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Aisa J, Parlier M. Local wound management: A review of modern techniques and products. Vet Dermatol 2022; 33:463-478. [PMID: 35876262 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Management of wounds is a commonly performed and essential aspect of small animal veterinary medicine. Appropriate wound management is a difficult art to master, due to the inherent complexity of the clinical scenario, as well as the ever-evolving nature of the field with the constant addition of new products and techniques. This article reviews key concepts that may help the practitioner better understand the natural process of wound healing, factors that delay healing and strategies to help improve the local wound environment to make it more conducive to healing during open wound management. The concept of wound bed preparation is defined before common local wound management strategies, such as wound lavage and debridement, are discussed in more detail. Key aspects of the management of biofilms and appropriate use of antimicrobial agents are also reviewed. Finally, the concept of moist wound healing and its impact in modern wound management is explained before a broad variety of types of wound dressings are reviewed, with a particular focus on active dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Aisa
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Mark Parlier
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA
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USLU U, EVCİ A, AKDENİZ HK, CEYLAN O. Bir köpekteki post-operatif enfekte yaranın maggot debridman terapi ile tedavisi: Olgu sunumu. ANKARA ÜNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2022. [DOI: 10.33988/auvfd.1041692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Maggot debridement therapy (MDT), which lost its importance after discovering antibiotics, has recently come to the fore with the increase of antibiotic resistance. MDT, widely used in human medicine, has had limited use in veterinary medicine. The material of this case report was a 5-month-old Doberman dog that was bandaged due to a fracture of the left hind toe. It was got information that the bandage in the leg area was wet and remained on the wound for five days. As a result, the foot turned into a macerated tissue and gas gangrene was formed. The gangrenous foot area was amputated from the upper 1/3 of the femur. After surgery the amputated area became an infected wound and did not respond to antibiotic therapy. The research was planned to investigate the efficacy of MDT on an infected wound. For this purpose, the sterile first and second instar larvae of Lucilia sericata were used. The first MDT administration was done six days after the amputation procedure. The second maggot application was repeated after 24 hours, and the other two applications were repeated 48 hours intervals. After the first application, it was observed that the amount of discharge gradually decreased in the wound, and rapid healing was detected in the amputation area. The infected wound that did not respond to antibiotic treatment was successfully treated through the sterile L. sericata larvae’ characteristics, promoting wound healing. This suggests that MDT may be widely used in the future, as it is a cheap, effective, natural and easy-to-apply method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayşe EVCİ
- SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ
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Dawson KA, Mickelson MA, Blong AE, L Walton RA. Management of severe burn injuries with novel treatment techniques including maggot debridement and applications of acellular fish skin grafts and autologous skin cell suspension in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:428-435. [PMID: 34843435 DOI: 10.2460/javma.20.10.0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 3-year-old 27-kg female spayed American Bulldog with severe burn injuries caused by a gasoline can explosion was evaluated. CLINICAL FINDINGS The dog had extensive partial- and full-thickness burns with 50% of total body surface area affected. The burns involved the dorsum extending from the tail to approximately the 10th thoracic vertebra, left pelvic limb (involving 360° burns from the hip region to the tarsus), inguinal area bilaterally, right medial aspect of the thigh, and entire perineal region. Additional burns affected the margins of the pinnae and periocular regions, with severe corneal involvement bilaterally. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME The dog was hospitalized in the hospital's intensive care unit for 78 days. Case management involved provision of aggressive multimodal analgesia, systemic support, and a combination of novel debridement and reconstructive techniques. Debridement was facilitated by traditional surgical techniques in combination with maggot treatment. Reconstructive surgeries involved 6 staged procedures along with the use of novel treatments including applications of widespread acellular fish (cod) skin graft and autologous skin cell suspension. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The outcome for the dog of the present report highlighted the successful use of maggot treatment and applications of acellular cod skin and autologous skin cell suspension along with aggressive systemic management and long-term multimodal analgesia with debridement and wound reconstruction for management of severe burn injuries encompassing 50% of an animal's total body surface area.
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Reinstein RDS, Santi EMT, Cartana CB, Caye P, Vargas D, Fischborn NT, Antunes BN, Degregori EB, Junior AM, Brun MV, Monteiro SG, Muller DCDM. A positive association of larval therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy in veterinary wound care. Parasitol Int 2021; 87:102517. [PMID: 34800725 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of cutaneous wounds is part of the veterinary routine from initial scientific reports due to being regularly present condition. Currently, several types of treatments are available to accelerate the healing process. This report presents the case of a dog with multiple lesions in the thoracic limbs resulting from a car accident, who underwent larval therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). The animal was a 2-year-old female mixed breed dog presenting severe skin degloving, fracture in the left thoracic limb (LTL), with abrasion lesions and dislocation in the right thoracic limb (RTL). The animal underwent multiple modality therapies, such as HBOT sessions associated with larval therapy; even after the LTL presented gangrene, this treatment resulted in optimal viability of the non-necrotic tissue adjacent to the gangrene. Due to chronic pain unresponsive to drug control and the presence of a fracture at a location where a possible exoprosthesis was supposed to be fixed, the LTL ended up being amputated. There are several reports of the use of HBOT or larval therapy in traumatized limbs; however, the combination of both therapies has not been previously described in the veterinary literature. Thus, we demonstrate through this report that it was possible to quickly recover the animal with good wound resolution through tissue oxygenation and a healthy granulation bed, both provided by the therapeutic combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer da Silva Reinstein
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Veterinary Hospital, Bairro Camobi, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 97, sala 126, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Eduarda Maria Trentin Santi
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Veterinary Hospital, Bairro Camobi, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 97, sala 126, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila Basso Cartana
- Residency Program in Health, Uni-professional Modality, School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Surgery, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Veterinary Hospital, Bairro Camobi, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 97, bloco 5, sala 516, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Caye
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Veterinary Hospital, Bairro Camobi, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 97, sala 126, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Vargas
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Veterinary Hospital, Bairro Camobi, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 97, sala 126, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Nadine Trinks Fischborn
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Veterinary Hospital, Bairro Camobi, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 97, sala 126, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Nascimento Antunes
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Veterinary Hospital, Bairro Camobi, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 97, sala 126, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Emanuelle Bortolotto Degregori
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Veterinary Hospital, Bairro Camobi, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 97, sala 126, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Antônio Maieron Junior
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Veterinary Hospital, Bairro Camobi, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 97, sala 126, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício Veloso Brun
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Veterinary Hospital, Bairro Camobi, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 97, sala 126, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; CNPq Researcher, Brazil (308019/2015-6; 200346/2017-2; 305876/2018-0)
| | - Silvia Gonzalez Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Veterinary Hospital, Bairro Camobi, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 97, sala 126, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Curvello de Mendonça Muller
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Veterinary Hospital, Bairro Camobi, Av. Roraima, 1000, prédio 97, sala 126, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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King C. Changing attitudes toward maggot debridement therapy in wound treatment: a review and discussion. J Wound Care 2020; 29:S28-S34. [PMID: 32058840 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2020.29.sup2c.s28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Maggot debridement therapy is the real-time placement of maggots into a wound by health professionals for the treatment of diabetic ulcers or hard-to-heal wounds infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Maggot debridement therapy shortens healing and disinfects wounds. This paper is a literature review of maggot debridement therapy in the clinical setting today and addresses the costs and benefits of this therapy. It includes recommendations to engage healthcare providers and increase awareness of this therapeutic treatment. A case study is presented on the use of maggot therapy for full debridement of a necrotic wound and clearing of a meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. There is also discussion on how to engage healthcare workers and reduce anxieties about the use of maggots as a treatment for hard-to-heal wounds. Education and awareness are the key factors in changing healthcare workers attitudes to maggot debridement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille King
- Nursing Service Educator, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, Colorado, US
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Masiero FS, Aguiar ESV, Pereira DIB, Thyssen PJ. First Report on the Use of Larvae of Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae) for Wound Treatment in Veterinary Practice. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:965-968. [PMID: 31819964 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Factors contributing to the delay or prevention of the natural wound healing process include infection and ineffective conventional treatment. Alternative therapies, such as the maggot debridement therapy (MDT), may be helpful for successful treatment in these cases. Aiming to disseminate information about the possibility of using other species of flies for wound treatment, besides the best known Lucilia sericata Meigen, 1826 (Diptera, Calliphoridae), we report here a successful MDT case with the application of Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius, 1775) larvae to treat an infected wound with extensive area of necrotic tissue in a dog. Five sterile larvae were applied to each square-cm of lesion and kept on the animal for only 48 h. The healing was successful, from both qualitative and quantitative points of view. The ratio of wound healing (RWH) reached almost 50% on the 5th day and 100% on the 14th day after MDT. Although the overall animal prognosis had been unfavorable, mainly due to the sepsis, the patient began to recover and had improved clinical condition from the fifth day after MDT. This study shows the importance and effectiveness of MDT in promoting faster and more complete healing of a complex wound.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Masiero
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão, 96010-900 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - E S V Aguiar
- Hospital of Clinical Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão, 96010-900 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - D I B Pereira
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão, 96010-900 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - P J Thyssen
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-825 São Paulo, Brazil
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Durán D, Galapero J, Frontera E, Bravo-Barriga D, Blanco J, Gómez L. Histological and Immunohistochemical Study of Wounds in Sheep Skin in Maggot Therapy by Using Protophormia terraenovae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Larvae. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:369-376. [PMID: 31821502 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A study was performed to evaluate the implication of Protophormia terraenovae larvae as a surgical therapy for wounded skin. Three groups of sheep (n = 25) were considered based on larval doses. Groups 1 and 2 were artificially infested with low and high concentrations of L1 stage P. terraenovae, respectively, and group 0 served as a control. Skin biopsies were taken at 4 and 14 d postinfestation (D.P.If). A histopathological study was carried out to evaluate the lesions with a score, numbers of eosinophils and mast cells, and an immunohistochemical analysis of CD3, CD79α, and CD68 as T lymphocytes, B lymphosytes, and macrophages, respectively. The results indicated that higher larval doses led to faster regeneration by 14 D.P.If. Furthermore, the higher larval doses showed a high number of the CD68 marker and eosinophils and a low number of CD3 and CD79α markers and mast cells. In addition, the number of mast cells, T lymphocytes, and macrophage markers increased when the lesion progressed; however, a low number of immunolabeled CD79α cells and eosinophils were observed. The results indicate a possible positive effect of larvae in the healing of certain wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Durán
- Animal Medicine Department, Pathological Anatomy Unit, University of Extremadura. Avenida de la Universidad SN. Cáceres, España
| | - Javier Galapero
- Animal Medicine Department, Pathological Anatomy Unit, University of Extremadura. Avenida de la Universidad SN. Cáceres, España
| | - Eva Frontera
- Animal Health Department, Parasitology Unit, University of Extremadura. Avenida de la Universidad SN. Cáceres, España
| | - Daniel Bravo-Barriga
- Animal Health Department, Parasitology Unit, University of Extremadura. Avenida de la Universidad SN. Cáceres, España
| | - Juan Blanco
- Animal Health Department, Parasitology Unit, University of Extremadura. Avenida de la Universidad SN. Cáceres, España
| | - Luis Gómez
- Animal Medicine Department, Pathological Anatomy Unit, University of Extremadura. Avenida de la Universidad SN. Cáceres, España
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Fordyce G, McMillan H, McGrath N. Postoperative healing and behaviour when surgical swabs are applied to calf dehorning wounds. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:508-515. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Fordyce
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation; The University of Queensland; St Lucia, Queensland Australia
| | - H McMillan
- Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries; Tennant Creek, NT Australia
| | - N McGrath
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Queensland; Gatton, QLD Australia
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YAMAN MEHMET, ZEREK AYKUT. MİYAZ SİNEKLERİ LARVALARININ YARA TEDAVİSİNDE KULLANILMASI. MUSTAFA KEMAL ÜNIVERSITESI TIP DERGISI 2017. [DOI: 10.17944/mkutfd.311929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Debridement Techniques and Non–Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Wound Management. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2017; 47:1181-1202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Choudhary V, Choudhary M, Pandey S, Chauhan VD, Hasnani JJ. Maggot debridement therapy as primary tool to treat chronic wound of animals. Vet World 2016; 9:403-9. [PMID: 27182137 PMCID: PMC4864483 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.403-409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) is a safe, effective, and controlled method ofhealing of chronic wounds by debridement and disinfection. In this therapy live, sterile maggots of green bottle fly, Lucilia (Phaenicia) sericata are used, as they prefernecrotic tissues over healthy for feeding. Since centuries, MDT is used in humanbeings to treat chronic wounds. Lately, MDT came out as a potent medical aid in animals. In animals, although, this therapy is still limited and clinical studies are few. However, with the increasing antibiotic resistance and chronic wound infections in veterinary medicine, maggot therapy may even become the first line of treatment for some infections. This paper will present a brief discussion of MDT and its role in veterinary medicine that may add one more treatment method to utilize in non-healing wounds of animals and overcome the use of amputation and euthanasia. The objective of this review paper is to assemble relevant literature on maggot therapy to form a theoretical foundation from which further steps toward clinical use of maggot therapy in animals for chronic wounds can be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayata Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Mukesh Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Sunanda Pandey
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Vandip D. Chauhan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - J. J. Hasnani
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
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Maggot-therapy in veterinary medicine. Res Vet Sci 2008; 85:394-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sherman RA, Morrison S, Ng D. Maggot debridement therapy for serious horse wounds – A survey of practitioners. Vet J 2007; 174:86-91. [PMID: 16831562 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hoof disease and injuries are common and serious problems for equines. Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) has been used to treat problematic wounds in humans, but has been used only rarely in other animals. US veterinarians who had employed MDT were surveyed to investigate their reasons for the choice of this treatment and their clinical experiences with it. Between 1997 and 2003, 13 horses were treated by eight veterinarians who used MDT to control infection or debride wounds, which could not easily be reached surgically or were not responding to conventional therapy. Seven animals were lame, and six were expected to require euthanasia. Following maggot therapy, all infections were eradicated or controlled, and only one horse had to be euthanased. No adverse events were attributed to maggot therapy for any of these cases, other than presumed discomfort during therapy. The data collected suggest that maggot therapy could be useful for treating some serious equine hoof and leg wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A Sherman
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4800, United States.
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