Pharmacokinetic studies of a three-component complex that repurposes the front line antibiotic isoniazid against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

In vitro antimycobacterial activity and interaction profiles of diarylthiourea-copper (II) complexes with antitubercular drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates

The activity of several halogenated copper (II) complexes of 4-chloro-3-nitrophenylthiourea derivatives has been tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and strains of non-tuberculous mycobacteria. The compounds were 2-16 times more potent than current TB-drugs against multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis 210. The 3,4-dichlorophenylthiourea complex (5) was equipotent to ethambutol (EMB) towards M. tuberculosis H37Rv and 192 strains. All derivatives acted 2-8 times stronger than isoniazid (INH) against nontuberculous isolates. In the presence of chosen coordinates, the 2-64 times reduction of MIC values of standard drugs was denoted. The synergistic interaction was found between the complex 4 and rifampicin (RMP), and additivity of 1-5, 8 in pairs with EMB and/or streptomycin (SM) against M. tuberculosis 800 was established. All coordination compounds in combination with at least one drug showed additive activity towards both H37Rv and 192 isolates. In 67% incidences of indifference, the individual MIC of a drug decreased 2-16-fold. One can conclude that the novel thiourea chelates described here are potent hits for further developments of new agents against tuberculosis.

Development of Predictive Classification Models for Whole Cell Antimycobacterial Activity of Benzothiazinones

Nitrobenzothiazinones (BTZs) are a very potent class of antibiotics against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, relationships between their structural properties and whole cell activity remain poorly predictable. Herein, we present the synthesis and antimycobacterial evaluation of a diverse set of BTZs. High potency was predominantly achieved by piperidine and piperazine substitutions, whereupon three compounds were identified as promising candidates, showing preferable metabolic stability. Lack of correlation between potency and calculated binding energies suggested that target inhibition is not the only requirement to obtain suitable antimycobacterial agents. In contrast, prediction of whole cell activity class was successfully accomplished by extensively validated machine learning models. The performance of the superior model was further verified by >70% correct class predictions for a large set of reported BTZs. Our generated model is thus a key prerequisite to streamline lead optimization endeavors, particularly regarding the improvement of overall hit rates in whole cell antimycobacterial assays.

Chiral Recognition R- and RS- of New Antifungal: Complexation/Solubilization/Dissolution Thermodynamics and Permeability Assay

Novel potential antifungal of 1,2,4-triazole class have been synthesized as pure enantiomer (R-98) and racemic (RS-186). The effect of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (CD) on the solubility and permeability of RS-186 and R-98 in terms of chiral recognition was investigated. Phase solubility studies were carried out at 4 temperatures in 0-0.05 M CD concentration range for pH 2.0 and pH 7.4. AL- and AL--type phase-solubility profiles were obtained for both compounds in pH 2.0 and pH 7.4. The racemic formed more stable complexes with CD as compared to R-isomer. Disclosing of chiral discrimination was facilitated using the approach based on the complex consideration of the derived complexation/solubilization/inherent dissolution thermodynamic functions, including the differential parameters between the racemic compound and R-enantiomer. The differences in the thermodynamic parameters determined by the chirality were discussed in terms of the driving forces of the processes and the main interactions of the compounds with CD in solution. The membrane permeability of both samples in the presence of CD was accessed in order to evaluate the specificity of enantioselective transport through the lipophilic membrane. The solubility/permeability interrelation was disclosed. The investigated compounds were classified as medium permeable in pure buffers and low permeable in the presence of 0.01 M CD. The obtained results can be useful for the design of pharmaceutical products in the form of liquid formulations based on the investigated substances.

Designing inhalable metal organic frameworks for pulmonary tuberculosis treatment and theragnostics via spray drying

Inhalable metal organic framework (MOF) aerosols have been developed via spray drying as a therapy for multi-drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB). The CuPOA₂ (pyrazinoate acid) MOFs can be tailored to exhibit a respirable mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 2.6 μm. This method is repeated to manufacture Gd_0.1Cu_0.9(POA)₂ MOFs for inhalable theragnostics.

Vaporization, bioactive formulations and a marine natural product: different perspectives on antivirals

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Concept draws on 20 years of research with cancer drugs, antibiotics and synthesis of an antiviral.

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Advantages of inhalation sought include lower dose and improved efficacy for species such as hydroxychloroquine, with a bioactive bulk solvent

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Bulk constituents in vaporization process have some antiviral activity

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Bioactive ingredients can be included in the formulation that can accelerate viral replication which disrupts other processes improving the efficacy of the pharmaceutical

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Marine natural product bryostatin-1 has antiviral properties; when extracted from host, the complex mixture of bryostatin structures should be considered for medicinal administration

This article examines three aspects of antivirals, such as hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, and remdesvir, as they might relate to the treatment of a viral infection such as COVID-19: (i) the use of vaporization for the delivery of antivirals, with the bulk constituents having mild antiviral efficacy; (ii) the application of a marine natural product extract as opposed to a single molecule as an antiviral agent; and (iii) a counter intuitive approach to formulation that is, in part, based on delivering multiple species that fall into three categories: building blocks for the virus to accelerate replication; an energy source for the infected cell to boost its immune response; and the species that antagonize or provide toxicity to the virus.

Zinc(ii) centered biologically active novel N,N,O donor tridentate water-soluble hydrazide-based O-carboxymethyl chitosan Schiff base metal complexes: synthesis and characterisation

In this study, novel eco-friendly and water-soluble chitosan Schiff base derivatives have been designed for potential use in antimicrobial applications.

A Copper10-Paclitaxel crystal; a medicinally active drug delivery platform

Paclitaxel is a well-known cancer drug that functions as a mitotic inhibitor. This work focuses on a copper based crystal that encapsulates the pharmaceutical agent and serves as a drug delivery agent. A Copper₁₀-Pacitaxil₁ chloride (CU₁₀PAC₁) complex is synthesized and tested against the National Cancer Institute's sixty cell line panel. The 10:1 ratio results in a crystal that was examined by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spec (MALDI-TOF-MS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Proton (¹H) and Carbon (¹³C) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The potential attributes of a copper based crystal as an in vivo drug carrier for Paclitaxel are discussed.

Copper-related toxicity in replicating and dormantMycobacterium tuberculosiscaused by 1-hydroxy-5-R-pyridine-2(1H)-thiones

1-Hydroxy-5-R-pyridine-2(1H)-thiones are novel copper-dependentM. tuberculosisinhibitors that provide intracellular accumulation of toxic concentrations of copper.