1
|
Bisht N, Fular A, Saini M, Kumar S, Sankar M, Sharma AK, Ghosh S. Effect of ivermectin, amitraz and fipronil on midgut epithelium and digestive enzyme profile in Rhipicephalus microplus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2024; 92:851-870. [PMID: 38642307 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00913-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Blood feeding and digestion are vital physiological activities essential for the survival and reproduction of ticks. Chemical acaricides viz., ivermectin, amitraz and fipronil, are known to act on the central nervous system, resulting in the mortality of ticks. The present study is focused on the effect of these acaricides on the midgut and gut enzymes of Rhipicephalus microplus. The ultra-thin sections of midgut of ivermectin-treated ticks showed irregular basal membrane and ruptured digestive vesicles. Amitraz treatment resulted in a notable decrease in digestive cells with pleats in the basal membrane, while fipronil-exposed ticks exhibited reduced digestive cells, loss of cellular integrity, and disintegration of the basal membrane and muscle layer. The gut tissue homogenate of ivermectin and fipronil treated ticks showed a significant reduction of cathepsin D level, 76.54 ± 3.20 μg/mL and 92.67 ± 3.72 μg/mL, respectively, as compared to the control group (150.0 ± 3.80 μg/mL). The leucine aminopeptidase level (4.27 ± 0.08 units/mL) was significantly decreased in the ivermectin treated ticks compared to other treatment groups. The acid phosphatase activity (29.16 ± 0.67 μmole/min/L) was reduced in the ivermectin treated group whereas, increased activity was observed in the fipronil and amitraz treated groups. All the treatment groups revealed increased alkaline phosphatase levels (17.47-26.72 μmole/min/L). The present finding suggests that in addition to the established mechanism of action of the tested acaricides on the nervous system, the alterations in the cellular profile of digestive cells and enzymes possibly affect the blood digestion process and thus the synthesis of vital proteins which are essential for vitellogenesis, and egg production in ticks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Bisht
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Ashutosh Fular
- Temperate Animal Husbandry Division, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand, 263138, India.
| | - Mohini Saini
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Satyanshu Kumar
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi, Anand, Gujarat, 387310, India
| | - M Sankar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
- School of Agriculture, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hema DM, Biguezoton AS, Coulibaly A, Compaore M, Sawadogo I, Bationo RK, Dah FF, Kiendrebeogo M, Nebié RCH. Efficacy of local essential oils against Amblyomma variegatum tick from Burkina Faso. Vet Parasitol 2023; 324:110059. [PMID: 37939623 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The native tick Amblyomma variegatum remains one of the most important tick species affecting cattle in West Africa. This hinders animal production by negatively impacting the health and reproduction of animals infested with the tick. Given the negative consequences on production quality and environmental health, the use of chemical products for tick control is increasingly being discouraged. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the acaricidal activity of essential oils such as Ageratum conyzoïdes, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon giganteus, Lippia multiflora and Ocimum gratissimum against specimens of A. variegatum from Burkina Faso. A larval immersion test was performed to investigate the larvicidal activities of these essential oils. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the chemical compositions of essential oils. The chemical composition was predominantly oxygenated monoterpenes in A. conyzoïdes (48.71 %), C. citratus (99.9 %) and C. giganteus (73.63 %), while hydrocarbon monoterpenes were the most abundant in O. gratissimum (63.7 %) and hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes in L. multiflora (71.719 %). The recorded larvicidal activity, varied according to the species of plants and the dose applied. At a dose of 12.5 mg/mL, all essential oils studied, except L. multiflora (7.54 %), induced 100 % larval mortality. In this study, we highlight the promising larvicidal effects of local essential oils against A. variegatum. These essential oils can be used as bio-acaricides, which are effective and environmentally-friendly alternatives to chemical products. However, further investigations are required to determine the mechanisms of action of these essential oils for in vivo experimentation and their practical application in the control of A. variegatum ticks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine M Hema
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique / CNRST / IRSAT, 03 BP 7047, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
| | - Abel S Biguezoton
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), 01 B.P. 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Anass Coulibaly
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique / CNRST / IRSAT, 03 BP 7047, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Moussa Compaore
- Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo (UJKZ), 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Ignace Sawadogo
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique / CNRST / IRSAT, 03 BP 7047, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Rémy K Bationo
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique / CNRST / IRSAT, 03 BP 7047, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Firmin F Dah
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), 01 B.P. 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Roger C H Nebié
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique / CNRST / IRSAT, 03 BP 7047, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fular A, Bisht N, Sharma AK, Chigure G, Nagar G, Ghosh S. Evaluation of cytotoxic effects of amitraz and fipronil on digestive, reproductive and neural processes of engorged Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) female. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:102031. [PMID: 36115182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fipronil and amitraz are potentially toxic compounds used for controlling ticks infesting pet and livestock. The use of fipronil on large animals was limited because of its high costs while amitraz is still persisting in the market since its introduction over four decades ago. Though resistance in ticks against these pesticides has been reported worldwide since 2000, the toxicity of these chemicals at cellular level in ticks is still poorly understood. The present study aimed to examine the gross and cellular impact of fipronil and amitraz on the gut, ovaries and synganglion of engorged Rhipicephalus microplus females. Fipronil and amitraz treated tick groups showed formation of a large number of vacuoles of different size throughout the cytoplasm of generative cells whereas sessile, residual and detached digestive cells were very low in numbers. The treatment of ticks resulted in the formation of vacuolations at periphery of all oocytes. Ultra-thin sections of the synganglion revealed severe rupture of neural lamella and perineurium with apoptosis of neural cells after fipronil treatment whereas in the amitraz treated ticks, severe destruction of neuropile region and extensive vacuolation of type I and II cells of cortical region as compared to the unexposed ticks were noted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Fular
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UttarPradesh 243122, India
| | - Nisha Bisht
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UttarPradesh 243122, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UttarPradesh 243122, India
| | - Gajanan Chigure
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UttarPradesh 243122, India
| | - Gaurav Nagar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UttarPradesh 243122, India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UttarPradesh 243122, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ramachandran PD, Muniyappa MD, Kanapadinchareveetil S, Nair SN, Ajithkumar KG, Samraj S, Rajappan A, Varghese A, Kalarickal DC, Ravindran R, Ghosh S, Juliet S. Modulation of the PGE 2-Mediated Pathway in the Eclosion Blocking Effect of Flumethrin and Terpenoid Subfraction Isolated from Artemesia nilagirica in Rhipicephalus annulatus. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164905. [PMID: 34443500 PMCID: PMC8401071 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins are a group of important cell-signaling molecules involved in the regulation of ovarian maturation, oocyte development, egg laying and associated behaviors in invertebrates. However, the presence of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the key enzymes for PGE2 biosynthesis and its interference by drugs were not investigated previously in the ovary of ticks. The present study was undertaken to assess the modulation of the PGE2-mediated pathway in the eclosion blocking effect of flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction isolated from Artemisia nilagirica in Rhipicephalus annulatus ticks. The acaricidal activities and chemical profiling of the terpenoid subfraction were performed. The localization of the cyclooxygenase1 (COX1) and prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) enzymes and the quantification of PGE2 in the ovaries of the ticks treated with methanol (control), flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction were also undertaken. In addition, the vitellogenin concentration in hemolymph was also assayed. Both flumethrin and the terpenoid subfraction of A. nilagirica elicited a concentration-dependent inhibition of fecundity and blocking of hatching of the eggs. The COX1 could not be detected in the ovaries of treated and control ticks, while there was no significant difference observed in the concentration of vitellogenin (Vg) in them. The presence of PGES in the oocytes of control ticks was confirmed while the immunoreactivities against PGES were absent in the vitellogenic oocytes of ticks treated with flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction. The levels of PGE2 were below the detection limit in the ovaries of the flumethrin-treated ticks, while it was significantly lower in the ovaries of the terpenoid subfraction-treated ticks. Hence, the prostaglandin E synthase and PGE2 were identified as very important mediators for the signaling pathway for ovarian maturation and oviposition in ticks. In addition, the key enzyme for prostaglandin biosynthesis, PGES and the receptors for PGE2 can be exploited as potential drug targets for tick control. The detection of PGES by immunohistochemistry and quantification of PGE2 by LC-MSMS can be employed as valuable tools for screening newer compounds for their eclosion blocking acaricidal effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panicker Devyani Ramachandran
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Mahesh Doddadasarahalli Muniyappa
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Sreelekha Kanapadinchareveetil
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Suresh Narayanan Nair
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Karapparambu Gopalan Ajithkumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (K.G.A.); (A.V.); (D.C.K.)
| | - Sujith Samraj
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Anoopraj Rajappan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India;
| | - Anju Varghese
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (K.G.A.); (A.V.); (D.C.K.)
| | - Deepa Chundayil Kalarickal
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (K.G.A.); (A.V.); (D.C.K.)
| | - Reghu Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (K.G.A.); (A.V.); (D.C.K.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +91-9447713422
| | - Srikanta Ghosh
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Bareilly, India;
| | - Sanis Juliet
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India; (P.D.R.); (M.D.M.); (S.K.); (S.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
- Center for Ethnopharmacology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad 673576, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nwanade CF, Yu Z, Liu J. Botanical acaricides induced morphophysiological changes of reproductive and salivary glands in tick: A mini-review. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:285-291. [PMID: 32707419 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites and important vectors of several pathogens of medical and veterinary significance, in addition to economic losses associated with their infestation. The primary method for the current control of tick is the use of synthetic acaricides, and many studies have focused on the tick control efficacy associated with the use of synthetic acaricides. However, the intensive use of these compounds has environmental and public health implications, in addition to the development of resistant tick populations. Over the years, studies have demonstrated the great potential of botanicals as an effective alternative in tick control. Most of the reviews on the acaricidal activity of botanicals focused on the effects relating to the development, reproduction, and mortality rate of ticks. Besides this acaricidal activity, botanicals can also affect the morphophysiology of the reproductive organs and the salivary glands that are important for tick procreation and survival. Effects relating to histopathological and cell ultra-structural alterations caused by botanical acaricides can be determined through microscopy techniques. Hence, the present mini-review focuses on studies dealing with morphophysiology changes of the reproductive system and the salivary gland of ticks exposed to botanical acaricides, with a view of expanding our knowledge for the future integrative application of botanical acaricides in tick control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuks F Nwanade
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nwanade CF, Wang M, Wang T, Yu Z, Liu J. Botanical acaricides and repellents in tick control: current status and future directions. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 81:1-35. [PMID: 32291551 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are obligate blood-sucking ectoparasites and notorious as vectors of a great diversity of, in many instances, zoonotic pathogens which can cause considerable damage to animal and human health. The most commonly used approach for the control of ticks is the application of synthetic acaricides. However, the negative impacts of synthetic acaricides on the treated animals and the environment, in addition to its documented role in the development of resistance has led to the search for safer and more environmentally friendly alternative methods without compromising efficacy. An emerging promising approach for the control of ticks which has attracted much attention in recent years is the use of botanicals. Indeed, botanicals have been widely reported to show diverse effects and great potential as tick repellent and control. Although several excellent reviews have previously focused on this topic, studies on the exploration and application of botanicals to control ticks have expanded rapidly. Herein, we provide an update on the current understanding and status of botanical acaricides and repellents in tick control using recently published articles between 2017 and 2019. We also discuss the challenges and future directions in the application of botanicals in tick control, with a view of providing important clues for designing new integrated tick control methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuks F Nwanade
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Min Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Tianhong Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| |
Collapse
|