1
|
Alipoor SD, Elieh-Ali-Komi D. Significance of extracellular vesicles in orchestration of immune responses in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1398077. [PMID: 38836056 PMCID: PMC11148335 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1398077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the causative agent of Tuberculosis, is an intracellular bacterium well known for its ability to subvert host energy and metabolic pathways to maintain its intracellular survival. For this purpose, the bacteria utilize various mechanisms of which extracellular vehicles (EVs) related mechanisms attracted more attention. EVs are nanosized particles that are released by almost all cell types containing active biomolecules from the cell of origin and can target bioactive pathways in the recipient cells upon uptake. It is hypothesized that M.tb dictates the processes of host EV biogenesis pathways, selectively incorporating its molecules into the host EV to direct immune responses in its favor. During infection with Mtb, both mycobacteria and host cells release EVs. The composition of these EVs varies over time, influenced by the physiological and nutritional state of the host environment. Additionally, different EV populations contribute differently to the pathogenesis of disease at various stages of illness participating in a complex interplay between host cells and pathogens. These interactions ultimately influence immune responses and disease outcomes. However, the precise mechanisms and roles of EVs in pathogenicity and disease outcomes remain to be fully elucidated. In this review, we explored the properties and function of EVs in the context of M.tb infection within the host microenvironment and discussed their capacity as a novel therapeutic strategy to combat tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamila D. Alipoor
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Elieh-Ali-Komi
- Institute of Allergology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Immunology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
García-Bengoa M, Meurer M, Goethe R, Singh M, Reljic R, von Köckritz-Blickwede M. Role of phagocyte extracellular traps during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections and tuberculosis disease processes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:983299. [PMID: 37492257 PMCID: PMC10365110 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.983299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infections remain one of the most significant causes of mortality worldwide. The current situation shows an emergence of new antibiotic-resistant strains making it difficult to control the tuberculosis (TB) disease. A large part of its success as a pathogen is due to its ability to persist for years or even decades without causing evident clinical manifestations. M.tb is highly successful in evading the host-defense by manipulating host-signalling pathways. Although macrophages are generally viewed as the key cell type involved in harboring M.tb, growing evidence shows that neutrophils also play a fundamental role. Both cells are known to act in multiple ways when encountering an invading pathogen, including phagocytosis, release of cytokines and chemokines, and oxidative burst. In addition, the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and macrophage extracellular traps (METs) has been described to contribute to M.tb infections. NETs/METs are extracellular DNA fibers with associated granule components, which are released upon activation of the cells by the pathogen or by pro-inflammatory mediators. On one hand, they can lead to a protective immune response by entrapment and killing of pathogens. However, on the other hand, they can also play a severe pathological role by inducing tissue damage. Extracellular traps (ETs) produced in the pulmonary alveoli can expand easily and expose tissue-damaging factors with detrimental effects. Since host-directed therapies offer a complementary strategy in TB, the knowledge of NET/MET formation is important for understanding potential protective versus detrimental pathways during innate immune signaling. In this review, we summarize the progress made in understanding the role of NETs/METs in the pathogenesis of TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María García-Bengoa
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marita Meurer
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralph Goethe
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mahavir Singh
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mirzaei R, Babakhani S, Ajorloo P, Ahmadi RH, Hosseini-Fard SR, Keyvani H, Ahmadyousefi Y, Teimoori A, Zamani F, Karampoor S, Yousefimashouf R. The emerging role of exosomal miRNAs as a diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Mol Med 2021; 27:34. [PMID: 33794771 PMCID: PMC8017856 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), has been the world's driving fatal bacterial contagious disease globally. It continues a public health emergency, and around one-third of the global community has been affected by latent TB infection (LTBI). This is mostly due to the difficulty in diagnosing and treating patients with TB and LTBI. Exosomes are nanovesicles (40-100 nm) released from different cell types, containing proteins, lipids, mRNA, and miRNA, and they allow the transfer of one's cargo to other cells. The functional and diagnostic potential of exosomal miRNAs has been demonstrated in bacterial infections, including TB. Besides, it has been recognized that cells infected by intracellular pathogens such as Mtb can be secreting an exosome, which is implicated in the infection's fate. Exosomes, therefore, open a unique viewpoint on the investigative process of TB pathogenicity. This study explores the possible function of exosomal miRNAs as a diagnostic biomarker. Moreover, we include the latest data on the pathogenic and therapeutic role of exosomal miRNAs in TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. .,Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Babakhani
- Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Ajorloo
- Department of Biology, Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Heidari Ahmadi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Hosseini-Fard
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Ahmadyousefi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Farhad Zamani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rasoul Yousefimashouf
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. .,Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
García-Martínez M, Vázquez-Flores L, Álvarez-Jiménez VD, Castañeda-Casimiro J, Ibáñez-Hernández M, Sánchez-Torres LE, Barrios-Payán J, Mata-Espinosa D, Estrada-Parra S, Chacón-Salinas R, Serafín-López J, Wong-Baeza I, Hernández-Pando R, Estrada-García I. Extracellular vesicles released by J774A.1 macrophages reduce the bacterial load in macrophages and in an experimental mouse model of tuberculosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:6707-6719. [PMID: 31692512 PMCID: PMC6708438 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s203507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death by an infectious microorganism worldwide. Conventional treatment lasts at least six months and has adverse effects; therefore, it is important to find therapeutic alternatives that reduce the bacterial load and may reduce the treatment duration. The immune response against tuberculosis can be modulated by several mechanisms, including extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are nano-sized membrane-bound structures that constitute an efficient communication mechanism among immune cells. Methods The EVs released by the J774A.1 mouse macrophage cell line, both spontaneously (S-EV) and after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (Mtb-EV), were purified by ultra-centrifugation and size-exclusion chromatography. The size distribution and chemical composition of these EVs were evaluated, and their effect on the bacterial load and the production of cytokines was determined in both in vitro and in vivo models of M. tuberculosis infection. Results Mtb-EV are larger than S-EV, they contain M. tuberculosis-specific antigens (not detected in EVs released from M. fortuitum-infected J774A.1 cells) and are rich in phosphatidylserine, present in their outer membrane layer. S-EV, but not Mtb-EV, reduced the bacterial load and the production of MCP-1 and TNF-α in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages, and these effects were reversed when phosphatidylserine was blocked with annexin V. Both S-EV and Mtb-EV significantly reduced the lung bacterial load in mice infected with M. tuberculosis after 60 days of treatment, but they had no effect on survival or on the lung pneumonic area of these mice. Conclusion J774A.1 macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv released EVs that differed in size and phosphatidylserine content from spontaneously released EVs, and these EVs also had different biological effects: S-EV reduced the mycobacterial load and the cytokine production in vitro (through a phosphatidylserine-dependent mechanism), while both EVs reduced the lung bacterial load in vivo. These results are the basis for further experiments to evaluate whether EVs improve the efficiency of the conventional treatment for tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariano García-Martínez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Vázquez-Flores
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Violeta D Álvarez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioseguridad Nivel 3, Centro Médico Naval (CEMENAV), Secretaría de Marina Armada de México (Semar), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica Castañeda-Casimiro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ibáñez-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luvia Enid Sánchez-Torres
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Barrios-Payán
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Estrada-Parra
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rommel Chacón-Salinas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jeanet Serafín-López
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isabel Wong-Baeza
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iris Estrada-García
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang J, Wang Y, Tang L, Garcia RC. Extracellular Vesicles in Mycobacterial Infections: Their Potential as Molecule Transfer Vectors. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1929. [PMID: 31474995 PMCID: PMC6703136 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound structures released by living cells and present in body fluids. Their composition includes proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids and are involved in transfers between cells. Extracellular vesicles can deliver molecules to cells and tissues even if distant. As a consequence, they have a role in information transmission and in the modulation of the biological function of recipient cells. Among other things, they are involved in antigen presentation and the induction of secretion events by immune cells. Thus, extracellular vesicles participate in the regulation of immune responses during infections. We will discuss their potential as effectors and disease biomarkers concerning only mycobacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lijun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zarantonello V, Silva TP, Noyma NP, Gamalier JP, Mello MM, Marinho MM, Melo RCN. The Cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (CYRF-01) Responds to Environmental Stresses with Increased Vesiculation Detected at Single-Cell Resolution. Front Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29515552 PMCID: PMC5826386 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of membrane-limited vesicles, collectively termed extracellular vesicles (EVs), is an important biological process of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. This process has been observed in bacteria, but remains to be better characterized at high resolution in cyanobacteria. In the present work, we address the release of EVs by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (CYRF-01), a filamentous bloom-forming cyanobacterium, exposed to environmental stressors. First, non-axenic cultures of C. raciborskii (CYRF-01) were exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVA + UVB) over a 6 h period, which is known to induce structural damage to this species. Second, C. raciborskii was co-cultured in interaction with another cyanobacterium species, Microcystis aeruginosa (MIRF-01), over a 24 h period. After the incubation times, cell density and viability were analyzed, and samples were processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our ultrastructural analyses revealed that C. raciborskii constitutively releases EVs from the outer membrane during its normal growth and amplifies such ability in response to environmental stressors. Both situations induced significant formation of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) by C. raciborskii compared to control cells. Quantitative TEM revealed an increase of 48% (UV) and 60% (interaction) in the OMV numbers compared to control groups. Considering all groups, the OMVs ranged in size from 20 to 300 nm in diameter, with most OMVs showing diameters between 20 and 140 nm. Additionally, we detected that OMV formation is accompanied by phosphatidylserine exposure, a molecular event also observed in EV-secreting eukaryotic cells. Altogether, we identified for the first time that C. raciborskii has the competence to secrete OMVs and that under different stress situations the genesis of these vesicles is increased. The amplified ability of cyanobacteria to release OMVs may be associated with adaptive responses to changes in environmental conditions and interspecies cell communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Zarantonello
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Thiago P Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Natália P Noyma
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Gamalier
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Mello
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Marinho
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alvarez-Jiménez VD, Leyva-Paredes K, García-Martínez M, Vázquez-Flores L, García-Paredes VG, Campillo-Navarro M, Romo-Cruz I, Rosales-García VH, Castañeda-Casimiro J, González-Pozos S, Hernández JM, Wong-Baeza C, García-Pérez BE, Ortiz-Navarrete V, Estrada-Parra S, Serafín-López J, Wong-Baeza I, Chacón-Salinas R, Estrada-García I. Extracellular Vesicles Released from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Neutrophils Promote Macrophage Autophagy and Decrease Intracellular Mycobacterial Survival. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29520273 PMCID: PMC5827556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In the lungs, macrophages and neutrophils are the first immune cells that have contact with the infecting mycobacteria. Neutrophils are phagocytic cells that kill microorganisms through several mechanisms, which include the lytic enzymes and antimicrobial peptides that are found in their lysosomes, and the production of reactive oxygen species. Neutrophils also release extracellular vesicles (EVs) (100-1,000 nm in diameter) to the extracellular milieu; these EVs consist of a lipid bilayer surrounding a hydrophilic core and participate in intercellular communication. We previously demonstrated that human neutrophils infected in vitro with Mtb H37Rv release EVs (EV-TB), but the effect of these EVs on other cells relevant for the control of Mtb infection, such as macrophages, has not been completely analyzed. In this study, we characterized the EVs produced by non-stimulated human neutrophils (EV-NS), and the EVs produced by neutrophils stimulated with an activator (PMA), a peptide derived from bacterial proteins (fMLF) or Mtb, and observed that the four EVs differed in their size. Ligands for toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/6 were detected in EV-TB, and these EVs favored a modest increase in the expression of the co-stimulatory molecules CD80, a higher expression of CD86, and the production of higher amounts of TNF-α and IL-6, and of lower amounts of TGF-β, in autologous human macrophages, compared with the other EVs. EV-TB reduced the amount of intracellular Mtb in macrophages, and increased superoxide anion production in these cells. TLR2/6 ligation and superoxide anion production are known inducers of autophagy; accordingly, we found that EV-TB induced higher expression of the autophagy-related marker LC3-II in macrophages, and the co-localization of LC3-II with Mtb inside infected macrophages. The intracellular mycobacterial load increased when autophagy was inhibited with wortmannin in these cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that neutrophils produce different EVs in response to diverse activators, and that EV-TB activate macrophages and promote the clearance of intracellular Mtb through early superoxide anion production and autophagy induction, which is a novel role for neutrophil-derived EVs in the immune response to Mtb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta D Alvarez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kahiry Leyva-Paredes
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariano García-Martínez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Vázquez-Flores
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Víctor Gabriel García-Paredes
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcia Campillo-Navarro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Israel Romo-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Víctor Hugo Rosales-García
- Laboratorio de Citometría de Flujo de Diagnóstico Molecular de Leucemias y Terapia Celular SA. De CV. (DILETEC), Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorios Nacionales de Servicios Experimentales (LANSE), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica Castañeda-Casimiro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sirenia González-Pozos
- Laboratorios Nacionales de Servicios Experimentales (LANSE), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Wong-Baeza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Blanca Estela García-Pérez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vianney Ortiz-Navarrete
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Estrada-Parra
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jeanet Serafín-López
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isabel Wong-Baeza
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rommel Chacón-Salinas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iris Estrada-García
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Akuthota P, Carmo LAS, Bonjour K, Murphy RO, Silva TP, Gamalier JP, Capron KL, Tigges J, Toxavidis V, Camacho V, Ghiran I, Ueki S, Weller PF, Melo RCN. Extracellular Microvesicle Production by Human Eosinophils Activated by "Inflammatory" Stimuli. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:117. [PMID: 27833910 PMCID: PMC5081571 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A key function of human eosinophils is to secrete cytokines, chemokines and cationic proteins, trafficking, and releasing these mediators for roles in inflammation and other immune responses. Eosinophil activation leads to secretion of pre-synthesized granule-stored mediators through different mechanisms, but the ability of eosinophils to secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), very small vesicles with preserved membrane topology, is still poorly understood. In the present work, we sought to identify and characterize EVs released from human eosinophils during different conditions: after a culturing period or after isolation and stimulation with inflammatory stimuli, which are known to induce eosinophil activation and secretion: CCL11 (eotaxin-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). EV production was investigated by nanoscale flow cytometry, conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and pre-embedding immunonanogold EM. The tetraspanins CD63 and CD9 were used as EV biomarkers for both flow cytometry and ultrastructural immunolabeling. Nanoscale flow cytometry showed that human eosinophils produce EVs in culture and that a population of EVs expressed detectable CD9, while CD63 was not consistently detected. When eosinophils were stimulated immediately after isolation and analyzed by TEM, EVs were clearly identified as microvesicles (MVs) outwardly budding off the plasma membrane. Both CCL11 and TNF-α induced significant increases of MVs compared to unstimulated cells. TNF-α induced amplified release of MVs more than CCL11. Eosinophil MV diameters varied from 20 to 1000 nm. Immunonanogold EM revealed clear immunolabeling for CD63 and CD9 on eosinophil MVs, although not all MVs were labeled. Altogether, we identified, for the first time, that human eosinophils secrete MVs and that this production increases in response to inflammatory stimuli. This is important to understand the complex secretory activities of eosinophils underlying immune responses. The contribution of the eosinophil-derived MVs to the regulation of immune responses awaits further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Akuthota
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lívia A S Carmo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Kennedy Bonjour
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Ryann O Murphy
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thiago P Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Gamalier
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Kelsey L Capron
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Tigges
- Flow Cytometry Core, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vasilis Toxavidis
- Flow Cytometry Core, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Virginia Camacho
- Flow Cytometry Core, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ionita Ghiran
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine Akita, Japan
| | - Peter F Weller
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA; Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Juiz de ForaJuiz de Fora, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Parandhaman DK, Narayanan S. Cell death paradigms in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:31. [PMID: 24634891 PMCID: PMC3943388 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death or senescence is a fundamental event that helps maintain cellular homeostasis, shapes the growth of organism, and provides protective immunity against invading pathogens. Decreased or increased cell death is detrimental both in infectious and non-infectious diseases. Cell death is executed both by regulated enzymic reactions and non-enzymic sudden collapse. In this brief review we have tried to summarize various cell death modalities and their impact on the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar Parandhaman
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis Chennai, India ; Department of Immunology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi, India
| | - Sujatha Narayanan
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang J, Zhou X, Pan B, Yang L, Yin X, Xu B, Zhao D. Investigation of the effect of Mycobacterium bovis infection on bovine neutrophils functions. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2013; 93:675-87. [PMID: 23988278 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is a disease in cattle caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis. The disease has posed significant economic losses and remains a public health hazard worldwide. Interactions between M. bovis and bovine macrophages have been extensively characterized in various studies, while similar analyses in neutrophils, which are one of the other types of white blood cells in mammals, were often overlooked. Neutrophils provide defense against all microbes and can present a diverse collection of antimicrobial molecules, which play an important role in the control of tuberculosis progression. Much of the available data about the involvement of neutrophils in the killing M. bovis is controversial. In this study, we assessed the effect of in vitro infection with M. bovis on some parameters of neutrophils functions including phenotypic changes, apoptosis rate and inflammatory cytokines production. Our results demonstrated that phagocytosis of M. bovis activated and enhanced bovine neutrophils functions as well as initialed their defense mechanism, but failed to eliminate the mycobacteria. Moreover, autophagy might get involved in the defense infection process functioning as a protective mechanism, and inducible-autophagy by lipopolysaccharides stimulation and starvation treatment could efficiently reverse the inability of neutrophils for killing M. bovis, suggesting a potential target for anti-mycobacterial drug-therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- State Key Lab of Agrobiotechnology, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; The State Key Lab of Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National TSE Lab, Beijing 100193, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Neutrophilic granulocytes are no longer regarded as cells involved only in the last phase of the immune response with one single-although vitally important-task: engulfing and killing of microorganisms marked by immunoglobulin or complement fragments. In recent years, it was shown that neutrophils are actively involved in initiation and organization of the adaptive immune response by releasing various cytokines, interacting with all major types of immune cells, regulating their own lifespan, and participating in the anaphylactic reaction and in several classically nonimmune functions such as hemostasis, atherogenesis, and even insulin resistance. The antibacterial effect is no longer restricted to killing and destruction of microorganisms sequestered in the phagosomal space. Bacteriostasis also occurs at certain locations of the extracellular space, by formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that were shown in the last 2 years to have a significant role in the prevention of dissemination of microorganisms. Extracellular vesicles represent a recently discovered form of intercellular communication carried out both by lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. In this review, we also summarize the role of neutrophil-derived extracellular vesicles in modifying the function of other cell types as well as their direct antibacterial effect that differs significantly from mechanisms applied either by neutrophils or by the NETs.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Membrane microparticles are submicron fragments of membrane shed into extracellular space from cells under conditions of stress/injury. They may be distinguished from other classes of extracellular vesicles (i.e. exosomes) on the basis of size, content and mechanism of formation. Microparticles are found in plasma and other biological fluids from healthy individuals and their levels are altered in various diseases, including diabetes, chronic kidney disease, pre-eclampsia and hypertension among others. Accordingly, they have been considered biomarkers of vascular injury and pro-thrombotic or pro-inflammatory conditions. In addition to this, emerging evidence suggests that microparticles are not simply a consequence of disease, but that they themselves may contribute to pathological processes. Thus microparticles appear to serve as both markers and mediators of pathology. The present review examines the evidence for microparticles as both biomarkers of, and contributors to, the progression of disease. Approaches for the detection of microparticles are summarized and novel concepts relating to the formation of microparticles and their biological effects are examined.
Collapse
|
13
|
The tuberculous granuloma: an unsuccessful host defence mechanism providing a safety shelter for the bacteria? Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:139127. [PMID: 22811737 PMCID: PMC3395138 DOI: 10.1155/2012/139127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the main features of the immune response to M. Tuberculosis is the formation of an organized structure called granuloma. It consists mainly in the recruitment at the infectious stage of macrophages, highly differentiated cells such as multinucleated giant cells, epithelioid cells and Foamy cells, all these cells being surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes. Although in the first instance the granuloma acts to constrain the infection, some bacilli can actually survive inside these structures for a long time in a dormant state. For some reasons, which are still unclear, the bacilli will reactivate in 10% of the latently infected individuals, escape the granuloma and spread throughout the body, thus giving rise to clinical disease, and are finally disseminated throughout the environment. In this review we examine the process leading to the formation of the granulomatous structures and the different cell types that have been shown to be part of this inflammatory reaction. We also discuss the different in vivo and in vitro models available to study this fascinating immune structure.
Collapse
|
14
|
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced neutrophil ectosomes decrease macrophage activation. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2012; 92:218-25. [PMID: 22391089 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The existence of ectosome-like microvesicles released by neutrophils was proposed a few decades ago. Other studies revealed that the innate immune response during mycobacterial infection is accompanied by an intense migration of neutrophils to the site of infection, which may be important during the acute phase of tuberculosis. We found that the ectosomes derived from infected neutrophils are biologically active and can influence the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within macrophages. METHODS Mycobacteria were cultured on supplemented Middlebrook-7H9 broth. All strains were grown to the exponential phase and quantitated by serial dilution. Human neutrophils and macrophages were infected with mycobacteria. Ectosomes from neutrophils were isolated post-infection and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometry. To determine whether these microvesicles influenced mycobactericidal activity, mycobacteria-infected macrophages were treated with isolated ectosomes. RESULTS Ectosomes were released from neutrophils infected with mycobacteria. These ectosomes were derived from neutrophil plasma membrane and a small proportion stained with PKH26. These microvesicles, when incubated with infected macrophages, influenced antimycobacterial activity. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate that ectosomes that are shed from infected neutrophils influence mycobactericidal activity in macrophages in vitro, suggesting that these microvesicles have biological significance. Nevertheless, major gaps in our knowledge of microvesicle biology remain.
Collapse
|