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Lambert CJ, Clarke E, Patel D, Laurentius LB, Gale BK, Sant HJ, Porter MD. Microfluidic platform for the enzymatic pretreatment of human serum for the detection of the tuberculosis biomarker mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024. [PMID: 39037397 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00772g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) represents a major public health threat, with millions of new cases reported worldwide each year. A major hurdle to curtailing the spread of this disease is the need for low-cost, point-of-care (PoC) diagnostics. Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan, a significant component of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacillus, has been heavily studied as a biomarker for TB, but with little success due to its complexation with endogenous components of body fluids in a manner that sterically interferes with its detection by ELISA and other immunoassays. Recent work by our group and others has shown that complexation can be disrupted with protein-denaturing protocols. By way of followup, we recently described an enzymatic digestion (Proteinase K) sample pretreatment that enables quantitative recovery of ManLAM spiked into healthy human control serum. Herein, we report on the transfer of our benchtop sample pretreatment methodology to an automated microfluidic platform. We show that this platform can be configured to: (1) carry out the pretreatment process with very little user interaction and, (2) yield recoveries for ManLAm spiked into control serum which are statistically indistinguishable from those achieved by the benchtop process. Plans to integrate this device with a portable sample reader as a possible basis for a PoC TB diagnostic system and analyze patient samples are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Lambert
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Eamonn Clarke
- Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Dhruv Patel
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Lars B Laurentius
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Bruce K Gale
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Himanshu J Sant
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Marc D Porter
- Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
- Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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Koleske BN, Jacobs WR, Bishai WR. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome at 25 years: lessons and lingering questions. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e173156. [PMID: 37781921 PMCID: PMC10541200 DOI: 10.1172/jci173156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
First achieved in 1998 by Cole et al., the complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis continues to provide an invaluable resource to understand tuberculosis (TB), the leading cause of global infectious disease mortality. At the 25-year anniversary of this accomplishment, we describe how insights gleaned from the M. tuberculosis genome have led to vital tools for TB research, epidemiology, and clinical practice. The increasing accessibility of whole-genome sequencing across research and clinical settings has improved our ability to predict antibacterial susceptibility, to track epidemics at the level of individual outbreaks and wider historical trends, to query the efficacy of the bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, and to uncover targets for novel antitubercular therapeutics. Likewise, we discuss several recent efforts to extract further discoveries from this powerful resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N. Koleske
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - William R. Bishai
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Foreman HCC, Frank A, Stedman TT. Determination of variable region sequences from hybridoma immunoglobulins that target Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence factors. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256079. [PMID: 34415957 PMCID: PMC8378720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects one-quarter of the world's population. Mtb and HIV coinfections enhance the comorbidity of tuberculosis (TB) and AIDS, accounting for one-third of all AIDS-associated mortalities. Humoral antibody to Mtb correlates with TB susceptibility, and engineering of Mtb antibodies may lead to new diagnostics and therapeutics. The characterization and validation of functional immunoglobulin (Ig) variable chain (IgV) sequences provide a necessary first step towards developing therapeutic antibodies against pathogens. The virulence-associated Mtb antigens SodA (Superoxide Dismutase), KatG (Catalase), PhoS1/PstS1 (regulatory factor), and GroES (heat shock protein) are potential therapeutic targets but lacked IgV sequence characterization. Putative IgV sequences were identified from the mRNA of hybridomas targeting these antigens and isotype-switched into a common immunoglobulin fragment crystallizable region (Fc region) backbone, subclass IgG2aκ. Antibodies were validated by demonstrating recombinant Ig assembly and secretion, followed by the determination of antigen-binding specificity using ELISA and immunoblot assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Chang Foreman
- BEI Resources, ATCC., Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HCCF); (TTS)
| | - Andrew Frank
- BEI Resources, ATCC., Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Timothy T. Stedman
- BEI Resources, ATCC., Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HCCF); (TTS)
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Crawford AC, Laurentius LB, Mulvihill TS, Granger JH, Spencer JS, Chatterjee D, Hanson KE, Porter MD. Detection of the tuberculosis antigenic marker mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan in pretreated serum by surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Analyst 2018; 142:186-196. [PMID: 27924983 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02110g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a global health care priority. This paper describes the development and preliminary assessment of the clinical accuracy of a heterogeneous immunoassay that integrates a serum pretreatment process with readout by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for the low-level detection of mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM). ManLAM is a major virulence factor in the infectious pathology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that has been found in the serum and other body fluids of infected patients. The effectiveness of ManLAM as a TB diagnostic marker, however, remains unproven for reasons not yet well understood. As reported herein, we have found that (1) ManLAM complexes with proteins and possibly other components in serum; (2) these complexes have a strongly detrimental impact on the ability to detect ManLAM using an immunoassay; (3) a simple pretreatment step can disrupt this complexation; and (4) disruption by pretreatment improves detection by 250×. We also describe the results from a preliminary assessment on the utility of serum pretreatment by running immunoassays on archived specimens from 24 TB-positive patients and 10 healthy controls. ManLAM was measurable in 21 of the 24 TB-positive specimens, but not in any of the 10 control specimens. These findings, albeit for a very small specimen set, translate to a clinical sensitivity of 87.5% and a clinical specificity of 100%. Together, these results both provide much needed evidence for the clinical utility of ManLAM as a TB marker, and demonstrate the potential utility of our overall approach to serve as a new strategy for the development of diagnostic tests for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA and Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Lars B Laurentius
- Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | | | - Jennifer H Granger
- Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - John S Spencer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kimberly E Hanson
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Marc D Porter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA and Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA and Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Jacobs AJ, Mongkolsapaya J, Screaton GR, McShane H, Wilkinson RJ. Antibodies and tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 101:102-113. [PMID: 27865379 PMCID: PMC5120988 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem internationally, causing 9.6 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths worldwide in 2014. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine is the only licensed vaccine against TB, but its protective effect does not extend to controlling the development of infectious pulmonary disease in adults. The development of a more effective vaccine against TB is therefore a pressing need for global health. Although it is established that cell-mediated immunity is necessary for the control of latent infection, the presupposition that such immunity is sufficient for vaccine-induced protection has recently been challenged. A greater understanding of protective immunity against TB is required to guide future vaccine strategies against TB. In contrast to cell-mediated immunity, the human antibody response against M.tb is conventionally thought to exert little immune control over the course of infection. Humoral responses are prominent during active TB disease, and have even been postulated to contribute to immunopathology. However, there is evidence to suggest that specific antibodies may limit the dissemination of M.tb, and potentially also play a role in prevention of infection via mucosal immunity. Further, antibodies are now understood to confer protection against a range of intracellular pathogens by modulating immunity via Fc-receptor mediated phagocytosis. In this review, we will explore the evidence that antibody-mediated immunity could be reconsidered in the search for new vaccine strategies against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Jacobs
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative and Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.
| | | | - Gavin R Screaton
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative and Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 2AT, United Kingdom
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Alnimr AM. Dormancy models for Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A minireview. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:641-7. [PMID: 26413043 PMCID: PMC4568887 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246320140507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dormancy models for Mycobacterium tuberculosis play important roles
in understanding various aspects of tuberculosis pathogenesis and in the testing of
novel therapeutic regimens. By simulating the latent tuberculosis infection, in which
the bacteria exist in a non-replicative state, the models demonstrate reduced
susceptibility to antimycobacterial agents. This minireview outlines the models
available for simulating latent tuberculosis both in vitro and in
several animal species. Additionally, this minireview discusses the advantages and
disadvantages of these models for investigating the bacterial subpopulations and
susceptibilities to sterilization by various antituberculosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani M Alnimr
- King Fahad Hospital of the University, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Zheng J, Ren X, Wei C, Yang J, Hu Y, Liu L, Xu X, Wang J, Jin Q. Analysis of the secretome and identification of novel constituents from culture filtrate of bacillus Calmette-Guerin using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2081-95. [PMID: 23616670 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.027318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious bacterial disease that causes morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. Although its efficacy against TB has displayed a high degree of variability (0%-80%) in different trials, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been recognized as an important weapon for preventing TB worldwide for over 80 years. Because secreted proteins often play vital roles in the interaction between bacteria and host cells, the secretome of mycobacteria is considered to be an attractive reservoir of potential candidate antigens for the development of novel vaccines and diagnostic reagents. In this study, we performed a proteomic analysis of BCG culture filtrate proteins using SDS-PAGE and high-resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry. In total, 239 proteins (1555 unique peptides) were identified, including 185 secreted proteins or lipoproteins. Furthermore, 17 novel protein products not annotated in the BCG database were detected and validated by means of RT-PCR at the transcriptional level. Additionally, the translational start sites of 52 proteins were confirmed, and 22 proteins were validated through extension of the translational start sites based on N-terminus-derived peptides. There are 103 secreted proteins that have not been reported in previous studies on BCG [corrected] secretome and are unique to our study. The physicochemical characteristics of the secreted proteins were determined. Major components from the culture supernatant, including low-molecular-weight antigens, lipoproteins, Pro-Glu and Pro-Pro-Glu family proteins, and Mce family proteins, are discussed; some components represent potential predominant antigens in the humoral and cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zheng
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100176, China
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Li H, Liu S, Yin Y, Ji S, Dong D, Zhang J, Fu L, Xu J, Chen W. High-level expression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein EspB in E. coli and preparation of novel anti-EspB monoclonal antibodies. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2012; 30:341-6. [PMID: 21851233 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2011.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The ESX-1 secretion system plays a critical role in the virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The ESX-1 secreted protein EspB is cleaved close to its C-terminus during secretion and is necessary for inhibiting phagosome maturation. In this study, the EspB gene of M. tuberculosis H37Rv was cloned into the expression vector of pET21a(+) and was effectively expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The expressed fusion protein existed as a soluble form in cell lysate and was first purified by a column packed with Ni-NTA resin and then a column packed with DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow matrix. Using the purified protein to immunize BALB/c mice, five monoclonal antibodies were produced. As shown by ELISA and immunoblotting, the five respective antibodies could recognize the EspB protein. These monoclonal antibodies will provide powerful reagents for further investigation of EspB protein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dongdaije, Fengtai, Beijing, China
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