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Guerrero JLS, Brito PHS, Ferreira MA, Arantes JDA, Rusch E, Oliveira BVDS, Velasco-Bolaños J, Carregaro AB, Dória RGS. Evaluation of Gastric pH and Gastrin Concentrations in Horses Subjected to General Inhalation Anesthesia in Dorsal Recumbency. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1183. [PMID: 38672331 PMCID: PMC11047614 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of gastric disorders in high-performance horses, especially gastric ulceration, ranges from 50 to 90%. These pathological conditions have negative impacts on athletic performance and health. This study was designed to evaluate changes in gastric pH during a 24 h period and to compare gastrin concentrations at different time points in horses undergoing general inhalation anesthesia and dorsal recumbency. Twenty-two mixed-breed mares weighing 400 ± 50 kg and aged 8 ± 2 years were used. Of these, eight were fasted for 8 h and submitted to 90 min of general inhalation anesthesia in dorsal recumbency. Gastric juice samples were collected prior to anesthesia (T0), and then at 15 min intervals during anesthesia (T15-T90). After recovery from anesthesia (45 ± 1 min), samples were collected every hour for 24 h (T1 to T24) for gastric juice pH measurement. During this period, mares had free access to Bermuda grass hay and water and were fed a commercial concentrate twice (T4 and T16). In a second group (control), four non-anesthetized mares were submitted to 8 h of fasting followed by nasogastric intubation. Gastric juice samples were then collected at T0, T15, T30, T45, T60, T75, and T90. During this period, mares did not receive food or water. After 45 min, mares had free access to Bermuda grass hay and water, and gastric juice samples were collected every hour for four hours (T1 to T4). In a third group comprising ten non-fasted, non-anesthetized mares with free access to Bermuda grass hay and water, gastric juice samples were collected 30 min after concentrate intake (T0). In anesthetized mares, blood gastrin levels were measured prior to anesthesia (8 h fasting; baseline), during recovery from anesthesia, and 4 months after the anesthetic procedure, 90 min after the morning meal. Mean values of gastric juice pH remained acidic during general anesthesia. Mean pH values were within the physiological range (4.52 ± 1.69) and did not differ significantly between time points (T15-T90; p > 0.05). After recovery from anesthesia, mean gastric pH values increased and remained in the alkaline range throughout the 24 h period of evaluation. Significant differences were observed between T0 (4.88 ± 2.38), T5 (7.08 ± 0.89), T8 (7.43 ± 0.22), T9 (7.28 ± 0.36), T11 (7.26 ± 0.71), T13 (6.74 ± 0.90), and T17 (6.94 ± 1.04) (p < 0.05). The mean gastric juice pH ranged from weakly acidic to neutral or weakly alkaline in all groups, regardless of food and water intake (i.e., in the fasted, non-fasted, and fed states). Mean gastric pH measured in the control group did not differ from values measured during the 24 h post-anesthesia period or in the non-fasted group. Gastrin concentrations increased significantly during the post-anesthetic period compared to baseline (20.15 ± 7.65 pg/mL and 15.15 ± 3.82 pg/mL respectively; p < 0.05). General inhalation anesthesia and dorsal recumbency did not affect gastric juice pH, which remained acidic and within the physiological range. Gastric juice pH was weakly alkaline after recovery from anesthesia and in the fasted and fed states. Serum gastrin levels increased in response to general inhalation anesthesia in dorsal recumbency and were not influenced by fasting. Preventive pharmacological measures are not required in horses submitted to general anesthesia and dorsal recumbency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Leonardo Suarez Guerrero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (J.L.S.G.); (P.H.S.B.); (M.A.F.); (J.d.A.A.); (E.R.); (B.V.d.S.O.); (A.B.C.)
| | - Pedro Henrique Salles Brito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (J.L.S.G.); (P.H.S.B.); (M.A.F.); (J.d.A.A.); (E.R.); (B.V.d.S.O.); (A.B.C.)
| | - Marília Alves Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (J.L.S.G.); (P.H.S.B.); (M.A.F.); (J.d.A.A.); (E.R.); (B.V.d.S.O.); (A.B.C.)
| | - Julia de Assis Arantes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (J.L.S.G.); (P.H.S.B.); (M.A.F.); (J.d.A.A.); (E.R.); (B.V.d.S.O.); (A.B.C.)
| | - Elidiane Rusch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (J.L.S.G.); (P.H.S.B.); (M.A.F.); (J.d.A.A.); (E.R.); (B.V.d.S.O.); (A.B.C.)
| | - Brenda Valéria dos Santos Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (J.L.S.G.); (P.H.S.B.); (M.A.F.); (J.d.A.A.); (E.R.); (B.V.d.S.O.); (A.B.C.)
| | - Juan Velasco-Bolaños
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Agropecuarias (Group GIsCA), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira 660003, Colombia;
- Research Group Calidad de Leche y Epidemiología Veterinária (CLEV), Universidad de Caldas, Manizales 170004, Colombia
| | - Adriano Bonfim Carregaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (J.L.S.G.); (P.H.S.B.); (M.A.F.); (J.d.A.A.); (E.R.); (B.V.d.S.O.); (A.B.C.)
| | - Renata Gebara Sampaio Dória
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (J.L.S.G.); (P.H.S.B.); (M.A.F.); (J.d.A.A.); (E.R.); (B.V.d.S.O.); (A.B.C.)
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Lizarraga D, Vinardell MP, Noé V, van Delft JH, Alcarraz-Vizán G, van Breda SG, Staal Y, Günther UL, Carrigan JB, Reed MA, Ciudad CJ, Torres JL, Cascante M. A lyophilized red grape pomace containing proanthocyanidin-rich dietary fiber induces genetic and metabolic alterations in colon mucosa of female C57BL/6J mice. J Nutr 2011; 141:1597-604. [PMID: 21775529 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.133199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet plays a decisive role in promoting or preventing colon cancer. However, the specific effects of some nutrients remain unclear. The capacity of fruit and vegetables to prevent cancer has been associated with their fiber and antioxidant composition. We investigated whether consumption of a lyophilized red grape pomace containing proanthocyanidin-rich dietary fiber (grape antioxidant dietary fiber, GADF) by female C57BL/6J mice would affect the serum metabolic profile or colon mucosa gene expression using NMR techniques and DNA microarray, respectively. The mice were randomly assigned to 2 groups that for 2 wk consumed a standard rodent diet and were gavaged with 100 mg/kg body weight GADF suspended in water or an equivalent volume of plain tap water (10 mL/kg body weight). The amount of fiber supplemented was calculated to equal the current recommended daily levels of fiber consumption for humans. The inclusion of dietary GADF induced alterations in the expression of tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes as well as the modulation of genes from pathways, including lipid biosynthesis, energy metabolism, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Overexpression of enzymes pertaining to the xenobiotic detoxifying system and endogenous antioxidant cell defenses was also observed. In summary, the genetic and metabolic profiles induced by GADF were consistent with the preventive effects of fiber and polyphenols. On the basis of these observations, we propose that GADF may contribute to reducing the risk of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daneida Lizarraga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biology Faculty, Universitat de Barcelona, Biomedicine Institute from Universitat de Barcelona, and Associated Unit with CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Barcelona, Spain
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Alberghina D, Giannetto C, Visser EK, Ellis AD. Effect of diet on plasma tryptophan and serotonin in trained mares and geldings. Vet Rec 2010; 166:133-6. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Alberghina
- Department of Experimental Sciences and Applied Biotechnology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Messina; 98168 Messina Italy
| | - C. Giannetto
- Department of Experimental Sciences and Applied Biotechnology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Messina; 98168 Messina Italy
| | - E. K. Visser
- Animal Sciences Group; Wageningen University and Research Centre; PO Box 65 8200 AB Lelystad The Netherlands
| | - A. D. Ellis
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences; Nottingham Trent University; Southwell Nottinghamshire NG25 0QF
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Hothersall B, Nicol C. Role of diet and feeding in normal and stereotypic behaviors in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2009; 25:167-81, viii. [PMID: 19303558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the effects of diet on equine feeding behavior and feeding patterns, before considering the evidence that diet affects reactivity in horses. A growing body of work suggests that fat- and fiber-based diets may result in calmer patterns of behavior, and possible mechanisms that may underpin these effects are discussed. In contrast, there is little evidence that herbal- or tryptophan-containing supplements influence equine behavior in any measurable way. The role of diet in the development of abnormal oral behaviors, particularly the oral stereotypy crib-biting, is also reviewed, and suggestions for future work are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky Hothersall
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, North Somerset, UK.
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Maternal transfer of IgE and subsequent development of IgE responses in the horse (Equus callabus). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 127:203-11. [PMID: 19081642 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediates the immune response to parasites, but can also cause allergies. In humans maternal IgE is not transferred to cord blood and high levels of cord blood IgE are associated with subsequent allergy. In horses, both maternal IgG and IgE are transferred via colostrum; the IgE levels in the mare's serum, the colostrum and the foal's serum are correlated but the consequences of IgE transfer to foals are not known. By about 6 weeks of age the levels of IgE in foal serum have dropped to a nadir, at 6 months of age the level of IgE has risen only very slightly and is no longer correlated with the levels seen at birth, IgE(+) B-cells could be detected in lymphoid follicles of some foals at this age. Surprisingly, the levels of total IgE detected in a foals serum at 6 months of age are significantly correlated with the level in its serum at 1, 2 and even 3 years of age suggesting that by 6 months of age the foals are synthesizing IgE and that a pattern of relatively higher or lower total serum IgE has been established. The neonatal intestinal mucosa contained connective tissue mast cells which stained for bound IgE in foals up to 9 weeks of age but not mucosal mast cells, thereafter, the intestinal mast cells were IgE negative until 6 months of age. IgE antibodies to Culicoides nubeculosus salivary antigens were detected in Swiss born foals from imported Icelandic mares allergic to Culicoides spp. yet the foals showed no signs of skin sensitization and such second generation foals are known not to have an increased risk of developing allergy to Culicoides. Overall this evidence suggests there is a minimal effector role of maternal IgE also that maternal IgE has waned prior to the onset of IgE synthesis in foals and does not support maternal priming of IgE responses in foals. Furthermore the total levels of IgE in any given foal are seen to be relatively high or low from soon after the onset of IgE synthesis, and most likely they are determined by genetic factors.
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