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Sastre S, Manta B, Semelak JA, Estrin D, Trujillo M, Radi R, Zeida A. Catalytic Mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase A. Biochemistry 2024; 63:533-544. [PMID: 38286790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The oxidation of Met to methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) by oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, or peroxynitrite has profound effects on protein function. This modification can be reversed by methionine sulfoxide reductases (msr). In the context of pathogen infection, the reduction of oxidized proteins gains significance due to microbial oxidative damage generated by the immune system. For example, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt) utilizes msrs (MtmsrA and MtmsrB) as part of the repair response to the host-induced oxidative stress. The absence of these enzymes makes Mycobacteria prone to increased susceptibility to cell death, pointing them out as potential therapeutic targets. This study provides a detailed characterization of the catalytic mechanism of MtmsrA using a comprehensive approach, including experimental techniques and theoretical methodologies. Confirming a ping-pong type enzymatic mechanism, we elucidate the catalytic parameters for sulfoxide and thioredoxin substrates (kcat/KM = 2656 ± 525 M-1 s-1 and 1.7 ± 0.8 × 106 M-1 s-1, respectively). Notably, the entropic nature of the activation process thermodynamics, representing ∼85% of the activation free energy at room temperature, is underscored. Furthermore, the current study questions the plausibility of a sulfurane intermediate, which may be a transition-state-like structure, suggesting the involvement of a conserved histidine residue as an acid-base catalyst in the MetSO reduction mechanism. This mechanistic insight not only advances our understanding of Mt antioxidant enzymes but also holds implications for future drug discovery and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Sastre
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral Flores 2125, CP 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral Flores 2125, CP 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral Flores 2125, CP 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Programa de Doctorado en Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral Flores 2124, CP 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bruno Manta
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Cátedra de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de la República, Gral Las Heras 1925, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jonathan A Semelak
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, CP C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dario Estrin
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, CP C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Madia Trujillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral Flores 2125, CP 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral Flores 2125, CP 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral Flores 2125, CP 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral Flores 2125, CP 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ari Zeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral Flores 2125, CP 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral Flores 2125, CP 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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2
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Saini V, Chinta KC, Reddy VP, Glasgow JN, Stein A, Lamprecht DA, Rahman MA, Mackenzie JS, Truebody BE, Adamson JH, Kunota TTR, Bailey SM, Moellering DR, Lancaster JR, Steyn AJC. Hydrogen sulfide stimulates Mycobacterium tuberculosis respiration, growth and pathogenesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:557. [PMID: 31992699 PMCID: PMC6987094 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is involved in numerous pathophysiological processes and shares overlapping functions with CO and •NO. However, the importance of host-derived H2S in microbial pathogenesis is unknown. Here we show that Mtb-infected mice deficient in the H2S-producing enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) survive longer with reduced organ burden, and that pharmacological inhibition of CBS reduces Mtb bacillary load in mice. High-resolution respirometry, transcriptomics and mass spectrometry establish that H2S stimulates Mtb respiration and bioenergetics predominantly via cytochrome bd oxidase, and that H2S reverses •NO-mediated inhibition of Mtb respiration. Further, exposure of Mtb to H2S regulates genes involved in sulfur and copper metabolism and the Dos regulon. Our results indicate that Mtb exploits host-derived H2S to promote growth and disease, and suggest that host-directed therapies targeting H2S production may be potentially useful for the management of tuberculosis and other microbial infections. The importance of host-produced hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in microbial pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here, Saini et al. show that H2S alters Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) central metabolism, stimulates respiration to promote growth and TB disease, and upregulates the Dos regulon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Saini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Krishna C Chinta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vineel P Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joel N Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Asaf Stein
- Department of Environment Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dirk A Lamprecht
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shannon M Bailey
- Department of Environment Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Douglas R Moellering
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jack R Lancaster
- Departments of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Medicine, and Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa. .,Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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3
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Using diphenyleneiodonium to induce a viable but non-culturable phenotype in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its metabolomics analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220628. [PMID: 31369628 PMCID: PMC6675104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Depletion of oxygen levels is a well-accepted model for induction of non-replicating, persistent states in mycobacteria. Increasing the stress levels in mycobacterium bacilli facilitates their entry into a non-cultivable, dormant state. In this study, it was shown that diphenyleneiodonium, an inhibitor of NADH oxidase, induced a viable, but non-culturable state in mycobacteria, having similar features to dormant bacilli, like loss of acid-fastness, upregulation of stress-regulated genes and decreased superoxide levels as compared to actively growing bacilli. Comprehensive, untargeted metabolic profiling also confirmed a decrease in biogenesis of amino acids, NAD, unsaturated fatty acids and nucleotides. Additionally, an increase in the level of lactate, fumarate, succinate and pentose phosphate pathways along with increased mycothiol and sulfate metabolites, similar to dormant bacilli, was observed in the granuloma. These non-cultivable bacilli were resuscitated by supplementation of fetal bovine serum, regaining their culturability in liquid as well as on agar medium. This study focused on the effect of diphenyleneiodonium treatment in causing mycobacteria to rapidly transition from an active state into a viable, but non-cultivable state, and comparing their characteristics with dormant phenotypes.
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4
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Ribosomal maturation factor (RimP) is essential for survival of nontuberculous mycobacteria Mycobacterium fortuitum under in vitro acidic stress conditions. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:127. [PMID: 30863706 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium fortuitum is an important human pathogenic NTM, which resists stress conditions inside macrophages by exploitation of specific genes. TnphoA-based transposon mutagenesis was employed to identify membrane genes responsible for survival of M. fortuitum under such stress conditions. A library of about 450 mutants was constructed after electroporation of vector pRT291 into wild-type M. fortuitum. On the basis of blue color development and alkaline phosphatase assay, 20 mutants were shortlisted to screen for growth and survival under acidic stress at pH 6.5, 5.5, 4.5, and 3.5. Mutant MT727 showed reduced growth and survival under acidic stress. The acid susceptible mutant MT727 was subjected to other in vitro stress conditions prevalent inside macrophages including oxidative, nutrient starvation and nitrosative stress. However, the mutant showed no appreciable difference in growth behavior under oxidative, nutrient starvation and nitrosative stress conditions in comparison to the wild type. Genomic and bioinformatics analysis of MT727 led to identification of putative ribosomal maturation factor RimP of M. fortuitum to be affected by mutagenesis, showing closest homology to M. abscessus RimP. In silico functional interaction of RimP protein using STRING database showed its interaction with proteins of ribosomal assembly and maturation. Results indicate role of rimP gene in survival of M. fortuitum under acidic stress conditions which may be further explored for use as a potential drug target against M. fortuitum and other mycobacterial infections.
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5
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Yeware AM, Shurpali KD, Athalye MC, Sarkar D. Superoxide Generation and Its Involvement in the Growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:105. [PMID: 28194149 PMCID: PMC5276846 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Superoxide generation is inevitable in aerobic organisms, most of which have developed mechanisms to detoxify superoxides. However, its significance has not been clearly understood in mycobacteria. This study demonstrates that NADH oxidase is the major source of superoxide in Mycobacterium smegmatis and elucidates the involvement of superoxide in M. smegmatis growth. The maximum inhibition of superoxide generation was observed in the presence of diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), an NADH oxidase inhibitor, compared to other standard inhibitors. After incubation for 24 h, the number of colony forming units (CFUs) was reduced by 6.8 log10 compared to the untreated culture. The inhibitory effect of DPI on M. smegmatis was reversed when the same culture was supplemented with menadione and pyrogallol, which are superoxide generators. Thus, this study reports the source of superoxide generation and its involvement in the growth of M. smegmatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar M Yeware
- Combi Chem-Bio Resource Center, Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune, India
| | - Ketaki D Shurpali
- Combi Chem-Bio Resource Center, Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune, India
| | - Meghana C Athalye
- Combi Chem-Bio Resource Center, Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune, India
| | - Dhiman Sarkar
- Combi Chem-Bio Resource Center, Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune, India
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6
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Liu Z, Gao Y, Yang H, Bao H, Qin L, Zhu C, Chen Y, Hu Z. Impact of Hypoxia on Drug Resistance and Growth Characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Isolates. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166052. [PMID: 27835653 PMCID: PMC5106006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a specific aerobic bacterium, but can survive under hypoxic conditions, such as those in lung cheese necrosis, granulomas, or macrophages. It is not clear whether the drug sensitivity and growth characteristics of MTB under hypoxic conditions are different from those under aerobic conditions. In this study, we examined the drug resistance and growth characteristics of MTB clinical isolates by a large sample of in vitro drug susceptibility tests, using an automatic growth instrument. Under hypoxic conditions, variance in drug resistance was observed in nearly one-third of the MTB strains and was defined as MTB strains with changed drug sensitivity (MTB-CDS). Among these strains, resistance in a considerable proportion of clinical strains was significantly increased, and some strains emerged as multi-drug resistant. Growth test results revealed a high growth rate and large survival number in macrophages under hypoxia in MTB-CDS. According to the results of fluorescence quantitative PCR, the expression of some genes, including RegX3 (involving RIF resistance), Rv0194 (efflux pump gene), four genes related to transcription regulation (KstR, DosR, Rv0081 and WhiB3) and gene related to translation regulation (DATIN), were upregulated significantly under hypoxic conditions compared to that under aerobic conditions (p < 0.05). Thus, we concluded that some MTB clinical isolates can survive under hypoxic conditions and their resistance could change. As for poor clinical outcomes in patients, based on routine drug susceptibility testing, drug susceptibility tests for tuberculosis under hypoxic conditions should also be recommended. However, the detailed mechanisms of the effect of hypoxia on drug sensitivity and growth characteristics of MTB clinical isolates still requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulu Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyang Bao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianhua Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changtai Zhu
- Department of Transfusion, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CTZ); (YWC); (ZYH)
| | - Yawen Chen
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CTZ); (YWC); (ZYH)
| | - Zhongyi Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CTZ); (YWC); (ZYH)
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7
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Comparative Genomic Analysis Reveals a Possible Novel Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterium Species with High Pathogenic Potential. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150413. [PMID: 27035710 PMCID: PMC4818103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria have been reported to cause a wide range of human diseases. We present the first whole-genome study of a Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterium, Mycobacterium sp. UM_CSW (referred to hereafter as UM_CSW), isolated from a patient diagnosed with bronchiectasis. Our data suggest that this clinical isolate is likely a novel mycobacterial species, supported by clear evidence from molecular phylogenetic, comparative genomic, ANI and AAI analyses. UM_CSW is closely related to the Mycobacterium avium complex. While it has characteristic features of an environmental bacterium, it also shows a high pathogenic potential with the presence of a wide variety of putative genes related to bacterial virulence and shares very similar pathogenomic profiles with the known pathogenic mycobacterial species. Thus, we conclude that this possible novel Mycobacterium species should be tightly monitored for its possible causative role in human infections.
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8
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Santiago-Martínez MG, Lira-Silva E, Encalada R, Pineda E, Gallardo-Pérez JC, Zepeda-Rodriguez A, Moreno-Sánchez R, Saavedra E, Jasso-Chávez R. Cadmium removal by Euglena gracilis is enhanced under anaerobic growth conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 288:104-112. [PMID: 25698571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The facultative protist Euglena gracilis, a heavy metal hyper-accumulator, was grown under photo-heterotrophic and extreme conditions (acidic pH, anaerobiosis and with Cd(2+)) and biochemically characterized. High biomass (8.5×10(6)cellsmL(-1)) was reached after 10 days of culture. Under anaerobiosis, photosynthetic activity built up a microaerophilic environment of 0.7% O₂, which was sufficient to allow mitochondrial respiratory activity: glutamate and malate were fully consumed, whereas 25-33% of the added glucose was consumed. In anaerobic cells, photosynthesis but not respiration was activated by Cd(2+) which induced higher oxidative stress. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were 20 times lower in control cells under anaerobiosis than in aerobiosis, although Cd(2+) induced a higher MDA production. Cd(2+) stress induced increased contents of chelating thiols (cysteine, glutathione and phytochelatins) and polyphosphate. Biosorption (90%) and intracellular accumulation (30%) were the mechanisms by which anaerobic cells removed Cd(2+) from medium, which was 36% higher versus aerobic cells. The present study indicated that E. gracilis has the ability to remove Cd(2+) under anaerobic conditions, which might be advantageous for metal removal in sediments from polluted water bodies or bioreactors, where the O₂ concentration is particularly low.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rusely Encalada
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico
| | - Erika Pineda
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico
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Seddon JA, Furin JJ, Gale M, Del Castillo Barrientos H, Hurtado RM, Amanullah F, Ford N, Starke JR, Schaaf HS. Caring for Children with Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 186:953-64. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201206-1001ci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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10
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Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a metabolically flexible pathogen
that has the extraordinary ability to sense and adapt to the continuously changing host
environment experienced during decades of persistent infection. Mtb is
continually exposed to endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) as part of normal aerobic
respiration, as well as exogenous ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generated by the
host immune system in response to infection. The magnitude of tuberculosis (TB) disease is
further amplified by exposure to xenobiotics from the environment such as cigarette smoke
and air pollution, causing disruption of the intracellular
prooxidant–antioxidant balance. Both oxidative and reductive stresses induce
redox cascades that alter Mtb signal transduction, DNA and RNA synthesis,
protein synthesis and antimycobacterial drug resistance. As reviewed in this article,
Mtb has evolved specific mechanisms to protect itself against
endogenously produced oxidants, as well as defend against host and environmental oxidants
and reductants found specifically within the microenvironments of the lung. Maintaining an
appropriate redox balance is critical to the clinical outcome because several
antimycobacterial prodrugs are only effective upon bioreductive activation. Proper
homeostasis of oxido-reductive systems is essential for Mtb survival,
persistence and subsequent reactivation. The progress and remaining deficiencies in
understanding Mtb redox homeostasis are also discussed.
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11
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Voskuil MI, Bartek IL, Visconti K, Schoolnik GK. The response of mycobacterium tuberculosis to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:105. [PMID: 21734908 PMCID: PMC3119406 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects and the transcriptional response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to representative oxidative and nitrosative stresses were investigated by growth and survival studies and whole genome expression analysis. The M. tuberculosis reaction to a range of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations fell into three distinct categories: (1) low level exposure resulted in induction of a few highly sensitive H2O2-responsive genes, (2) intermediate exposure resulted in massive transcriptional changes without an effect on growth or survival, and (3) high exposure resulted in a muted transcriptional response and eventual death. M. tuberculosis appears highly resistant to DNA damage-dependent, mode-one killing caused by low millimolar levels of H2O2 and only succumbs to overwhelming levels of oxidative stress observed in mode-two killing. Nitric oxide (NO) exposure initiated much the same transcriptional response as H2O2. However, unlike H2O2 exposure, NO exposure induced dormancy-related genes and caused dose-dependent bacteriostatic activity without killing. Included in the large shared response to H2O2 and NO was the induction of genes encoding iron–sulfur cluster repair functions including iron acquisition. Stress regulons controlled by IdeR, Sigma H, Sigma E, and FurA comprised a large portion of the response to both stresses. Expression of several oxidative stress defense genes was constitutive, or increased moderately from an already elevated constitutive level, suggesting that bacilli are continually primed for oxidative stress defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin I Voskuil
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Aurora, CO, USA
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12
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Koo MS, Manca C, Yang G, O'Brien P, Sung N, Tsenova L, Subbian S, Fallows D, Muller G, Ehrt S, Kaplan G. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition reduces innate immunity and improves isoniazid clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs of infected mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17091. [PMID: 21364878 PMCID: PMC3045423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the leading infectious disease causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Though current antibiotic regimens can cure the disease, treatment requires at least six months of drug therapy. One reason for the long duration of therapy is that the currently available TB drugs were selected for their ability to kill replicating organisms and are less effective against subpopulations of non-replicating persistent bacilli. Evidence from in vitro models of Mtb growth and mouse infection studies suggests that host immunity may provide some of the environmental cues that drive Mtb towards non-replicating persistence. We hypothesized that selective modulation of the host immune response to modify the environmental pressure on the bacilli may result in better bacterial clearance during TB treatment. For this proof of principal study, we compared bacillary clearance from the lungs of Mtb-infected mice treated with the anti-TB drug isoniazid (INH) in the presence and absence of an immunomodulatory phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor (PDE4i), CC-3052. The effects of CC-3052 on host global gene expression, induction of cytokines, and T cell activation in the lungs of infected mice were evaluated. We show that CC-3052 modulates the innate immune response without causing generalized immune suppression. Immune modulation combined with INH treatment improved bacillary clearance and resulted in smaller granulomas and less lung pathology, compared to treatment with INH alone. This novel strategy of combining anti-TB drugs with an immune modulating molecule, if applied appropriately to patients, may shorten the duration of TB treatment and improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sun Koo
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunity and Pathogenesis, The Public Health Research Institute Center at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Claudia Manca
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunity and Pathogenesis, The Public Health Research Institute Center at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Guibin Yang
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunity and Pathogenesis, The Public Health Research Institute Center at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Paul O'Brien
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunity and Pathogenesis, The Public Health Research Institute Center at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Nackmoon Sung
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunity and Pathogenesis, The Public Health Research Institute Center at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- National Masan Hospital Clinical Research Center, Masan City Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
| | - Liana Tsenova
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunity and Pathogenesis, The Public Health Research Institute Center at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunity and Pathogenesis, The Public Health Research Institute Center at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Dorothy Fallows
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunity and Pathogenesis, The Public Health Research Institute Center at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - George Muller
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Sabine Ehrt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gilla Kaplan
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunity and Pathogenesis, The Public Health Research Institute Center at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Banerjee D, Bhattacharyya R, Kaul D, Sharma P. Diabetes and tuberculosis. Adv Clin Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385855-9.00006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Transcriptional profiling has revealed that Mycobacterium tuberculosis adapts both its metabolic and respiratory states during infection, utilising lipids as a carbon source and switching to alternative electron acceptors. These global gene expression datasets may be exploited to identify virulence determinants and to screen for new targets for rational drug design. Characterising the changing physiological predicament of distinct M. tb populations during infection will help expose the fundamental biology of M. tb highlighting mechanisms that influence tuberculosis pathogenicity.
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15
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Stokes RW, Waddell SJ. Adjusting to a new home: Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene expression in response to an intracellular lifestyle. Future Microbiol 2010; 4:1317-35. [PMID: 19995191 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.09.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the most significant single species of bacteria causing disease in mankind. The ability of M. tuberculosis to survive and replicate within host macrophages is a pivotal step in its pathogenesis. Understanding the microenvironments that M. tuberculosis encounters within the macrophage and the adaptations that the bacterium undergoes to facilitate its survival will lead to insights into possible therapeutic targets for improved treatment of tuberculosis. This is urgently needed with the emergence of multi- and extensively drug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. Significant advances have been made in understanding the macrophage response on encountering M. tuberculosis. Complementary information is also accumulating regarding the counter responses of M. tuberculosis during the various stages of its interactions with the host. As such, a picture is emerging delineating the gene expression of intracellular M. tuberculosis at different stages of the interaction with macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Stokes
- Department of Paediatrics, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
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Kesavan AK, Brooks M, Tufariello J, Chan J, Manabe YC. Tuberculosis genes expressed during persistence and reactivation in the resistant rabbit model. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2008; 89:17-21. [PMID: 18948063 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As previously published, after aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, New Zealand white rabbits established infection with active bacillary replication, but later contained disease to a paucibacillary state through an effective adaptive response consistent with latency. Despite the heterogeneity among outbred rabbits, the resistant response was uniform. Immunosuppression resulted in reactivation with increased lung bacillary burden. Using this rabbit model, we isolated bacillary RNA from infected rabbit lungs and assessed transcriptional profiles of bacillary genes using RT-PCR to examine genes differentially regulated during active replication, persistence, steroid-induced reactivation, and post-steroid immune reconstitution. Genes involved in hypoxia response (fdxA), resuscitation promoting factors (rpfB), and DNA repair pathways (Rv2191) may be important in bacillary persistence. Further investigation into these gene pathways is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup K Kesavan
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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