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Benz P, Zablotski Y, Schulz B. Influence of acclimatization time on parameters of barometric whole-body plethysmography in healthy adult cats. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299252. [PMID: 38470892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary function testing by barometric whole-body plethysmography (BWBP) is a long-established and well-accepted, non-invasive investigative procedure in cats. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate, if different acclimatization times influence the measurement parameters of BWBP in healthy adult cats. ANIMALS 48 healthy adult cats. METHODS In the prospective observational study, healthy cats were placed in a measuring chamber and BWBP was performed over 30 minutes. Parameters obtained during the three measurement units of 10 minutes each (T1, T2 and T3) were compared. RESULTS All measurement parameters except for tidal volume per body weight changed significantly (p<0.05) over the three time periods. From T1-T2, the parameters minute volume per body weight (p<0.001), peak inspiratory flow per body weight (p<0.001), peak expiratory flow per body weight (p = 0.002), pause (p = 0.03), enhanced pause (p = 0.03) and quotient of peak expiratory flow divided by expiratory flow at end expiratory volume plus 50% tidal volume (p = 0.03) changed significantly. From the time interval T2-T3, only respiratory rate (p = 0.02), inspiratory time (p = 0.02), expiratory time (p = 0.04), and relaxation time (p = 0.01) changed significantly. All measurement parameters except for tidal volume per body weight changed significantly (p<0.05) between T1 and T3. Age had a significant influence on all parameters except for peak expiratory flow per body weight and peak inspiratory flow per body weight. The parameters were not influenced by sex. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE All measurement parameters except tidal volume per body weight were significantly affected by acclimatization time. Controlling for age and sex, there was still a significant influence of acclimatization time on all parameters except for tidal volume per body weight. Standardization of the acclimatization time for future studies would be appropriate in order to maintain comparability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Benz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bianka Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Gareis H, Schulz B. [Pulmonary function testing in the cat - an overview]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:441-454. [PMID: 34861722 DOI: 10.1055/a-1640-4123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of currently available pulmonary function tests in cats, divided into invasive and non-invasive methods. Invasive techniques comprise arterial blood gas analysis and measurement of pulmonary mechanics. Non-invasive techniques include pulse oximetry and capnography, as well as methods not yet integrated into everyday practice such as tidal breathing airflow-volume loops, whole-body barometric plethysmography and thorax compression. In this article, the background, execution, interpretation, and limitations of each test are discussed. Proper performance and assessment of pulmonary function measurements may aid in understanding the pathophysiology of feline respiratory disease and in increasing objectivity when assessing the existing disease and treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Gareis
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Bianka Schulz
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Chan JC, Johnson LR, Brown CS, Pollard RE. Fluoroscopic Estimation of Thoracic Dimensional Changes in Healthy Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1841-1848. [PMID: 28961336 PMCID: PMC5697204 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current methods available for assessing alterations in lung mechanics require sophisticated equipment and are of limited availability. A method that could assess lung area change with respiration might be a clinically useful surrogate for assessing lung compliance. Objective To use fluoroscopy to determine percent change in thoracic and lung areas in healthy dogs. Animals Forty‐four client‐owned dogs with no evidence of respiratory disease. Methods Prospective study. Resting respiration was recorded fluoroscopically, and peak inspiratory and expiratory frames were captured for 3 typical respiratory cycles. The number of intrathoracic pixels in the entire thoracic cavity was measured for both inspiration and expiration, and the average percent change in intrathoracic area was determined for each dog. This process was repeated by a hemithorax measurement of lung area that excluded the mediastinum and cardiac silhouette. Proposed reference ranges (and 95% confidence intervals [CI]) were computed by a nonparametric percentile distribution. Results Median percent change in thoracic dimension for the total thorax measurement was 12.5% (CI, 8.9–24.0%). Median percent change for the hemithorax measurement was significantly (P < 0.001) larger (20.8%, CI, 14.3–37.6%). Both measurement techniques were correlated with body weight but not with age, sex, thoracic conformation, body condition score (BCS), or breed. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Fluoroscopy allows a noninvasive and repeatable measure of lung area changes during respiration that must be corrected for body weight. Additional studies in dogs with respiratory diseases are needed to determine its utility in detecting clinically useful alterations in lung area changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Chan
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - L R Johnson
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - C S Brown
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - R E Pollard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
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Murphy DJ. Apneic events – A proposed new target for respiratory safety pharmacology. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81:194-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Lin CH, Wu HD, Lo PY, Lee JJ, Liu CH. Simultaneous visual inspection for barometric whole-body plethysmography waveforms during pulmonary function testing in client-owned cats. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:761-7. [PMID: 26179576 PMCID: PMC11112210 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15592662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES For the purpose of applying a barometric whole-body plethysmography (BWBP) device as a routine clinical tool in client-owned cats, the objective of this study was to evaluate the methodological importance of simultaneous visual inspection (SVI) of graphic tracing. METHODS To investigate the effect of SVI on the results obtained, 50 client-owned cats were included. Breath-by-breath analysis was conducted with BWBP software, and a commonly used rejection setting was chosen for automatic elimination (AE) of non-breath artefactual waveforms, according to tidal volume (TV), inspiratory and expiratory time, and the difference between inspiratory and expiratory volumes. During 10 mins of data recording, SVI for BWBP waveforms was performed to record manually time periods that were free of any artefacts. The two datasets derived from AE alone (AEA method) and AE plus SVI (SVI-AE method) were compared. The inter-observer effect on the process of SVI was evaluated on six cats. RESULTS There were statistically significant differences (P <0.001) between the AEA and SVI-AE datasets for most BWBP parameters. Bland-Altman analysis of the parameter-enhanced pause (Penh) showed heterogeneous variances, indicating less agreement when the Penh values were large. Intra-individual coefficients of variation of Penh were significantly higher with the AEA method than with the SVI-AE method (61.1% vs 34.7%, respectively; P <0.001). Inter-observer agreement on the SVI process was excellent, and no statistically significant differences between the two observers were found for any BWBP parameters obtained by the SVI-AE method (P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Visual inspection for BWBP waveforms in real time can reliably identify stable breathing signals in client-owned cats. The obtained results were significantly different when the SVI method was used in addition to AE. In the interpretation of BWBP parameters or comparison of measurements among studies, whether an SVI methodology was applied should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hui Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Section of Small Animal Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Dong Wu
- Section of Respiratory Therapy, Department of Integrated Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ying Lo
- Section of Small Animal Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jong Lee
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Section of Small Animal Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsuan Liu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Section of Diagnostic Pathology, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Liu N, Adams V, Kalmar L, Ladlow J, Sargan D. Whole-Body Barometric Plethysmography Characterizes Upper Airway Obstruction in 3 Brachycephalic Breeds of Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:853-65. [PMID: 27159898 PMCID: PMC4913582 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel test using whole-body barometric plethysmography (WBBP) was developed recently to diagnose brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) in unsedated French bulldogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The hypotheses of this study were: (1) respiratory characteristics are different between healthy nonbrachycephalic dogs and brachycephalic dogs; and among pugs, French bulldogs, and bulldogs; and (2) obesity and stenotic nares are risk factors for BOAS. The main objective was to establish a diagnostic test for BOAS in these 3 breeds. ANIMALS A total of 266 brachycephalic dogs (100 pugs, 100 French bulldogs, and 66 bulldogs) and 28 nonbrachycephalic dogs. METHODS Prospective study. Exercise tolerance tests with respiratory functional grading, and WBBP were performed on all dogs. Data from WBBP were associated with functional grades to train quadratic discriminant analysis tools to assign dogs to BOAS+ and BOAS- groups. A BOAS index (0-100%) was calculated for each dog. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate classification ability. RESULTS Minute volume was decreased significantly in asymptomatic pugs (P = .009), French bulldogs (P = .026), and bulldogs (P < .0001) when compared to nonbrachycephalic controls. Respiratory characteristics were different among breeds and affected dogs had a significant increase in trace variation. The BOAS index predicted BOAS status for each breed with 94-97% (95% confidence interval [CI], 88.9-100%) accuracy (area under the ROC curve). Both obesity (P = .04) and stenotic nares (P = .004) were significantly associated with BOAS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The WBBP can be used as a clinical tool to diagnose BOAS noninvasively and objectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- N‐C. Liu
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - L. Kalmar
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - J.F. Ladlow
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - D.R. Sargan
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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7
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Liu NC, Sargan DR, Adams VJ, Ladlow JF. Characterisation of Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome in French Bulldogs Using Whole-Body Barometric Plethysmography. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130741. [PMID: 26079684 PMCID: PMC4469695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) is an important health and welfare problem in several popular dog breeds. Whole-body barometric plethysmography (WBBP) is a non-invasive method that allows safe and repeated quantitative measurements of respiratory cycles on unsedated dogs. Here respiratory flow traces in French bulldogs from the pet population were characterised using WBBP, and a computational application was developed to recognise affected animals. Eighty-nine French bulldogs and twenty non-brachycephalic controls underwent WBBP testing. A respiratory functional grading system was used on each dog based on respiratory signs (i.e. respiratory noise, effort, etc.) before and after exercise. For development of an objective BOAS classifier, functional Grades 0 and I were considered to have insignificant clinical signs (termed here BOAS-) and Grades II and III to have significant signs (termed here BOAS+). A comparison between owner-perception of BOAS and functional grading revealed that 60 % of owners failed to recognise BOAS in dogs that graded BOAS+ in this study.WBBP flow traces were found to be significantly different between non-brachycephalic controls and Grade 0 French bulldogs; BOAS- and BOAS+ French bulldogs. A classifier was developed using quadratic discriminant analysis of the respiratory parameters to distinguish BOAS- and BOAS + French bulldogs, and a BOAS Index was calculated for each dog. A cut-off value of the BOAS Index was selected based on a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the classifier on the training group (n=69) were 0.97, 0.93, 0.95, and 0.97, respectively. The classifier was validated using a test group of French bulldogs (n=20) with an accuracy of 0.95. WBBP offers objective screening for the diagnosis of BOAS in French Bulldogs. The technique may be applied to other brachycephalic breeds affected by BOAS, and possibly to other respiratory disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Chieh Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Sargan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Vicki J. Adams
- Vet Epi Limited, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Jane F. Ladlow
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Tests of pulmonary function are useful tools for evaluating the potential for compounds to produce toxicity affecting the pulmonary system. Insults to the pulmonary system (i.e., due to drugs, biologics, toxins) can cause detectable dysfunction through multiple mechanisms. Manifestation of the response to insults will depend on the component(s) involved and the compensatory mechanism(s) initiated. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the concepts of pulmonary testing as it is applied to the preclinical evaluation of pharmaceutical test articles. The topics will include the techniques and methods that have been developed for use in nonclinical (animal) subjects and the parameters that are routinely measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stonerook
- Independent Toxicology/Safety Pharmacology Consultant, Columbia, MO, USA,
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9
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Murphy DJ. Optimizing the use of methods and measurement endpoints in respiratory safety pharmacology. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 70:204-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2014.03.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Xu Y, Rui J, Zhao X, Xiao C, Bao Q, Li J, Lao J. Effect of isolated unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis on ventilation and exercise performance in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 196:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Respiratory safety pharmacology – Current practice and future directions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 69:135-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Safety pharmacology — Current and emerging concepts. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 273:229-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Volumetric capnography curves as lung function test to confirm bronchoconstriction after carbachol challenge in sedated dogs. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:1418-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Effects of obesity on lung function and airway reactivity in healthy dogs. Vet J 2012; 193:217-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hirt RA, Galler A, Shibly S, Bilek A. Airway hyperresponsiveness to adenosine 5'-monophosphate in feline chronic inflammatory lower airway disease. Vet J 2009; 187:54-9. [PMID: 19910226 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Airway hyperresponsiveness is a key feature of human asthma and chronic bronchitis and response to the indirectly acting agonist adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) is thought to reflect underlying airway inflammation. To examine whether airway responsiveness testing (ART) with AMP may be used to differentiate healthy cats from those with asthma (FA) and chronic bronchitis (CB), 24 cats (9 FA, 6 CB, 9 controls) underwent ART with AMP at concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 500mg/mL using barometric whole body plethysmography. The defined endpoint of ART, an increase in enhanced pause (Penh) exceeding 300% of the post-saline value (baseline), was reached in 9/15 patients (7 FA, 2 CB), but in none of the controls. Mean Penh (±SD) at baseline (BL) was 0.49±0.16 for cases, and 0.54±0.16 for controls, and was significantly increased after AMP challenge in clinical cases (2.62±2.20), but not in controls (0.63±0.30, P<0.05). After separating responder (R) and non-responder (NR) cases, a more pronounced difference after challenge was found (R: 3.96±1.84, NR: 0.6±0.21, P<0.001). The provocative concentration of the agonist that increased Penh to 300% of BL (PC Penh 300) in R cases was 52.98±48.04mg/mL AMP. Age had no influence on the responder status or PC Penh 300. It was concluded that AMP challenge may offer a new method for the identification of cats with lower inflammatory airway disease, and possibly for monitoring disease progression or response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard A Hirt
- Department for Small Animals and Horses, Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Veterinary University of Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Bernaerts F, Talavera J, Leemans J, Hamaide A, Claeys S, Kirschvink N, Clercx C. Description of original endoscopic findings and respiratory functional assessment using barometric whole-body plethysmography in dogs suffering from brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome. Vet J 2008; 183:95-102. [PMID: 18952471 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The clinical features of brachycephalic airway obstructive disease in 11 brachycephalic dogs are described in this study. The respiratory strategy was assessed before (n=11) and after (n=6) surgery using barometric whole-body plethysmography (BWBP), with the relationship between BWBP variables and the severity of the clinical signs assessed by the use of a respiratory score based on clinical, radiographic and endoscopic findings. Partial collapse of the left main bronchus was a common finding not previously described as part of the brachycephalic airway obstructive disease syndrome. Epiglottic cysts, laryngeal granulomas and nasopharyngeal turbinates in English Bulldogs were other previously unreported findings. No significant correlation between the respiratory score and any of the BWBP variables was detected. Compared to healthy dogs, brachycephalic dogs had a significantly lower Te/Ti ratio (expiratory time over inspiratory time), peak inspiratory flow (PIF) per kg bodyweight (BW), significantly higher peak expiratory flow (PEF) per kgBW, PEF/PIF, and enhanced pause. These variations are compatible with upper airway obstructions primarily in the extrathoracic airways. Following surgery, a significant decrease in PEF/PIF was detected. The study showed that BWBP could be used to characterise the respiratory strategy in brachycephalic dogs before and after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Bernaerts
- Department for Clinical Sciences B44, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Jesús Talavera
- Department for Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Jérôme Leemans
- Section of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Department for Functional Sciences B41, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Annick Hamaide
- Department for Clinical Sciences B44, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Claeys
- Department for Clinical Sciences B44, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Kirschvink
- Animal Physiology, Department for Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Cécile Clercx
- Department for Clinical Sciences B44, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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17
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Hirt RA, Leinker S, Mosing M, Wiederstein I. Comparison of barometric whole body plethysmography and its derived parameter enhanced pause (PENH) with conventional respiratory mechanics in healthy Beagle dogs. Vet J 2008; 176:232-9. [PMID: 17644375 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to compare barometric whole body plethysmography (BWBP) and its derived parameter, enhanced pause (PENH), with conventional respiratory mechanics measurements. Resistance (RL), dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and pleural pressure changes were measured in six healthy anaesthetised Beagle dogs using a pneumotachograph and oesophageal balloon technique consecutive to BWBP-derived variables. Upper airway airflow limitation was established (1) by a filter or (2) by insertion of a narrow endotracheal tube. Bronchoconstriction was induced by nebulisation of carbachol at increasing concentrations until PENH exceeded 300% baseline. Upper airway narrowing significantly increased resistance (baseline RL 2.0+/-0.3, RL filter 11.8+/-3.2, RL luminal narrowing 21.1+/-2.3cm H(2)O/L/s; P <0.03), whereas PENH did not change significantly (baseline PENH 0.55+/-0.17, PENH filter 0.49+/-0.10; PENH luminal narrowing 0.50+/-0.18; P >0.05). Carbachol-induced bronchoconstriction caused a significant increase in PENH (baseline PENH 0.43+/-0.14, PENH carbachol 2.62+/-2.14; P <0.02) and resistance (baseline RL 2.1+/-0.3, RL carbachol 28.8+/-13.0 cm H2O/L/s; P <0.01), and a pronounced drop in compliance (baseline Cdyn 163.3+/-73.9, Cdyn carbachol 9.7+/-2.9mL/cmH2O; P <0.02). It was concluded that BWBP detects airflow limitation due to bronchoconstriction but not due to upper airway obstruction in healthy dogs. BWBP represents a valid, although not very sensitive screening tool for respiratory function testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard A Hirt
- Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Veterinary University of Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Kirschvink N. Barometric whole body plethysmography and enhanced pause (PENH): How relevant are they? Vet J 2008; 176:125-6. [PMID: 17822932 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Bolognin M, Kirschvink N, Leemans J, De Buscher V, Snaps F, Gustin P, Peeters D, Clercx C. Characterisation of the acute and reversible airway inflammation induced by cadmium chloride inhalation in healthy dogs and evaluation of the effects of salbutamol and prednisolone. Vet J 2007; 179:443-50. [PMID: 18037312 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were firstly to characterise a model of subclinical and reversible bronchial inflammation induced by cadmium chloride inhalation in healthy dogs and then to examine the effect of prednisolone or salbutamol treatment on the resulting bronchitis. The model characterisation and the effects of treatment were studied using clinical symptoms, haematology, thoracic radiography, bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage, barometric whole-body plethysmography and histamine broncho-provocation tests. In addition, the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and -9 were determined in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Cadmium inhalation induced: (1) a transient bronchial inflammation, dominated by neutrophils; (2) a neutrophilia of the blood that persisted for up to 4 weeks; (3) a transient increased bronchial reactivity, and (4) a significant increase in MMP-9 activity in the BALF. Prednisolone treatment reduced the influx of inflammatory cells into the BALF, but not significantly, had no effect on pulmonary function, and did not reduce of airway hypersensitivity. Salbutamol had almost no effect on any of the parameters investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bolognin
- Department for Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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Abstract
Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (EBP) is a disease characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the lung and bronchial mucosa, as demonstrated by examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytologic preparations or histologic examination of the bronchial mucosa. Although the precise cause of EBP is unknown, a hypersensitivity to aeroallergens is suspected. The diagnosis relies on typical history and clinical signs, demonstration of bronchopulmonary eosinophilia by cytology or histopathologic examination, and exclusion of known causes of lower airway eosinophilia. Most dogs display an excellent response to oral corticosteroid therapy; however, side effects of this treatment can be limiting. New therapeutic approaches are being studied, including the use of aerosol therapy, cyclosporine, or drugs interfering with T helper 2 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Clercx
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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van den Hoven R. A jack-in-the-box of respiratory research: Is the technique of barometric whole body plethysmography a disappointing surprise? Vet J 2007; 173:250-1. [PMID: 16697670 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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