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Decourcey MA, Davis WC, de Souza C. Use of RNA-seq to identify genes encoding cytokines and chemokines activated following uptake and processing a candidate peptide vaccine developed against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2024; 46:e002723. [PMID: 38282832 PMCID: PMC10811724 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm002723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the primary and recall responses to a membrane molecule (MMP), encoded by MAP2121c demonstrated that tri-directional signaling between the antigen-presenting cell (APC), CD4 and CD8 is essential for eliciting a CD8 cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. As reported here, RNA-sequencing was used to initiate the characterization of the signaling pathways involved in eliciting the development of CD8 CTL, starting with the characterization of the activation status of genes in monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMΦ) following uptake and processing MMP for the presentation of antigenic epitopes to CD4 and CD8 T cells. Activation status was compared with the uptake and processing of LPS, a nonspecific stimulator of macrophages. 1609 genes were identified that were upregulated, and 1277 were downregulated three hours after uptake and processing MMP. No significant difference was observed in the cytokine genes selected for analysis of the signaling that must occur between APC, CD4, and CD8 for the development of CTL. The initial observations indicate screening of the transcriptome should include genes involved in signaling between APC and CD4, and CD8 regardless of their activation status. Four genes of interest in this study, IL12A, IL12B, IL15, and IL23A, were not significantly different from control values. The initial studies also indicate MoMΦ can be included with dendritic cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells for further analysis of the tri-directional signaling required for the development of CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Athena Decourcey
- Veterinarian, Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, CO, USA
| | - William Charles Davis
- Veterinarian, PhD, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Cleverson de Souza
- Veterinarian Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Meng X, Chen F, Xiong M, Hao H, Wang KJ. A new pathogenic isolate of Kocuria kristinae identified for the first time in the marine fish Larimichthys crocea. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1129568. [PMID: 37180261 PMCID: PMC10167289 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1129568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, new emerging pathogenic microorganisms have frequently appeared in animals, including marine fish, possibly due to climate change, anthropogenic activities, and even cross-species transmission of pathogenic microorganisms among animals or between animals and humans, which poses a serious issue for preventive medicine. In this study, a bacterium was clearly characterized among 64 isolates from the gills of diseased large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea that were raised in marine aquaculture. This strain was identified as K. kristinae by biochemical tests with a VITEK 2.0 analysis system and 16S rRNA sequencing and named K. kristinae_LC. The potential genes that might encode virulence-factors were widely screened through sequence analysis of the whole genome of K. kristinae_LC. Many genes involved in the two-component system and drug-resistance were also annotated. In addition, 104 unique genes in K. kristinae_LC were identified by pan genome analysis with the genomes of this strain from five different origins (woodpecker, medical resource, environment, and marine sponge reef) and the analysis results demonstrated that their predicted functions might be associated with adaptation to living conditions such as higher salinity, complex marine biomes, and low temperature. A significant difference in genomic organization was found among the K. kristinae strains that might be related to their hosts living in different environments. The animal regression test for this new bacterial isolate was carried out using L. crocea, and the results showed that this bacterium could cause the death of L. crocea and that the fish mortality was dose-dependent within 5 days post infection, indicating the pathogenicity of K. kristinae_LC to marine fish. Since K. kristinae has been reported as a pathogen for humans and bovines, in our study, we revealed a new isolate of K. kristinae_LC from marine fish for the first time, suggesting the potentiality of cross-species transmission among animals or from marine animals to humans, from which we would gain insight to help in future public prevention strategies for new emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Fangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Innovation Research Institute for Marine Biological Antimicrobial Peptide Industrial Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ming Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Innovation Research Institute for Marine Biological Antimicrobial Peptide Industrial Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hua Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Innovation Research Institute for Marine Biological Antimicrobial Peptide Industrial Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ke-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Innovation Research Institute for Marine Biological Antimicrobial Peptide Industrial Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Davis WC, Mahmoud AH, Abdellrazeq GS, Elnaggar MM, Dahl JL, Hulubei V, Fry LM. Ex vivo Platforms to Study the Primary and Recall Immune Responses to Intracellular Mycobacterial Pathogens and Peptide-Based Vaccines. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:878347. [PMID: 35591875 PMCID: PMC9111181 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.878347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in the study of the immune response to pathogens and candidate vaccines has been impeded by limitations in the methods to study the functional activity of T-cell subsets proliferating in response to antigens processed and presented by antigen presenting cells (APC). As described in this review, during our studies of the bovine immune response to a candidate peptide-based vaccine and candidate rel deletion mutants in Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (Map) and Mycbacterium bovis (BCG), we developed methods to study the primary and recall CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses using an ex vivo platform. An assay was developed to study intracellular killing of bacteria mediated by CD8 T cells using quantitative PCR to distinguish live bacteria from dead bacteria in a mixed population of live and dead bacteria. Through use of these assays, we were able to demonstrate vaccination with live rel Map and BCG deletion mutants and a Map peptide-based vaccine elicit development of CD8 cytotoxic T cells with the ability to kill intracellular bacteria using the perforin-granzyme B pathway. We also demonstrated tri-directional signaling between CD4 and CD8 T cells and antigen-primed APC is essential for eliciting CD8 cytotoxic T cells. Herein, we describe development of the assays and review progress made through their use in the study of the immune response to mycobacterial pathogens and candidate vaccines. The methods obviate some of the major difficulties encountered in characterizing the cell-mediated immune response to pathogens and development of attenuated and peptide-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C. Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: William C. Davis
| | - Asmaa H. Mahmoud
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Veterinary Quarantine of Alexandria, General Organization for Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gaber S. Abdellrazeq
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. Elnaggar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - John L. Dahl
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Victoria Hulubei
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Lindsay M. Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, United States
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Davis WC, Abdellrazeq GS, Mahmoud AH, Park KT, Elnaggar MM, Donofrio G, Hulubei V, Fry LM. Advances in Understanding of the Immune Response to Mycobacterial Pathogens and Vaccines through Use of Cattle and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis as a Prototypic Mycobacterial Pathogen. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101085. [PMID: 34696193 PMCID: PMC8541111 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of understanding of the immune response to mycobacterial pathogens has impeded progress in development of vaccines. Infection leads to development of an immune response that controls infection but is unable to eliminate the pathogen, resulting in a persistent infection. Although this puzzle remains to be solved, progress has been made using cattle as a model species to study the immune response to a prototypic mycobacterium, Mycobacterium a. paratuberculosis (Map). As chronicled in the review, incremental advances in characterizing the immune response to mycobacteria during the last 30 years with increases in information on the evolution of mycobacteria and relA, a gene regulating the stringent response, have brought us closer to an answer. We provide a brief overview of how mycobacterial pathogens were introduced into cattle during the transition of humankind to nomadic pastoralists who domesticated animals for food and farming. We summarize what is known about speciation of mycobacteria since the discovery of Mybacterium tuberculsis Mtb, M. bovis Mbv, and Map as zoonotic pathogens and discuss the challenges inherent in the development of vaccines to mycobacteria. We then describe how cattle were used to characterize the immune response to a prototypic mycobacterial pathogen and development of novel candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C. Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (G.S.A.); (A.H.M.); (M.M.E.); (V.H.); (L.M.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gaber S. Abdellrazeq
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (G.S.A.); (A.H.M.); (M.M.E.); (V.H.); (L.M.F.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 22758, Egypt
| | - Asmaa H. Mahmoud
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (G.S.A.); (A.H.M.); (M.M.E.); (V.H.); (L.M.F.)
- Veterinary Quarantine of Alexandria, General Organization for Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Dokki, Giza 12611, Egypt
| | - Kun-Taek Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Injero 197, Kimhae-si 50834, Korea;
| | - Mahmoud M. Elnaggar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (G.S.A.); (A.H.M.); (M.M.E.); (V.H.); (L.M.F.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 22758, Egypt
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Victoria Hulubei
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (G.S.A.); (A.H.M.); (M.M.E.); (V.H.); (L.M.F.)
| | - Lindsay M. Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (G.S.A.); (A.H.M.); (M.M.E.); (V.H.); (L.M.F.)
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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