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Hinderer J, Lüdeke J, Riege L, Bartel A, Kohn B, Müller E, Arlt SP. Thyroid hormones in canine pregnancy and lactation. Theriogenology 2023; 203:43-52. [PMID: 36966584 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
It is believed that thyroid function has a significant effect on fertility and fetal development in mammals. So far, however, only few studies have been published about potential effects of the reproductive cycle stage on thyroid hormone concentrations in dogs. Therefore, over the course of 122 pregnant and non-pregnant cycles in healthy bitches, Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free Thyroxine (fT4), total Thyroxine (tT4) and Progesterone (P4) were measured six times to assess the influence of the cycle stage and pregnancy on hormone concentrations. The aim was to evaluate established reference intervals for the thyroid hormones in a female study population. Of the 122 bitches, 98 became pregnant. Blood samples were collected during estrus, three times in pregnancy, during lactation and after weaning, or at equivalent times during and after estrus in non-pregnant dogs. No differences between pregnant and non-pregnant animals in any of the thyroid hormones were found. Hormone concentrations, however, differed significantly between the six samplings (p < .01). TSH initially declined during pregnancy, then rose again. The mean concentration of all dogs exceeded the overall upper reference limit of 0.70 ng/mL during lactation. Concentrations of tT4 and ft4 increased during the first third of pregnancy and then subsequently declined. The overall reference limits for tT4 were 0.47-3.20 μg/dL, and for fT4 4.86-29.60 pmol/L, but the reference intervals varied between the sampling dates. The observed patterns may reflect that maternal tT4 and fT4 seem to have important effects during early pregnancy, including a pronounced negative feedback effect on TSH. The initial increase and subsequent decline of tT4 and fT4 concentrations during the course of pregnancy is in accordance with findings in humans and may support the development of fetal thyroid function. The observed peak of TSH concentrations during lactation suggests that the demand for thyroid hormones in this phase is largest. Even if the underlying causes and mechanisms of thyroid regulation are not fully understood, the results of this study show relevant changes of hormone concentrations in the course of the sexual cycle and pregnancy. In that regard, cycle stage needs to be considered when assessing thyroid function in bitches.
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Tanaka S, Suzuki S, Sato A, Teshima T, Mori A, Sako T, Tanaka A, Hara Y. Utility of a corticotropin-releasing hormone test to differentiate pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism from cortisol-producing adrenal tumors in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 36:29-38. [PMID: 34859496 PMCID: PMC8783340 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) is a common endocrine disorder in dogs; however, there are no reports on the use of the corticotropin‐releasing hormone test (CRHT) to differentiate between pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) and cortisol‐producing adrenal tumors (CPATs), both causative of HAC. Objectives To evaluate the usefulness of CRHT as a tool to differentiate between PDH and CPAT in dogs and to determine the reference intervals for CRHT in healthy, PDH, and CPAT dogs. Animals Dogs diagnosed with PDH (n = 21), CPAT (n = 6), and healthy beagle dogs (n = 33). Methods This prospective study included dogs with a definitive diagnosis of PDH and CPAT and healthy beagle dogs, in which CRHT was performed, were prospectively evaluated. We investigated the correlations of CRHT (endogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH] concentration, endogenous ACTH concentration [EAC], and poststimulation ACTH concentration [PAC]) with pituitary‐to‐brain ratio (PBR) (in PDH) and with indices of adrenal ultrasonography (smaller and larger adrenal gland dorsoventral thickness in PDH and CPAT). Results For EAC, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.95, with a cutoff value of 26.3 pg/mL (sensitivity: 90.62%, specificity: 87.50%). The AUC for PAC was 0.96 with a cutoff value of 54.5 pg/mL (sensitivity: 100.00%, specificity: 66.67%). The 95% reference interval for CRHT in healthy (control) dogs ranged 5.00 to 79.8 pg/mL (1.10‐17.57 pmol/L) for EAC, and 1.92 to 153.42 pg/mL (0.42‐33.78 pmol/L) for PAC. There was no significant correlation between PBR and CRHT, nor adrenal size and CRHT. Conclusions and Clinical Importance CRHT appears to be a rapid and reliable test for differentiating PDH from CPAT in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiyo Tanaka
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Suzuki
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asaka Sato
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Azabu University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Teshima
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mori
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Sako
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aki Tanaka
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hara
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Kitzmann S, Hartmann K, Zablotski Y, Rieger A, Mueller R, Wehner A. Wellbeing, quality of life, presence of concurrent diseases, and survival times in untreated and treated German Shepherd dogs with dwarfism. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255678. [PMID: 34370756 PMCID: PMC8351940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary dwarfism (PD) in German Shepherd dogs (GSD) is a rare endocrinopathy. Cause and inheritance of the disease are well characterized, but the overall survival time, presence of concurrent diseases, quality of life (QoL) and influence of different treatment options on those parameters is still not well investigated. The aim of this study was to obtain data regarding the disease pattern of GSD with PD and to investigate the impact of treatment. METHODS 47 dogs with dwarfism (presumably PD) and 94 unaffected GSD serving as controls were enrolled. Data were collected via a standardized questionnaire, which every owner of a participating dog had completed. Dogs with PD were grouped based on three categories of treatment: Group 1 (untreated), group 2 (treated with levothyroxine), group 3 (treated with thyroxine and progestogens or with growth hormone (GH)). Groups were compared using One-Way-Anova, Kruskal-Wallis test or Wilcoxon-rank-sum test. Categorical analysis was performed using Two-Sample-Chi-Squared-test. RESULTS Dogs treated with thyroxine and gestagen or GH were significantly taller and heavier compared to all other dogs with PD. Quality of life was best in dogs with PD treated with thyroxine and similar to unaffected GSD. Treatment increased survival time in dogs with PD independent of the treatment strategy. Dogs receiving thyroxine and progestogens or GH did not develop chronic kidney disease (CKD). CONCLUSION GSD with PD should be treated at least for their secondary hypothyroidism to increase survival time. Additional treatment with progestogens or GH improves body size and seems to protect against the occurrence of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kitzmann
- Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Rieger
- Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Mueller
- Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Astrid Wehner
- Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Quartuccio M, Fazio E, Medica P, Cristarella S, Emmanuele G, Sinagra L, Liotta L. Correlation between sperm parameters and circulating thyroid hormones and testosterone concentrations in Labrador Retriever dog. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1911695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Quartuccio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Pietro Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Santo Cristarella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Letizia Sinagra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Liotta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Kordi F, Khazali H. The effect of ghrelin and estradiol on mean concentration of thyroid hormones. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2015; 13:e17988. [PMID: 25745491 PMCID: PMC4338654 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.17988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin is a novel peptide hormone that has GH releasing activity and also other endocrine and metabolic functions. It can also increase food intake and decrease T3 and T4 concentrations. Several parameters of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis function are modulated by 17β-estradiol (E2). OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of interactions between ghrelin and estradiol (injected via ICV route) on plasma T3 and T4 concentrations in female rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen Wistar female rats (bodyweight, 200-250 g) were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 received estradiol, Group 2 received ghrelin and Group 3 received ghrelin and estradiol. Plasma samples were used to assess T3 and T4 concentration by RIA. RESULTS The results indicated that ghrelin significantly decreased thyroid hormone concentrations, whereas estradiol increased these concentrations. The simultaneous injection of ghrelin and estradiol significantly decreased the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on thyroid hormone concentrations (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS According to the results of this study, both ghrelin and estradiol affect the concentration of thyroid hormone but in opposite directions. This difference might be due to different underlying hormonal mechanisms such as HPA and/or HPT axis melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) systems could be suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kordi
- Department of Physiology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Homayoun Khazali
- Department of Physiology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Homayoun Khazali, Department of Physiology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9121254041, E-mail:
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Abstract
Aging is a normal process characterized by a variety of physiologic changes. Geriatric dogs are also more likely to be afflicted with certain disease conditions. Both normal and abnormal physiologic changes associated with aging in the dog may be amenable to nutritional intervention. Specific alterations in nutrients or in dietary characteristics can be beneficial; however, these are best done in the context of an individualized nutritional assessment and monitoring paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Larsen
- VM: Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Amy Farcas
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Grey CL, Chang JP. Growth hormone-releasing hormone stimulates GH release while inhibiting ghrelin- and sGnRH-induced LH release from goldfish pituitary cells. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 186:150-6. [PMID: 23510860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Goldfish GH-releasing hormone (gGHRH) has been recently identified and shown to stimulate GH release in goldfish. In goldfish, neuroendocrine regulation of GH release is multifactorial and known stimulators include goldfish ghrelin (gGRLN19) and salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sGnRH), factors that also enhance LH secretion. To further understand the complex regulation of pituitary hormone release in goldfish, we examined the interactions between gGHRH, gGRLN19, and sGnRH on GH and LH release from primary cultures of goldfish pituitary cells in perifusion. Treatment with 100nM gGHRH for 55min stimulated GH release. A 5-min pulse of either 1nM gGRLN19 or 100nM sGnRH induced GH release in naïve cells, and these were just as effective in cells receiving gGHRH. Interestingly, gGHRH abolished both gGRLN19- and sGnRH-induced LH release and reduced basal LH secretion levels. These results suggest that gGHRH does not interfere with sGnRH or gGRLN19 actions in the goldfish somatotropes and further reveal, for the first time, that GHRH may act as an inhibitor of stimulated and basal LH release by actions at the level of pituitary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb L Grey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
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Reichenbach A, Steyn FJ, Sleeman MW, Andrews ZB. Ghrelin receptor expression and colocalization with anterior pituitary hormones using a GHSR-GFP mouse line. Endocrinology 2012; 153:5452-66. [PMID: 22962259 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor (GHSR) and robustly stimulates GH release from the anterior pituitary gland. Ghrelin also regulates the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones including TSH, LH, prolactin (PRL), and ACTH. However, the relative contribution of a direct action at the GHSR in the anterior pituitary gland vs. an indirect action at the GHSR in the hypothalamus remains undefined. We used a novel GHSR-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter mouse to quantify GHSR coexpression with GH, TSH, LH, PRL, and ACTH anterior pituitary cells in males vs. females and in chow-fed or calorie-restricted (CR) mice. GHSR-eGFP-expressing cells were only observed in anterior pituitary. The number of GHSR-eGFP-expressing cells was higher in male compared with females, and CR did not affect the GHSR-eGFP cell number. Double staining revealed 77% of somatotrophs expressed GHSR-eGFP in both males and females. Nineteen percent and 12.6% of corticotrophs, 21% and 9% of lactotrophs, 18% and 19% of gonadotrophs, and 3% and 9% of males and females, respectively, expressed GHSR-eGFP. CR increased the number of TSH cells, but suppressed the number of lactotrophs and gonadotrophs, expressing GHSR-eGFP compared with controls. These studies support a robust stimulatory action of ghrelin via the GHSR on GH secretion and identify a previously unknown sexual dimorphism in the GHSR expression in the anterior pituitary. CR affects GHSR-eGFP expression on lactotrophs, gonadotrophs, and thyrotrophs, which may mediate reproductive function and energy metabolism during periods of negative energy balance. The low to moderate expression of GHSR-eGFP suggests that ghrelin plays a minor direct role on remaining anterior pituitary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Reichenbach
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Kluge M, Riedl S, Uhr M, Schmidt D, Zhang X, Yassouridis A, Steiger A. Ghrelin affects the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in humans by increasing free thyroxine and decreasing TSH in plasma. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 162:1059-65. [PMID: 20423986 DOI: 10.1530/eje-10-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ghrelin promotes a positive energy balance, e.g. by increasing food intake. Stimulation of the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis promotes a negative energy balance, e.g. by increasing energy expenditure. We therefore hypothesized that ghrelin suppresses the HPT axis in humans, counteracting its energy-saving effect. DESIGN AND METHODS In this single-blind, randomized, cross-over study, we determined secretion patterns of free triiodothyronine (fT(3)), free thyroxine (fT(4)), TSH, and thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) between 2000 and 0700 h in 20 healthy adults (10 males and 10 females, 25.3+/-2.7 years) receiving 50 microg ghrelin or placebo at 2200, 2300, 0000, and 0100 h. RESULTS FT(4) plasma levels were significantly higher after ghrelin administration than after placebo administration from 0000 h until 0620 h except for the time points at 0100, 0520, and 0600 h. TSH plasma levels were significantly lower from 0200 until the end of the study at 0700 h except for the time points at 0540, 0600, and 0620 h. The relative increase of fT(4) (area under the curve (AUC) 0130-0700 h (ng/dl x min): placebo: 1.31+/-0.03; ghrelin: 1.39+/-0.03; P=0.001) was much weaker than the relative decrease of TSH (AUC 0130-0700 h (mIU/ml x min): placebo: 1.74+/-0.12; ghrelin: 1.32+/-0.12; P=0.007). FT(3) and TBG were not affected. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to report that ghrelin affects the HPT axis in humans. The early fT(4) increase was possibly induced by direct ghrelin action on the thyroid where ghrelin receptors have been identified. The TSH decrease might have been caused by ghrelin-mediated inhibition at hypothalamic level by feedback inhibition through fT(4), or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kluge
- Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, Munich, Germany.
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Shiel RE, Sist M, Nachreiner RF, Ehrlich CP, Mooney CT. Assessment of criteria used by veterinary practitioners to diagnose hypothyroidism in sighthounds and investigation of serum thyroid hormone concentrations in healthy Salukis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 236:302-8. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.236.3.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Günzel-Apel AR, Seefeldt A, Eschricht F, Urhausen C, Kramer S, Mischke R, Hoppen HO, Beyerbach M, Koivisto M, Dieleman S. Effects of gonadectomy on prolactin and LH secretion and the pituitary–thyroid axis in male dogs. Theriogenology 2009; 71:746-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Fahey GC, Barry KA, Swanson KS. Age-Related Changes in Nutrient Utilization by Companion Animals. Annu Rev Nutr 2008; 28:425-45. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.28.061807.155325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George C. Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801; , ,
| | - Kathleen A. Barry
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801; , ,
| | - Kelly S. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801; , ,
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Bhatti SFM, De Vliegher SP, Mol JA, Van Ham LML, Kooistra HS. Ghrelin-stimulation test in the diagnosis of canine pituitary dwarfism. Res Vet Sci 2006; 81:24-30. [PMID: 16271735 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether ghrelin, a potent releaser of growth hormone (GH) secretion, is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of canine pituitary dwarfism. The effect of intravenous administration of ghrelin on the release of GH and other adenohypophyseal hormones was investigated in German shepherd dogs with congenital combined pituitary hormone deficiency and in healthy Beagles. Analysis of the maximal increment (i.e. difference between pre- and maximal post-ghrelin plasma hormone concentration) indicated that the GH response was significantly lower in the dwarf dogs compared with the healthy dogs. In none of the pituitary dwarfs, the ghrelin-induced plasma GH concentration exceeded 5 microg/l at any time. However, this was also true for 3 healthy dogs. In all dogs, ghrelin administration did not affect the plasma concentrations of ACTH, cortisol, TSH, LH and PRL . Thus, while a ghrelin-induced plasma GH concentration above 5 microg/l excludes GH deficiency, false-negative results may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F M Bhatti
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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