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Bannantine JP, Duffy SC, Colombatti Olivieri MA, Behr MA, Biet F, Price NPJ. Genetic and chemical control of tuberculostearic acid production in Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0050824. [PMID: 38501867 PMCID: PMC11064506 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00508-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculostearic acid (TBSA) is a fatty acid unique to mycobacteria and some corynebacteria and has been studied due to its diagnostic value, biofuel properties, and role in membrane dynamics. In this study, we demonstrate that TBSA production can be abrogated either by addition of pivalic acid to mycobacterial growth cultures or by a bfaA gene knockout encoding a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-binding oxidoreductase. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) growth and TBSA production were inhibited in 0.5-mg/mL pivalic acid-supplemented cultures, but higher concentrations were needed to have a similar effect in other mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium smegmatis. While Map C-type strains, isolated from cattle and other ruminants, will produce TBSA in the absence of pivalic acid, the S-type Map strains, typically isolated from sheep, do not produce TBSA in any condition. A SAM-dependent methyltransferase encoded by bfaB and FAD-binding oxidoreductase are both required in the two-step biosynthesis of TBSA. However, S-type strains contain a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the bfaA gene, rendering the oxidoreductase enzyme vestigial. This results in the production of an intermediate, termed 10-methylene stearate, which is detected only in S-type strains. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis of a C-type Map bfaA knockout revealed the loss of TBSA production, but the intermediate was present, similar to the S-type strains. Collectively, these results demonstrate the subtle biochemical differences between two primary genetic lineages of Map and other mycobacteria as well as explain the resulting phenotype at the genetic level. These data also suggest that TBSA should not be used as a diagnostic marker for Map.IMPORTANCEBranched-chain fatty acids are a predominant cell wall component among species belonging to the Mycobacterium genus. One of these is TBSA, which is a long-chain middle-branched fatty acid used as a diagnostic marker for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This fatty acid is also an excellent biolubricant. Control of its production is important for industrial purposes as well as understanding the biology of mycobacteria. In this study, we discovered that a carboxylic acid compound termed pivalic acid inhibits TBSA production in mycobacteria. Furthermore, Map strains from two separate genetic lineages (C-type and S-type) showed differential production of TBSA. Cattle-type strains of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis produce TBSA, while the sheep-type strains do not. This important phenotypic difference is attributed to a single-nucleotide deletion in sheep-type strains of Map. This work sheds further light on the mechanism used by mycobacteria to produce tuberculostearic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Bannantine
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Shannon C. Duffy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - María A. Colombatti Olivieri
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, USA
- ARS Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marcel A. Behr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Franck Biet
- INRAE, ISP, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Neil P. J. Price
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, Illinois, USA
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Luies L, du Preez I, Loots DT. The role of metabolomics in tuberculosis treatment research. Biomark Med 2017; 11:1017-1029. [PMID: 29039217 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that tuberculosis (TB) is a curable disease, it still results in approximately 1.8 million deaths annually. Various inadequacies in the current TB treatment strategies are major contributors to this high disease prevalence, including the long duration of therapy, the severe side effects associated with TB drugs, treatment failure due to drug resistance, post-treatment disease relapse, and HIV co-infection. In this review, we describe how metabolomics has contributed toward better explaining/elucidating the mechanisms of drug action/metabolism, drug toxicity and microbial drug resistance, and how metabolite biomarkers may serve as prognostic indicators for predicting treatment outcome as well as for the development of new TB drugs. We also discuss possible future contributions that metabolomics can make toward more efficient, less toxic TB treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laneke Luies
- Human Metabolomics, School for Physical & Chemical Sciences, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Ilse du Preez
- Human Metabolomics, School for Physical & Chemical Sciences, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Du Toit Loots
- Human Metabolomics, School for Physical & Chemical Sciences, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
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Alonso-Hearn M, Abendaño N, Ruvira MA, Aznar R, Landin M, Juste RA. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) Fatty Acids Profile Is Strain-Dependent and Changes Upon Host Macrophages Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:89. [PMID: 28377904 PMCID: PMC5359295 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease is a chronic granulomatous enteritis of ruminants caused by the intracellular bacterium Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map). We previously demonstrated that Map isolates from sheep persisted within host macrophages in lower CFUs than cattle isolates after 7 days of infection. In the current study, we hypothesize that these phenotypic differences between Map isolates may be driven be the fatty acids (FAs) present on the phosphadidyl-1-myo-inositol mannosides of the Map cell wall that mediate recognition by the mannose receptors of host macrophages. FAs modifications may influence Map's envelope fluidity ultimately affecting pathogenicity. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the responses of two Map isolates from cattle (K10 isolate) and sheep (2349/06-1) to the bovine and ovine macrophage environment by measuring the FAs content of extracellular and intracellular bacteria. For this purpose, macrophages cell lines of bovine (BOMAC) and ovine (MOCL-4) origin were infected with the two isolates of Map for 4 days at 37°C. The relative FAs composition of the two isolates recovered from infected BOMAC and MOCL-4 cells was determined by gas chromatography and compared with that of extracellular bacteria and that of bacteria grown in Middlebrook 7H9 medium. Using this approach, we demonstrated that the FAs composition of extracellular and 7H9-grown bacteria was highly conserved within each Map isolate, and statistically different from that of intracellular bacteria. Analysis of FAs composition from extracellular bacteria enabled the distinction of the two Map strains based on the presence of the tuberculostearic acid (18:0 10Me) exclusively in the K10 strain of Map. In addition, significant differences in the content of Palmitic acid and cis-7 Palmitoleic acid between both isolates harvested from the extracellular environment were observed. Once the infection established itself in BOMAC and MOCL-4 cells, the FAs profiles of both Map isolates appeared conserved. Our results suggest that the FAs composition of Map might influence its recognition by macrophages and influence the survival of the bacillus within host macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Alonso-Hearn
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Technological Park of Bizkaia Derio, Spain
| | - Naiara Abendaño
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Technological Park of Bizkaia Derio, Spain
| | - Maria A Ruvira
- Spanish Type Culture Collection (CECT), University of Valencia, Parc Científic Universitat de València Paterna, Spain
| | - Rosa Aznar
- Spanish Type Culture Collection (CECT), University of Valencia, Parc Científic Universitat de València Paterna, Spain
| | - Mariana Landin
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ramon A Juste
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Technological Park of BizkaiaDerio, Spain; Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Agri-Food Research and Development Regional ServiceVillaviciosa, Spain
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Mourão MP, Denekamp I, Kuijper S, Kolk AH, Janssen HG. Hyphenated and comprehensive liquid chromatography ÿ gas chromatographymass spectrometry for the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1439:152-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Fleurbaaij F, van Leeuwen HC, Klychnikov OI, Kuijper EJ, Hensbergen PJ. Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Dong SH, Cai G, Napolitano JG, Nikolić D, Lankin DC, McAlpine JB, van Breemen RB, Soejarto DD, Pauli GF, Chen SN. Lipidated steroid saponins from Dioscorea villosa (wild yam). Fitoterapia 2013; 91:113-124. [PMID: 23968665 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Two groups of lipidated steroid saponins including seven new compounds (2, 3, 5, and 7-10) were isolated from the widely used botanical, wild yam (Dioscorea villosa), employing a fractionation protocol of metabolomic mining. This methodology recently led to the isolation of 14 diarylheptanoids from the same plant. Together with these lipidated steroid saponins, they establish additional new markers for D. villosa. The lipidation of steroids with analog long-chain fatty acids containing different degrees of unsaturation generates an entire series of compounds which are difficult to purify and analyze. The structures of the two series of lipidated steroid saponins (series A and B) were established by a combination of 1D and 2D NMR as well as GC-MS after chemical modification. Series A was determined to be a mixture of lipidated spirostanol glycosides (1-5), while series B (6-10) was proved to be a mixture of five lipidated clionasterol glucosides. The latter group represents the first derivatives of clionasterol to be found in D. villosa. The discovery of this specific structural type of aliphatic esters of steroid saponins expands the characterization of the secondary metabolome of D. villosa. It may also inspire biological studies which take into account the lipophilic character and significantly altered physiochemical characteristics of these otherwise relatively polar phytoconstituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hui Dong
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Geping Cai
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - José G Napolitano
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Institute for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Dejan Nikolić
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - David C Lankin
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - James B McAlpine
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Djaja D Soejarto
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Institute for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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