, and direct sequencing of amplification products corroborated the presence of the same viral strain. Conclusions We demonstrated transmission of TBEV by transplantation of solid organs. In such a setting, TBEV infection may be fatal, probably due to pharmacological immunosuppression. Organ donors should be screened for TBEV when coming from or visiting endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Lipowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Popiel
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Perlejewski
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shota Nakamura
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Iwona Bukowska-Osko
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Rzadkiewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Anna Milecka
- Department of General and Endocrine Surgery and Transplantation Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Michal Ciszek
- Department of Immunology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Debska-Slizien
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Internal Diseases, Gdansk Medical University, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Ignacak
- Department of Nephrology, Kraków Medical University Hospital, Poland
| | - Kamila Caraballo Cortes
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pawelczyk
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Horban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Radkowski
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Laskus
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
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Popiel M, Perlejewski K, Bednarska A, Dzieciątkowski T, Paciorek M, Lipowski D, Jabłonowska M, Czeszko-Paprocka H, Bukowska-Ośko I, Caraballo Cortes K, Pawełczyk A, Fic M, Horban A, Radkowski M, Laskus T. Viral etiologies in adult patients with encephalitis in Poland: A prospective single center study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178481. [PMID: 28570620 PMCID: PMC5453691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Encephalitis is a severe neurological syndrome associated with high morbidity and mortality as well as long-term neurological sequelae. Despite being an important public health problem, very few extensive population-based studies were conducted so far in the world and none in Central Europe. Altogether 114 consecutive patients meeting the initial criteria for encephalitis were enrolled at the Warsaw Hospital for Infectious Diseases between June 2012 and July 2015. Eighteen patients were secondarily excluded from the analysis due to incomplete data or noinfectious cause. Potential pathogen sequences were searched for by molecular methods in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and specific antibodies were detected in CSF and sera. An infectious agent was identified in 41 patients (42.7%). The most frequently diagnosed infections were Human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1) (22 cases, 24%) followed by Enterovirus (6 cases, 6.3%), Varicella zoster virus (VZV) (5 cases, 5.2%), Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) (6 cases, 6.3%) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (2 cases, 2.1%). There were no cases of human adenovirus, Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) or West Nile virus (WNV) infection identified. In 55 cases (57.3%) the cause of encephalitis remained unknown. Compared to patients in whom the diagnosis was determined the latter group contained more women, was less likely to manifest fever and had lower CSF pleocytosis (p < 0.05) In summary, we identified HHV-1 followed by Enterovirus, VZV and TBEV as the most common causes of encephalitis among adult patients in Poland. In a large proportion of patients the cause of encephalitis remained unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Popiel
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Perlejewski
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bednarska
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
- Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Dariusz Lipowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Iwona Bukowska-Ośko
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Caraballo Cortes
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pawełczyk
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Fic
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Horban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Radkowski
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Laskus
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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27
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Weststrate AC, Knapen D, Laverman GD, Schot B, Prick JJ, Spit SA, Reimerink J, Rockx B, Geeraedts F. Increasing evidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus transmission, the Netherlands, June 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 22:30482. [PMID: 28333618 PMCID: PMC5356422 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.11.30482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of endemic tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) occurring in June 2016 in the eastern part of the Netherlands in an area where a strain of TBE virus, genetically different from the common TBE virus strains in Europe, was reported in ticks in 2016. With the start of the tick season in spring, this second autochthonous Dutch TBE case should remind physicians to consider the possibility of endemic TBE in patients with respective symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan Cg Weststrate
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ziekenhuis Groep Twente, Almelo/Hengelo, the Netherlands
| | - Daan Knapen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ziekenhuis Groep Twente, Almelo/Hengelo, the Netherlands
| | - Gozewijn D Laverman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ziekenhuis Groep Twente, Almelo/Hengelo, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Schot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ziekenhuis Groep Twente, Almelo/Hengelo, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Jw Prick
- Department of Neurology, Ziekenhuis Groep Twente, Almelo/Hengelo, the Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Reimerink
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Barry Rockx
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Felix Geeraedts
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Public Health, Hengelo, the Netherlands
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Synergistic Internal Ribosome Entry Site/MicroRNA-Based Approach for Flavivirus Attenuation and Live Vaccine Development. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.02326-16. [PMID: 28420742 PMCID: PMC5395672 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02326-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of Zika virus underscores the need for new strategies for a rapid development of safe flavivirus vaccines. Using another flavivirus (Langat virus [LGTV]) that belongs to the group of tick-borne flaviviruses as a model, we describe a dual strategy for virus attenuation which synergistically accesses the specificity of microRNA (miRNA) genome targeting and the effectiveness of internal ribosome entry site (IRES) insertion. To increase the stability and immunogenicity of bicistronic LGTVs, we developed a novel approach in which the capsid (C) protein gene was relocated into the 3′ noncoding region (NCR) and expressed under translational control from an IRES. Engineered bicistronic LGTVs carrying multiple target sequences for brain-specific miRNAs were stable in Vero cells and induced adaptive immunity in mice. Importantly, miRNA-targeted bicistronic LGTVs were not pathogenic for either newborn mice after intracranial inoculation or adult immunocompromised mice (SCID or type I interferon receptor knockout) after intraperitoneal injection. Moreover, bicistronic LGTVs were restricted for replication in tick-derived cells, suggesting an interruption of viral transmission in nature by arthropod vectors. This approach is suitable for reliable attenuation of many flaviviruses and may enable development of live attenuated flavivirus vaccines. The recent emergence of Zika virus underscores the need for new strategies for a rapid development of safe flavivirus vaccines. Allied separately attenuating approaches based on (i) microRNA genome targeting and (ii) internal ribosome entry site insertion are not sufficient for relievable attenuation of neurotropic flavivirus pathogenesis. Here, we describe a novel dual strategy that combines the specificity of miRNA-based and the effectiveness of IRES-based attenuating approaches, allowing us to overcome these critical limitations. This developed approach provides a robust platform for reliable attenuation of many flaviviruses and may enable development of live flavivirus vaccines.
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29
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The flavivirus capsid protein: Structure, function and perspectives towards drug design. Virus Res 2017; 227:115-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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