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Szczerba-Turek A, Chierchia F, Socha P, Szweda W. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Faecal Samples from Wild Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050901. [PMID: 36899758 PMCID: PMC10000188 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wildlife can harbour Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). In the present study, STEC in faecal samples from red deer (n = 106) and roe deer (n = 95) were characterised. All isolates were non-O157 strains. In red deer, STEC were detected in 17.9% (n = 19) of the isolates, and the eae/stx2b virulence profile was detected in two isolates (10.5%). One STEC strain harboured stx1a (5.3%) and eighteen STEC strains harboured stx2 (94.7%). The most prevalent stx2 subtypes were stx2b (n = 12; 66.7%), stx2a (n = 3; 16.7%), and stx2g (n = 2; 11.1%). One isolate could not be subtyped (NS) with the applied primers (5.6%). The most widely identified serotypes were O146:H28 (n = 4; 21%), O146:HNM (n = 2; 10.5%), O103:H7 (n = 1; 5.3%), O103:H21 (n = 1; 5.3%), and O45:HNM (n = 1; 5.3%). In roe deer, STEC were detected in 16.8% (n = 16) of the isolates, and the eae/stx2b virulence profile was detected in one isolate (6.3%). Two STEC strains harboured stx1a (12.5%), one strain harboured stx1NS/stx2b (6.3%), and thirteen strains harboured stx2 (81.3%). The most common subtypes were stx2b (n = 8; 61.5%), stx2g (n = 2; 15.4%), non-typeable subtypes (NS) (n = 2; 15.4%), and stx2a (n = 1; 7.7%). Serotype O146:H28 (n = 5; 31.3%) was identified. The study demonstrated that the zoonotic potential of STEC strains isolated from wildlife faeces should be monitored in the context of the 'One Health' approach which links human health with animal and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szczerba-Turek
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-604-591-361
| | - Filomena Chierchia
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Piotr Socha
- Department of Animal Reproduction with a Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Wojciech Szweda
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
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Soare C, McNeilly TN, Seguino A. A review of potential risk factors linked to shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in wild deer populations and the practices affecting the microbial contamination of wild deer carcasses with enteric bacteria. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lauzi S, Luzzago C, Chiani P, Michelacci V, Knijn A, Pedrotti L, Corlatti L, Buccheri Pederzoli C, Scavia G, Morabito S, Tozzoli R. Free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus) as carriers of potentially zoonotic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1902-1911. [PMID: 34080316 PMCID: PMC9540879 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin‐producing E. coli (STEC) are zoonotic foodborne pathogens of outmost importance and interest has been raised in recent years to define the potential zoonotic role of wildlife in STEC infection. This study aimed to estimate prevalence of STEC in free‐ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus) living in areas with different anthropisation levels and describe the characteristics of strains in order to evaluate the potential risk posed to humans. Two‐hundred one deer faecal samples collected in 2016–2018 from animals of Central Italian Alps were examined by bacteriological analysis and PCR screening of E. coli colonies for stx1, stx2 and eae genes. STEC strains were detected in 40 (19.9%) deer, with significantly higher prevalence in offspring than in yearlings. Whole genome analysis was performed to characterise a subset of 31 STEC strains. The most frequently detected serotype was O146:H28 (n = 10, 32.3%). Virulotyping showed different stx subtypes combinations, with stx2b‐only (n = 15, 48.4%) being the most prevalent. All STEC lacked the eae gene but harbored additional virulence genes, particularly adhesins, toxins and/or other colonisation factors also described in STEC isolated from disease in humans. The most frequently detected genes were astA (n = 22, 71%), subAB (n = 21, 68%), iha (n = 26, 83.9%) and lpfA (n = 24, 77%). Four hybrid STEC/Enterotoxigenic E. coli strains were also identified. According to the most recent paradigm for pathogenicity assessment of STEC issued by the European Food Safety Authority, our results suggest that red deer are carriers of STEC strains that may have zoonotic potential, regardless of the anthropisation levels. Particular attention should be drawn to these findings while handling and preparing game meat. Furthermore, deer may release STEC in the environment, possibly leading to the contamination of soil and water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Camilla Luzzago
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Chiani
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Michelacci
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Arnold Knijn
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Gaia Scavia
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Morabito
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosangela Tozzoli
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Rome, Italy
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Park DS, Park JH. Characteristics of Bacteriophage Isolates and Expression of Shiga Toxin Genes Transferred to Non Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli by Transduction. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:710-716. [PMID: 33782222 PMCID: PMC9705938 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2102.02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A risk analysis of Shiga toxin (Stx)-encoding bacteriophage was carried out by confirming the transduction phage to non-Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and subsequent expression of the Shiga toxin genes. The virulence factor stx1 was identified in five phages, and both stx1 and stx2 were found in four phages from a total of 19 phage isolates with seven non-O157 STEC strains. The four phages, designated as φNOEC41, φNOEC46, φNOEC47, and φNOEC49, belonged morphologically to the Myoviridae family. The stabilities of these phages to temperature, pH, ethanol, and NaClO were high with some variabilities among the phages. The infection of five non-STEC strains by nine Stx-encoding phages occurred at a rate of approximately 40%. Non-STEC strains were transduced by Stx-encoding phage to become lysogenic strains, and seven convertant strains had stx1 and/or stx2 genes. Only the stx1 gene was transferred to the receptor strains without any deletion. Gene expression of a convertant having both stx1 and stx2 genes was confirmed to be up to 32 times higher for Stx1 in 6% NaCl osmotic media and twice for Stx2 in 4% NaCl media, compared with expression in low-salt environments. Therefore, a new risk might arise from the transfer of pathogenic genes from Stx-encoding phages to otherwise harmless hosts. Without adequate sterilization of food exposed to various environments, there is a possibility that the toxicity of the phages might increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Som Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-31-750-5523 Fax: +82-31-750-5283 E-mail:
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Obodoechi LO, Carvalho I, Chenouf NS, Martínez-Álvarez S, Sadi M, Nwanta JA, Chah KF, Torres C. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from frugivorous (Eidolon helvum) and insectivorous (Nycteris hispida) bats in Southeast Nigeria, with detection of CTX-M-15 producing isolates. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 75:101613. [PMID: 33465673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-five Escherichia coli isolates obtained from the liver, spleen and intestines of 180 frugivorous and insectivorous bats were investigated for antimicrobial resistance phenotypes/genotypes, prevalence of Extended-Spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production, virulence gene detection and molecular typing. Eight (22.9 %) of the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). Two isolates were cefotaxime-resistant, ESBL-producers and harbored the blaCTX-M-15 gene; they belonged to ST10184-D and ST2178-B1 lineages. tet(A) gene was detected in all tetracycline-resistant isolates while int1 (n = 8) and blaTEM (n = 7) genes were also found. Thirty-three of the E. coli isolates were assigned to seven phylogenetic groups, with B1 (45.7 %) being predominant. Three isolates were enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) pathovars, containing the eae gene (with the variants gamma and iota), and lacking stx1/stx2 genes. Bats in Nigeria are possible reservoirs of potentially pathogenic MDR E. coli isolates which may be important in the ecology of antimicrobial resistance at the human-livestock-wildlife-environment interfaces. The study reinforces the importance of including wildlife in national antimicrobial resistance monitoring programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda O Obodoechi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Isabel Carvalho
- Area Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain; Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nadia Safia Chenouf
- Area Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain; Laboratory of Exploration and Valuation of the Steppe Ecosystem, University of Djelfa, Algeria
| | | | - Madjid Sadi
- Area Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain; Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Saad Dahlab Blida1, Blida, Algeria; Laboratory of Biotechnology Related to Animals Reproduction, Blida, Algeria
| | - John A Nwanta
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Kennedy F Chah
- University of Nigeria Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Research Group, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
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Orden JA, García-Meniño I, Flament-Simon SC, Blanco J, de la Fuente R, Martínez-Rodrigo A, Mas A, Carrión J, Sobrino F, Domínguez-Bernal G. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in the Madrid region of Spain are carriers of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli and enteropathogenic E. coli. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 68:69-78. [PMID: 33225569 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of wildlife in the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance is unclear. Raccoons in North America can carry a variety of enteric bacteria, with associated antimicrobial resistance, that could infect humans and livestock. The potential for raccoons to carry these bacteria in Europe, where they are an invasive species, has not been explored. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of Escherichia coli with associated antimicrobial resistance in raccoons from the Madrid region of Spain and to determine whether they are carriers of potential human pathogens, including verotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). In total, we tested 237 E. coli isolates from the faeces of 83 euthanized raccoons for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobial agents and the presence of VTEC and EPEC. Antimicrobial resistance to at least one antimicrobial was detected in the faeces of 51% (42/83; 95% CI, 40.1-61.1) of the raccoons tested. A high percentage of raccoons carried, in their faeces, E. coli isolates resistant to ampicillin (33%), streptomycin (33%), tetracycline (30%), sulphafurazole (31%) and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (23%). We detected one isolate of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli from the faeces of one raccoon. We detected VTEC in the faeces of one raccoon, and EPEC in the faeces of 12% (10/83) of the raccoons. Of the raccoons that carried EPEC in their faeces, 60% (6/10) carried EPEC isolates that exhibited characteristics associated with pathogenicity in humans. Raccoons in Madrid can carry pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant E. coli in their faeces and may be a risk to public health because of their potential to contaminate food and the environment with their faeces.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Orden
- INMIVET, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidro García-Meniño
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Saskia C Flament-Simon
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jorge Blanco
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ricardo de la Fuente
- INMIVET, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Abel Martínez-Rodrigo
- INMIVET, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Mas
- INMIVET, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Carrión
- INMIVET, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sobrino
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo Domínguez-Bernal
- INMIVET, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Meena B, Anburajan L, Varma KS, Vinithkumar NV, Kirubagaran R, Dharani G. A multiplex PCR kit for the detection of three major virulent genes in Enterococcus faecalis. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 177:106061. [PMID: 32950564 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex PCR kit that detects three major virulence genes, gelE, hyl and asaI, in Enterococcus faecalis was developed. Analyses of the available sequences of three major virulence genes and designed primers allowed us to develop the three-gene, multiplex PCR protocol that maintained the specificity of each primer pair. The resulting three amplicon bands for gelE, hyl and asaI were even and distinct with product sizes of 213, 273 and 713 bp, respectively. The multiplex PCR procedure was validated with a total of 243 E. faecalis strains that included 02 ATCC strains, 109 isolates from marine samples (sediment, water and sea foods), 22 isolates from cattle fodder, 79 isolates fresh water samples and 31 isolates from nosocomial samples. Specificity of the kit was indicated by amplification of only three major virulent genes gelE, hyl and asaI without any nonspecific bands. Tests for the limit of detection revealed that amplified genes from the sample with a minimum of 104 CFU/g or CFU/mL (10 cells/reaction) of E. faecalis and lower cell load samples, after a 3 h enrichment in NIOT-E. faecalis enrichment medium at 37 °C, a sensitivity level of 10 CFU/g or CFU/mL was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balakrishnan Meena
- Atal Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Port Blair 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - Lawrance Anburajan
- Atal Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Port Blair 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
| | | | - Nambali Valsalan Vinithkumar
- Atal Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Port Blair 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Ramalingam Kirubagaran
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Ocean Science and Technology for Islands Group, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Chennai 600100, India
| | - Gopal Dharani
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Ocean Science and Technology for Islands Group, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Chennai 600100, India
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Topalcengiz Z, Jeamsripong S, Spanninger PM, Persad AK, Wang F, Buchanan RL, LeJEUNE J, Kniel KE, Jay-Russell MT, Danyluk MD. Survival of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Various Wild Animal Feces That May Contaminate Produce. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1420-1429. [PMID: 32299095 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Domestic and wild animal intrusions are identified as a food safety risk during fresh produce production. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the survival of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in cattle, feral pig, waterfowl, deer, and raccoon feces from sources in California, Delaware, Florida, and Ohio. Fecal samples were inoculated with a cocktail of rifampin-resistant STEC serotypes (O103, O104, O111, O145, and O157) (104 to 106 CFU/g of feces). Inoculated feces were held at ambient temperature. Populations of surviving cells were monitored throughout 1 year (364 days), with viable populations being enumerated by spread plating and enrichment when the bacteria were no longer detected by plating. Representative colonies were collected at various time intervals based on availability from different locations to determine the persistence of surviving STEC serotypes. Over the 364-day storage period, similar survival trends were observed for each type of animal feces from all states except for cattle and deer feces from Ohio. STEC populations remained the highest in cattle and deer feces from all states between days 28 and 364, except for those from Ohio. Feral pig, waterfowl, and raccoon feces had populations of STEC of <1.0 log CFU/g starting from day 112 in feces from all states. E. coli O103 and O104 were the predominant serotypes throughout the entire storage period in feces from all animals and from all states. The survival of both O157 and non-O157 STEC strains in domesticated and wild animal feces indicates a potential risk of contamination from animal intrusion. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynal Topalcengiz
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Muş Alparslan University, Muş 49250, Turkey (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2113-7319 [Z.T.]).,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, USA
| | - Saharuetai Jeamsripong
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95618, USA.,ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7332-1647 [S.J.].,Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Patrick M Spanninger
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Anil K Persad
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1306-325X [A.K.P.]).,Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science and Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Robert L Buchanan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science and Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7604-4048 [R.L.B.])
| | - Jeff LeJEUNE
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
| | - Kalmia E Kniel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Michele T Jay-Russell
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95618, USA.,ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9849-8086 [M.T.J.R.]
| | - Michelle D Danyluk
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, USA.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5780-7911 [M.D.D.])
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Szczerba-Turek A, Kordas B. Fallow Deer ( Dama dama) as a Reservoir of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E881. [PMID: 32438625 PMCID: PMC7278374 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia (E.) coli (STEC) are responsible for the outbreaks of serious diseases in humans. Only a few reports on fallow deer as a reservoir of foodborne pathogens have been published to date. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of STEC strains in the fallow deer population in Poland. In all, 94 fallow deer swabs were tested. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the virulence profile of stx1, stx2 and eae or aggR genes, to identify the subtypes of stx1 and stx2 genes and to perform O and H serotyping. STEC and attaching and effacing (AE)-STEC were identified in 13 isolates (13.83%). The most hazardous virulence profile was detected in three strains, namely stx2d serotype O103:HNM, eae/stx1a serotype O26:HNM and eae/stx1a serotype O157:H7. The predominant stx gene was stx2, which was identified in 76.92% of isolates. E. coli O157 was detected in 4/94 (4.26%). Other E. coli serogroups, O26, O103, O111 and O145, were identified in 14/94 fallow deer (14.89%). The present findings suggest that fallow deer are carriers of STEC/AE-STEC that are potentially pathogenic to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szczerba-Turek
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland;
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Peng Z, Liang W, Hu Z, Li X, Guo R, Hua L, Tang X, Tan C, Chen H, Wang X, Wu B. O-serogroups, virulence genes, antimicrobial susceptibility, and MLST genotypes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from swine and cattle in Central China. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:427. [PMID: 31783837 PMCID: PMC6883634 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a leading cause of worldwide food-borne and waterborne infections. Despite an increase in the number of STEC outbreaks, there is a lack of data on prevalence of STEC at the farm level, distribution of serogroups, and virulence factors. Results In the present study, a total of 91 (6.16%) STEC strains were isolated from 1477 samples including pig intestines, pig feces, cattle feces, milk, and water from dairy farms. The isolation rates of STEC strains from pig intestines, pig feces, and cattle feces were 7.41% (32/432), 4.38% (21/480), and 9.57% (38/397), respectively. No STEC was isolated from the fresh milk and water samples. By O-serotyping methods, a total of 30 types of O-antigens were determined, and the main types were O100, O97, O91, O149, O26, O92, O102, O157, and O34. Detection of selected virulence genes (stx1, stx2, eae, ehxA, saa) revealed that over 94.51% (86/91) of the isolates carried more than two types of virulence associated genes, and approximately 71.43% (65/91) of the isolates carried both stx1 and stx2, simultaneously. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that most of the STEC isolates were susceptible to ofloxacin and norfloxacin, but showed resistance to tetracycline, kanamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, amoxicillin, and ampicillin. MLST determined 13 categories of sequence types (STs), and ST297 (31.87%; 29/91) was the most dominant clone. This clone displayed a close relationship to virulent strains STEC ST678 (O104: H4). The prevalence of ST297 clones should receive more attentions. Conclusions Our preliminary data revealed that a heterogeneous group of STEC is present, but the non-O157 serogroups and some ST clones such as ST297 should receive more attentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zizhe Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaosong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Rui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lin Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xibiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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11
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Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) shedding in a wild roe deer population. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108479. [PMID: 31767081 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide infections by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in humans have been reported after consumption of mainly beef, but also deer meat. Not only the consumption of contaminated deer meat represents a risk, but also the transmission of STEC between deer and domestic animals should be considered. Within the framework of a telemetry study of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) the aim was to analyse the occurrence of STEC. Due to the chance to sample some animals several times it was possible to obtain data on the repeated shedding of STEC in roe deer. In total 124 faeces or rectal swabs of 77 live trapped roe deer were collected. The isolates obtained were characterized for stx subtypes, different virulence genes, the so-called top-five serogroups, phylogenetic groups, PFGE-types and antimicrobial susceptibilities. The majority of roe deer were stx-positive whenever sampled. Twenty-eight animals were sampled more than once and were used to examine the duration of shedding STEC. The time interval of 6 persistently stx-negative tested animals was between 6 and 440d (median 49d, interquartile range (IQR) 17-258d). Ten animals excreted undistinguishable STEC strains in intervals between 4 and 778d (median 42d, IQR 22-79d). Most of the isolates were stx2b-positive, eae-negative and frequently ehlyA-positive. None of the isolates belonged to serogroup O26, O103, O111, O145 and O157, respectively. All isolates were sensitive to the antimicrobial substances tested. Although the duration of each shedding event could not be determined the results indicate long-term excretion of STEC in roe deer. This is an important consideration for the observance of good hygiene practice while field dressing of deer and preparing deer meat.
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12
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Szczerba-Turek A, Siemionek J, Socha P, Bancerz-Kisiel A, Platt-Samoraj A, Lipczynska-Ilczuk K, Szweda W. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates from red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) in Poland. Food Microbiol 2019; 86:103352. [PMID: 31703865 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia (E.) coli (STEC) pathogens are responsible for the outbreaks of serious diseases in humans, including haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), bloody diarrhoea (BD) and diarrhoea (D), and they pose a significant public health concern. Wild ruminants are an important environmental reservoir of foodborne pathogens that can cause serious illnesses in humans and contaminate fresh products. There is a general scarcity of published data about wildlife as a reservoir of foodborne pathogens in Poland, which is why the potential epidemiological risk associated with red deer, roe deer and fallow deer as reservoirs of STEC/AE-STEC strains was evaluated in this study. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of STEC strains in red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) populations in north-eastern Poland, and to evaluate the potential health risk associated with wild ruminants carrying STEC/AE-STEC strains. We examined 252 rectal swabs obtained from 134 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), 97 red deer (Cervus elaphus) and 21 fallow deer (Dama dama) in north-eastern Poland. The samples were enriched in modified buffered peptone water. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were conducted to determine the virulence profile of stx1, stx2 and eae or aggR genes, to identify the subtypes of stx1 and stx2 genes, and to perform O and H serotyping. E. coli O157:H7 isolates were detected in the rectal swabs collected from 1/134 roe deer (0.75%) and 4/97 red deer (4.1%), and they were not detected in fallow deer (Dama dama). The remaining E. coli serogroups, namely O26, O103, O111 and O145 that belong to the "top five" non-O157 serogroups, were detected in 15/134 roe deer (11.19%), 18/97 red deer (18.56%) and 2/21 fallow deer (9.52%). STEC/AE-STEC strains were detected in 33 roe deer isolates (24.63%), 21 red deer isolates (21.65%) and 2 fallow deer isolates (9.52%). According to the most recent FAO/WHO report, stx2a and eae genes are the primary virulence traits associated with HUS, and these genes were identified in one roe deer isolate and one red deer isolate. Stx2 was the predominant stx gene, and it was detected in 78.79% of roe deer and in 71.43% of red deer isolates. The results of this study confirmed that red deer and roe deer in north-eastern Poland are carriers of STEC/AE-STEC strains that are potentially pathogenic for humans. This is the first report documenting the virulence of STEC/AE-STEC strains from wild ruminants in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szczerba-Turek
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Jan Siemionek
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Piotr Socha
- Department of Animal Reproduction with a Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agata Bancerz-Kisiel
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Platt-Samoraj
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Karolina Lipczynska-Ilczuk
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Wojciech Szweda
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
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13
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Milton AAP, Agarwal RK, Priya GB, Aravind M, Athira CK, Rose L, Saminathan M, Sharma AK, Kumar A. Captive wildlife from India as carriers of Shiga toxin-producing, Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 81:321-327. [PMID: 30393267 PMCID: PMC6395213 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) make up an important group of pathogens causing major animal and public health concerns worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of different pathotypes of E. coli in captive wildlife. We analyzed 314 fresh fecal samples from captive wildlife, 30 stool swabs from animal caretakers, and 26 feed and water samples collected from various zoological gardens and enclosures in India for the isolation of E. coli, followed by pathotyping by multiplex PCR. The overall occurrence rate of E. coli was 74.05% (274/370). The 274 E. coli isolates were pathotyped by multiplex PCR targeting 6 genes. Of them, 5.83% were pathotyped as EPEC, 4.74% as STEC, and 1.09% as ETEC. The 16S rRNA genes from the selected isolates were amplified, sequenced, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The phylogenetic tree exhibited indiscriminate genetic profiling and some isolates from captive wild animals had 100% genetic identity with isolates from caretakers, suggesting that captive wildlife may serve as a reservoir for infection in humans and vice-versa. The present study demonstrates for the first time the prevalence of these E. coli pathotypes in captive wildlife in India. Our study suggests that atypical EPEC strains are more frequent than typical EPEC strains in captive wildlife. Discovering the implications of the prevalence of these pathotypes in wildlife conservation is a challenging topic to be addressed by further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arockiasamy Arun Prince Milton
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Agarwal
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Govindarajan Bhuvana Priya
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manivasagam Aravind
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai-600007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Cheruplackal Karunakaran Athira
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Losa Rose
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- Division of Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Division of Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Animal Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, India
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14
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Alonso CA, González-Barrio D, Ruiz-Fons F, Ruiz-Ripa L, Torres C. High frequency of B2 phylogroup among non-clonally related fecal Escherichia coli isolates from wild boars, including the lineage ST131. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:3003317. [PMID: 28365752 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild boars are worldwide distributed mammals which population is increasing in many regions, like the Iberian Peninsula, leading to an increased exposition to humans. They are considered reservoirs of different zoonotic pathogens and have been postulated as potential vectors of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and phylogenetic distribution of Escherichia coli from wild boar feces. Antimicrobial resistance and integron content was genetically characterized and E. coli of B2 phylogroup was further analyzed by molecular typing and virulence genotyping. The prevalence of AMR E. coli was low, with only 7.5% of isolates being resistant against at least one antimicrobial, mainly ampicillin, tetracycline and/or sulfonamide. An unexpected elevated rate of B2 phylogroup (47.5%) was identified, most of them showing unrelated pulsed-field-gel-electrophoresis patterns. ST131/B2 (fimH 22 sublineage), ST28/B2, ST1170/B2, ST681/B2 and ST625/B2 clones, previously described in extraintestinal infections in humans, were detected in B2 isolates, and carried one or more genes associated with extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). This study demonstrated a low prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli from wild boars, although they are not exempt of AMR bacteria, and a predominance of genetically diverse B2 phylogroup, including isolates carrying ExPEC which may contribute to the spread of virulence determinants among different ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Andrea Alonso
- Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Spanish Wildlife Research Institute IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Fons
- Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Spanish Wildlife Research Institute IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Laura Ruiz-Ripa
- Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
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15
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Alonso CA, Mora A, Díaz D, Blanco M, González-Barrio D, Ruiz-Fons F, Simón C, Blanco J, Torres C. Occurrence and characterization of stx and/or eae-positive Escherichia coli isolated from wildlife, including a typical EPEC strain from a wild boar. Vet Microbiol 2017; 207:69-73. [PMID: 28757042 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains are food-borne pathogens associated with acute diarrhea. Haemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is often a complication of STEC infection. In order to examine the occurrence, serotypes, virulence and antimicrobial-resistance profiles of STEC and EPEC in wildlife, 326 faecal E. coli strains from 304 clinically healthy animals were analyzed. For this approach stx1, stx2 and eae genes, as well as accessory virulence determinants (ehx, hlyA, saa, tia, bfp, subAB) were PCR-screened and sequenced. Serotyping was performed employing all available O (O1-O185) and H (H1-H56) antisera. Genetic diversity was analyzed by XbaI-PFGE and phylotyping. Thirteen STEC (4.3%) and 10 EPEC (3.3%) were identified among 12 deer, 3 mouflon, 6 wild boars and 2 birds. Nine STEC showed seropathotypes B (O145:[H28]) and C (O22:H8, O128:[H2]) associated with HUS, and D (O110:H28, O146:H21, O146:[H28], ONT:H8) associated with human diarrhea. Although most isolates harbored stx2b and stx1c variants, stx2a and stx1a (related with severe disease) were also detected. Additionally, the eae gene was present in one stx2a-positive O145:[H28] STEC from a deer and 11 STEC harbored subAB genes (mainly the subAB2 variant). EPEC isolates showed 7 different intimin variants (β1, β2, γ1, ε1, ζ1, ι1-A, κ). Interestingly, the O49:[H10] eae-κ EPEC isolated from a wild boar was bfpA-positive showing a combination of serotype/virulence profile previously detected among human clinical tEPEC. Based on present results, wild ruminants, wild boars and to a lesser extent birds would be carriers of potentially pathogenic STEC and EPEC strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Andrea Alonso
- Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Azucena Mora
- Laboratorio de Referencia de E. coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Dafne Díaz
- Laboratorio de Referencia de E. coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Miguel Blanco
- Laboratorio de Referencia de E. coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- Grupo SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Fons
- Grupo SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Carmen Simón
- Facultad de Veterinaria,Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jorge Blanco
- Laboratorio de Referencia de E. coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain.
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16
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Kabeya H, Sato S, Oda S, Kawamura M, Nagasaka M, Kuranaga M, Yokoyama E, Hirai S, Iguchi A, Ishihara T, Kuroki T, Morita-Ishihara T, Iyoda S, Terajima J, Ohnishi M, Maruyama S. Characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from feces of sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Japan using PCR binary typing analysis to evaluate their potential human pathogenicity. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:834-841. [PMID: 28320988 PMCID: PMC5447969 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the potential pathogenicity of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in feces of sika deer by PCR binary typing (P-BIT), using 24 selected STEC genes. A total of 31 STEC strains
derived from sika deer in 6 prefectures of Japan were O-serotyped and found to be O93 (n=12), O146 (n=5), O176 (n=3), O130 (n=3), O5 (n=2), O7 (n=1), O96 (n=1), O116 (n=1), O141 (n=1), O157 (n=1) and O-untypable (n=1). Of the 31
STEC strains, 13 carried both stx1 and stx2, 5 carried only stx1, and 13 carried one or two variants of stx2. However, no Stx2 production was observed in 3
strains that carried only stx2: the other 28 strains produced the appropriate Stx. P-BIT analysis showed that the 5 O5 strains from two wild deer formed a cluster with human STEC strains, suggesting that the
profiles of the presence of the 24 P-BIT genes in the deer strains were significantly similar to those in human strains. All of the other non-O157 STEC strains in this study were classified with strains from food, domestic animals
and humans in another cluster. Good sanitary conditions should be used for deer meat processing to avoid STEC contamination, because STEC is prevalent in deer and deer may be a potential source of STEC causing human
infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Kabeya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shingo Sato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shinya Oda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Megumi Kawamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Mariko Nagasaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Masanari Kuranaga
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Eiji Yokoyama
- Division of Bacteriology, Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 666-2 Nitona-cho, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8715, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Hirai
- Division of Bacteriology, Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 666-2 Nitona-cho, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8715, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iguchi
- Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadainishi, Miyazaki-shi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Tomoe Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-1 Shimomachiya, Chigasaki-shi, Kanagawa 253-0087, Japan
| | - Toshiro Kuroki
- Department of Planning and Information, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-1 Shimomachiya, Chigasaki-shi, Kanagawa 253-0087, Japan
| | - Tomoko Morita-Ishihara
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Sunao Iyoda
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Jun Terajima
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Soichi Maruyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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17
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Cabal A, Vicente J, Alvarez J, Barasona JA, Boadella M, Dominguez L, Gortazar C. Human influence and biotic homogenization drive the distribution of Escherichia coli virulence genes in natural habitats. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6. [PMID: 28213899 PMCID: PMC5458461 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle are the main reservoirs for Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), the only known zoonotic intestinal E. coli pathotype. However, there are other intestinal pathotypes that can cause disease in humans, whose presence has been seldom investigated. Thus, our aim was to identify the effects of anthropic pressure and of wild and domestic ungulate abundance on the distribution and diversity of the main human E. coli pathotypes and nine of their representative virulence genes (VGs). We used a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) for the direct detection and quantification of the genus-specific gene uidA, nine E. coli VGs (stx1, sxt2, eae, ehxA, aggR, est, elt, bfpA, invA), as well as four genes related to O157:H7 (rfbO157 , fliCH7 ) and O104:H4 (wzxO104 , fliCH4 ) serotypes in animals (feces from deer, cattle, and wild boar) and water samples collected in three areas of Doñana National Park (DNP), Spain. Eight of the nine VGs were detected, being invA, eae, and stx2 followed by stx1, aggR, and ehxA the most abundant ones. In quantitative terms (gene copies per mg of sample), stx1 and stx2 gave the highest values. Significant differences were seen regarding VGs in the three animal species in the three sampled areas. The serotype-related genes were found in all but one sample types. In general, VGs were more diverse and abundant in the northern part of the Park, where the surface waters are more contaminated by human waste and farms. In the current study, we demonstrated that human influence is more relevant than host species in shaping the E. coli VGs spatial pattern and diversity in DNP. In addition, wildlife could be potential reservoirs for other pathotypes different from STEC, however further isolation steps would be needed to completely characterize those E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Cabal
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,SaBio IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Joaquin Vicente
- SaBio IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Julio Alvarez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jose Angel Barasona
- SaBio IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mariana Boadella
- SaBio IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Lucas Dominguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Gortazar
- SaBio IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
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18
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Delannoy S, Beutin L, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Fleiss A, Bonacorsi S, Fach P. The Escherichia coli Serogroup O1 and O2 Lipopolysaccharides Are Encoded by Multiple O-antigen Gene Clusters. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:30. [PMID: 28224115 PMCID: PMC5293828 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli strains belonging to serogroups O1 and O2 are frequently associated with human infections, especially extra-intestinal infections such as bloodstream infections or urinary tract infections. These strains can be associated with a large array of flagellar antigens. Because of their frequency and clinical importance, a reliable detection of E. coli O1 and O2 strains and also the frequently associated K1 capsule is important for diagnosis and source attribution of E. coli infections in humans and animals. By sequencing the O-antigen clusters of various O1 and O2 strains we showed that the serogroups O1 and O2 are encoded by different sets of O-antigen encoding genes and identified potentially new O-groups. We developed qPCR-assays to detect the various O1 and O2 variants and the K1-encoding gene. These qPCR assays proved to be 100% sensitive and 100% specific and could be valuable tools for the investigations of zoonotic and food-borne infection of humans with O1 and O2 extra-intestinal (ExPEC) or Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Delannoy
- IdentyPath Platform, Food Safety Laboratory, Anses, Université Paris-Est Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Lothar Beutin
- National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute for Biology - Microbiology, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Patricia Mariani-Kurkdjian
- CNR Associé Escherichia coli, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Robert-DebréParis, France; IAME, UMR 1137, INSERMParis, France; IAME, UMR 1137, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Aubin Fleiss
- IdentyPath Platform, Food Safety Laboratory, Anses, Université Paris-Est Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphane Bonacorsi
- CNR Associé Escherichia coli, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Robert-DebréParis, France; IAME, UMR 1137, INSERMParis, France; IAME, UMR 1137, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Patrick Fach
- IdentyPath Platform, Food Safety Laboratory, Anses, Université Paris-Est Maisons-Alfort, France
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Mishra RP, Jain U, Singh RK. Genotypic study of verocytotoxic Escherichia coli isolates from deer by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Vet World 2016; 9:919-21. [PMID: 27651685 PMCID: PMC5021846 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.919-921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was planned to study the genotypes of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) in fecal samples of deer due to its public health significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 160 fecal samples of deer were taken from Mathura district and Kanpur Zoo and screened for VTEC genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS All fecal samples were positive for E. coli. All the E. coli isolates were screened by PCR to detect virulence genes stx1 , stx2 , eaeA, and hlyA. Of these, 15 isolates were found positive for VTEC having one or more genes in different combinations. CONCLUSION Genes such as stx1 , stx2 , eaeA, and hlyA were prevalent in VTEC isolates from feces of deer. The presence of VTEC isolates having virulent genes may pose a threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Prasad Mishra
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary University, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Udit Jain
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary University, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Zielińska S, Kidawa D, Stempniewicz L, Łoś M, Łoś JM. DNA extracted from faeces as a source of information about endemic reindeer from the High Arctic: detection of Shiga toxin genes and the analysis of reindeer male-specific DNA. Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-016-1990-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Carrillo-Del Valle MD, De la Garza-García JA, Díaz-Aparicio E, Valdivia-Flores AG, Cisneros-Guzmán LF, Rosario C, Manjarrez-Hernández ÁH, Navarro A, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J, Maravilla P, Hernández-Castro R. Characterization of Escherichia coli strains from red deer (Cervus elaphus) faeces in a Mexican protected natural area. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-016-1015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are commonly found in the intestine of ruminant species of wild and domestic animals. Excretion of STEC with animal feces results in a broad contamination of food and the environment. Humans get infected with STEC through ingestion of contaminated food, by contact with the environment, and from STEC-excreting animals and humans. STEC strains can behave as human pathogens, and some of them, called enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), may cause hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Because of the diversity of STEC types, detection strategies for STEC and EHEC are based on the identification of Shiga toxins or the underlying genes. Cultural enrichment of STEC from test samples is needed for identification, and different protocols were developed for this purpose. Multiplex real-time PCR protocols (ISO/CEN TS13136 and USDA/FSIS MLG5B.01) have been developed to specifically identify EHEC by targeting the LEE (locus of enterocyte effacement)-encoded eae gene and genes for EHEC-associated O groups. The employment of more genetic markers (nle and CRISPR) is a future challenge for better identification of EHEC from any kinds of samples. The isolation of STEC or EHEC from a sample is required for confirmation, and different cultivation protocols and media for this purpose have been developed. Most STEC strains present in food, animals, and the environment are eae negative, but some of these strains can cause HC and HUS in humans as well. Phenotypic assays and molecular tools for typing EHEC and STEC strains are used to detect and characterize human pathogenic strains among members of the STEC group.
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Gnat S, Trościańczyk A, Nowakiewicz A, Majer-Dziedzic B, Ziółkowska G, Dziedzic R, Zięba P, Teodorowski O. Experimental studies of microbial populations and incidence of zoonotic pathogens in the faeces of red deer (Cervus elaphus
). Lett Appl Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Gnat
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - A. Trościańczyk
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - A. Nowakiewicz
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - B. Majer-Dziedzic
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - G. Ziółkowska
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - R. Dziedzic
- Sub-Department of Animal Ecology and Wildlife; Department of Zoology, Animal Ecology and Wildlife; Faculty of Biology and Animal Breeding; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
| | - P. Zięba
- State Veterinary Laboratory; Lublin Poland
| | - O. Teodorowski
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases; University of Life Sciences; Lublin Poland
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Herrero-Fresno A, Larsen I, Olsen JE. Genetic relatedness of commensal Escherichia coli from nursery pigs in intensive pig production in Denmark and molecular characterization of genetically different strains. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:342-53. [PMID: 25963647 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the genetic relatedness and the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in commensal Escherichia coli from nursery pigs in Danish intensive production. METHODS AND RESULTS The genetic diversity of 1000 E. coli strains randomly picked (N = 50 isolates) from cultured faecal samples (N = 4 pigs) from five intensive Danish pigs farms was analysed by repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR (REP-PCR) and 42 unique REP-profiles were detected (similarity <92%). One profile was dominant (67.2% of strains) but farms differed significantly in the diversity of commensal E. coli: between eight and 21 different profiles per farm were detected. One to three strains representing each REP-profile were characterized by multilocus typing scheme-typing, as well as for presence of antimicrobial and virulence genes and serogrouping through microarray analysis. The 42 REP-profiles were classified into 22 different sequence types (ST) with ST10 being the most common, encompassing 10 REP-profiles. Resistance and virulence genes were detected in most of the isolates. Genes encoding AmpC-β-lactamases and quinolone resistance were found in one and three isolates, respectively. Toxin-producing genes were observed in 20 isolates. CONCLUSIONS A low genetic diversity was found in commensal gut E. coli from nursery pigs in Denmark. No correlation was observed between REP-profiles, ST-types and resistance/virulence patterns. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study analysing in depth the genetic variability of commensal E. coli from pigs in Danish intensive pig production. A tendency for higher diversity was observed with in nursery pigs that were treated with zinc oxide only, in absence of other antimicrobials. Strains with potential to disseminate virulence and antibiotic resistance genes to pathogenic subgroups of E. coli were found to be wide-spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Herrero-Fresno
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - I Larsen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - J E Olsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Comparison of Enrichment Broths for Supporting Growth of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:214-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) strains have been detected in a wide diversity of mammals, birds, fish, and several insects. Carriage by most animals is asymptomatic, thus allowing for dissemination of the bacterium in the environment without detection. Replication of the organism may occur in the gastrointestinal tract of some animals, notably ruminants. Carriage may also be passive or transient, without significant amplification of bacterial numbers while in the animal host. Animals may be classified as reservoir species, spillover hosts, or dead-end hosts. This classification is based on the animal's ability to (i) transmit STEC to other animal species and (ii) maintain STEC infection in the absence of continuous exposure. Animal reservoirs are able to maintain STEC infections in the absence of continuous STEC exposure and transmit infection to other species. Spillover hosts, although capable of transmitting STEC to other animals, are unable to maintain infection in the absence of repeated exposure. The large diversity of reservoir and spillover host species and the survival of the organism in environmental niches result in complex pathways of transmission that are difficult to interrupt.
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Rajkhowa S, Sarma DK. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of porcine O157 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:931-7. [PMID: 24743858 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains in pigs as a possible STEC reservoir in India as well as to characterize the STEC strains and to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the strains. A total of 782 E. coli isolates from clinically healthy (n = 473) and diarrhoeic piglets (309) belonging to major pig-producing states of India were screened by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the presence of virulence genes characteristic for STEC, that is, Shiga toxin-producing gene(s) (stx1, stx2), intimin (eae), enterohemolysin (hlyA) and STEC autoagglutinating adhesin (Saa). Overall STEC were detected in 113 (14.4%) piglets, and the prevalence of E. coli O157 and non-O157 STEC were 4 (0.5%) and 109 (13.9%), respectively. None of the O157 STEC isolates carried gene encoding for H7 antigen (fliCh7). The various combinations of virulence genes present in the strains studied were stx1 in 4.6%, stx1 in combination with stx2 gene in 5.1%, stx1 in combination with stx2 and ehxA in 0.6%, stx1 in combination with stx2 and eae in 0.2% and stx2 alone in 3.7%. All STEC isolates were found negative for STEC autoagglutinating adhesin (Saa). The number of STEC isolates which showed resistance to antimicrobials such as ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, lincomycin, nalidixic acid, sulfadiazine, penicillin, gentamicin, kanamycin and ceftriaxone were 100, 99, 98, 97, 95, 94, 92, 88, 85 and 85, respectively. Ninety-seven isolates showed resistance to more than 2 antimicrobials, and 8 resistance groups (R1 to R8) were observed. This study demonstrates that pigs in India harbour both O157 and non-O157 STEC, and this may pose serious public health problems in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaraj Rajkhowa
- National Research Centre on Pig, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Rani Guwahati, 781 131, Assam, India,
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Meng Q, Bai X, Zhao A, Lan R, Du H, Wang T, Shi C, Yuan X, Bai X, Ji S, Jin D, Yu B, Wang Y, Sun H, Liu K, Xu J, Xiong Y. Characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from healthy pigs in China. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:5. [PMID: 24393167 PMCID: PMC3893481 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is recognized as an important human diarrheal pathogen. Swine plays an important role as a carrier of this pathogen. In this study we determined the prevalence and characteristics of STEC from healthy swine collected between May 2011 and August 2012 from 3 cities/provinces in China. Results A total of 1003 samples, including 326 fecal, 351 small intestinal contents and 326 colon contents samples, was analyzed. Two hundred and fifty five samples were stx-positive by PCR and 93 STEC isolates were recovered from 62 stx-positive samples. Twelve O serogroups and 19 O:H serotypes including 6 serotypes (O100:H20/[H20], O143:H38/[H38], O87:H10, O172:H30/[H30], O159:H16, O9:H30/[H30]) rarely found in swine and ruminants were identified. All 93 STEC isolates harbored stx2 only, all of which were stx2e subtype including 1 isolate being a new variant of stx2e. 53.76%, 15.05% and 2.15% STEC isolates carried astA, hlyA and ehxA respectively. Four STEC isolates harbored the high-pathogenicity island. Of the 15 adherence-associated genes tested, 13 (eae, efa1, iha, lpfAO113, lpfAO157/OI-154, lpfAO157/OI-141, toxB, saa, F4, F5, F6, F17 or F41) were all absent while 2 (paa and F18) were present in 7 and 4 STEC isolates respectively. The majority of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline (79.57%), nalidixic acid (78.49%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (73.12%) and kanamycin (55.91%). The STEC isolates were divided into 63 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns and 21 sequence types (STs). Isolates of the same STs generally showed the same or similar drug resistance patterns. A higher proportion of STEC isolates from Chongqing showed multidrug resistance with one ST (ST3628) resistant to 14 antimicrobials. Conclusions Our results indicate that swine is a significant reservoir of STEC strains in China. Based on comparison by serotypes and sequence types with human strains and presence of virulence genes, the swine STEC may have a low potential to cause human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yanwen Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China.
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Franklin AB, VerCauteren KC, Maguire H, Cichon MK, Fischer JW, Lavelle MJ, Powell A, Root JJ, Scallan E. Wild ungulates as disseminators of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in urban areas. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81512. [PMID: 24349083 PMCID: PMC3859483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2008, children playing on a soccer field in Colorado were sickened with a strain of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7, which was ultimately linked to feces from wild Rocky Mountain elk. We addressed whether wild cervids were a potential source of STEC infections in humans and whether STEC was ubiquitous throughout wild cervid populations in Colorado. Methodology/Principal Findings We collected 483 fecal samples from Rocky Mountain elk and mule deer in urban and non-urban areas. Samples testing positive for STEC were higher in urban (11.0%) than non-urban (1.6%) areas. Elk fecal samples in urban areas had a much higher probability of containing STEC, which increased in both urban and non-urban areas as maximum daily temperature increased. Of the STEC-positive samples, 25% contained stx1 strains, 34.3% contained stx2, and 13% contained both stx1 and stx2. Additionally, eaeA genes were detected in 54.1% of the positive samples. Serotypes O103, and O146 were found in elk and deer feces, which also have the potential to cause human illness. Conclusions/Significance The high incidence of stx2 strains combined with eaeA and E-hyl genes that we found in wild cervid feces is associated with severe human disease, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome. This is of concern because there is a very close physical interface between elk and humans in urban areas that we sampled. In addition, we found a strong relationship between ambient temperature and incidence of STEC in elk feces, suggesting a higher incidence of STEC in elk feces in public areas on warmer days, which in turn may increase the likelihood that people will come in contact with infected feces. These concerns also have implications to other urban areas where high densities of coexisting wild cervids and humans interact on a regular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan B. Franklin
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kurt C. VerCauteren
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Hugh Maguire
- Laboratory Services Division, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Cichon
- Laboratory Services Division, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Justin W. Fischer
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Lavelle
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Amber Powell
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - J. Jeffrey Root
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Elaine Scallan
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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Prevalence of diarrhea-associated virulence genes and genetic diversity in Escherichia coli isolates from fecal material of various animal hosts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7371-80. [PMID: 24056456 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02653-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to assess the health risk associated with a given source of fecal contamination using bacterial source tracking (BST), it is important to know the occurrence of potential pathogens as a function of host. Escherichia coli isolates (n=593) from the feces of diverse animals were screened for various virulence genes: stx1 and stx2 (Shiga toxin-producing E. coli [STEC]), eae and EAF (enteropathogenic E. coli [EPEC]), STh, STp, and LT (enterotoxigenic E. coli [ETEC]), and ipaH (enteroinvasive E. coli [EIEC]). Eleven hosts were positive for only the eae (10.11%) gene, representing atypical EPEC, while two hosts were positive for both eae and EAF (1.3%), representing typical EPEC. stx1, stx2, or both stx1 and stx2 were present in 1 (0.1%,) 10 (5.56%), and 2 (1.51%) hosts, respectively, and confirmed as non-O157 by using a E. coli O157 rfb (rfbO157) TaqMan assay. STh and STp were carried by 2 hosts (2.33%) and 1 host (0.33%), respectively, while none of the hosts were positive for LT and ipaH. The repetitive element palindromic PCR (rep-PCR) fingerprint analysis identified 221 unique fingerprints with a Shannon diversity index of 2.67. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that majority of the isolates clustered according to the year of sampling. The higher prevalence of atypical EPEC and non-O157 STEC observed in different animal hosts indicates that they can be a reservoir of these pathogens with the potential to contaminate surface water and impact human health. Therefore, we suggest that E. coli from these sources must be included while constructing known source fingerprint libraries for tracking purposes. However, the observed genetic diversity and temporal variation need to be considered since these factors can influence the accuracy of BST results.
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Adhesion of human and animal Escherichia coli strains in association with their virulence-associated genes and phylogenetic origins. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:5814-29. [PMID: 23872574 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01384-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal colonization is influenced by the ability of the bacterium to inhabit a niche, which is based on the expression of colonization factors. Escherichia coli carries a broad range of virulence-associated genes (VAGs) which contribute to intestinal (inVAGs) and extraintestinal (exVAGs) infection. Moreover, initial evidence indicates that inVAGs and exVAGs support intestinal colonization. We developed new screening tools to genotypically and phenotypically characterize E. coli isolates originating in humans, domestic pigs, and 17 wild mammal and avian species. We analyzed 317 isolates for the occurrence of 44 VAGs using a novel multiplex PCR microbead assay (MPMA) and for adhesion to four epithelial cell lines using a new adhesion assay. We correlated data for the definition of new adhesion genes. inVAGs were identified only sporadically, particularly in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and the European hedgehog ( Erinaceus europaeus). The prevalence of exVAGs depended on isolation from a specific host. Human uropathogenic E. coli isolates carried exVAGs with the highest prevalence, followed by badger (Meles meles) and roe deer isolates. Adhesion was found to be very diverse. Adhesion was specific to cells, host, and tissue, though it was also unspecific. Occurrence of the following VAGs was associated with a higher rate of adhesion to one or more cell lines: afa-dra, daaD, tsh, vat, ibeA, fyuA, mat, sfa-foc, malX, pic, irp2, and papC. In summary, we established new screening methods which enabled us to characterize large numbers of E. coli isolates. We defined reservoirs for potential pathogenic E. coli. We also identified a very broad range of colonization strategies and defined potential new adhesion genes.
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Sánchez S, Díaz-Sánchez S, Martínez R, Llorente MT, Herrera-León S, Vidal D. The new allelic variant of the subtilase cytotoxin (subAB2) is common among Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains from large game animals and their meat and meat products. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:645-9. [PMID: 23880308 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Subtilase cytotoxin (SubAB) is an AB5 toxin produced by Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains usually lacking the eae gene product intimin. Two allelic variants of SubAB encoding genes have been described: subAB1, located on a plasmid, and subAB2, located on a pathogenicity island (PAI) together with tia gene. While subAB1 has been reported to be more frequent among bovine strains, subAB2 has been mainly associated with strains from small ruminants. We investigated the presence of the two variants of subAB among 59 eae-negative STEC from large game animals (deer and wild boar) and their meat and meat products in order to assess the role of other species in the epidemiology of subAB-positive, eae-negative STEC. For this approach, the strains were PCR-screened for the presence of subAB, including the specific detection of both allelic variants, for the presence of saa, tia and sab, and for stx subtyping. Overall, subAB genes were detected in 71.2% of the strains: 84.1% of the strains from deer and 33.3% of the strains from wild boar. Most of them (97.6%) possessed subAB2 and most of these subAB2-positive strains (92.7%) were also positive for tia and negative for saa, suggesting the presence of the subAB2-harbouring PAI. Subtype stx2b was present in most of the strains (67.8%) and a statistically significant association could be established between subAB2 and stx2b. Our results suggest that large game animals, mainly deer, may represent an important animal reservoir of subAB2-positive, eae-negative STEC, and also highlight the risk of human infection posed by the consumption of large game meat and meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Sánchez
- Unidad de Enterobacterias, Servicio de Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
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Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from farmed game. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Díaz-Sánchez S, Sánchez S, Herrera-León S, Porrero C, Blanco J, Dahbi G, Blanco J, Mora A, Mateo R, Hanning I, Vidal D. Prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in large game animals intended for consumption: Relationship with management practices and livestock influence. Vet Microbiol 2013; 163:274-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Magwedere K, Dang HA, Mills EW, Cutter CN, Roberts EL, DebRoy C. Incidence of Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli strains in beef, pork, chicken, deer, boar, bison, and rabbit retail meat. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:254-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713477407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to determine the incidence of contamination by the top 7 Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O-groups, responsible for the majority of E. coli infections in human beings, in retail meat from different animal species. Samples from ground beef ( n = 51), ground pork ( n = 16), ground chicken ( n = 16), and game meat (deer, wild boar, bison, and rabbit; n = 55) were collected from retail vendors for the detection of 7 STEC O-groups (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157). Meat samples were tested by using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the wzx gene of O antigen gene clusters of the 7 STEC O-groups. The positive samples were further tested for Shiga toxin genes ( stx1 and stx2). Out of a total of 83 ground beef, pork, and chicken samples, 17 (20%) carried O121, 9 (10%) carried O45, 8 (9%) carried O157, 3 (3%) carried O103, and 1 (1%) carried O145. None of the samples were positive for O26, O111, or the stx gene. All 3 white-tailed deer samples (100%) were positive for O45, O103, or both, 2 (10%) out of 20 red deer samples exhibited the presence of O103, and all 3 bison samples were contaminated with either O121, O145, or O157. One sample from ground deer, contaminated with E. coli O45, carried the stx1 gene. This preliminary investigation illustrates the importance of microbiological testing of pathogens in meat products, as well as the recognized need for increased surveillance and research on foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kudakwashe Magwedere
- Departments of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Dang, Roberts, DebRoy), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Animal Science (Magwedere, Mills), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Food Science (Cutter), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Huu Anh Dang
- Departments of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Dang, Roberts, DebRoy), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Animal Science (Magwedere, Mills), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Food Science (Cutter), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Edward W. Mills
- Departments of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Dang, Roberts, DebRoy), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Animal Science (Magwedere, Mills), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Food Science (Cutter), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Catherine N. Cutter
- Departments of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Dang, Roberts, DebRoy), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Animal Science (Magwedere, Mills), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Food Science (Cutter), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Elisabeth L. Roberts
- Departments of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Dang, Roberts, DebRoy), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Animal Science (Magwedere, Mills), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Food Science (Cutter), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Chitrita DebRoy
- Departments of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Dang, Roberts, DebRoy), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Animal Science (Magwedere, Mills), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Food Science (Cutter), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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Díaz-Sánchez S, Sánchez S, Sánchez M, Herrera-León S, Hanning I, Vidal D. Detection and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in game meat and ready-to-eat meat products. Int J Food Microbiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Subtilase cytotoxin encoding genes are present in human, sheep and deer intimin-negative, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O128:H2. Vet Microbiol 2012; 159:531-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Obwegeser T, Stephan R, Hofer E, Zweifel C. Shedding of foodborne pathogens and microbial carcass contamination of hunted wild ruminants. Vet Microbiol 2012; 159:149-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hofer E, Cernela N, Stephan R. Shiga toxin subtypes associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from red deer, roe deer, chamois, and ibex. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:792-5. [PMID: 22891940 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 52 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains, isolated from fecal samples of six ibex, 12 chamois, 15 roe deer, and 19 red deer were further characterized by subtyping the stx genes, examining strains for the top nine serogroups and testing for the presence of eae and ehxA. Eleven of the 52 strains belonged to one of the top nine STEC O groups (O26, O45, O91, O103, O111, O113, O121, O145, and O157). Eight STEC strains were of serogroup O145, two strains of serogroup O113, and one strain of serogroup O157. None of the strains harbored stx2a, stx2e, or stx2f. Stx2b (24 strains) and stx1c (21 strains) were the most frequently detected stx subtypes, occurring alone or in combination with another stx subtype. Eight strains harbored stx2g, five strains stx2d, three strains stx1a, two strains stx2c, and one strain stx1d. Stx2g and stx1d were detected in strains not harboring any other stx subtype. The eae and ehxA genes were detected in two and 24 STEC strains, respectively. Considering both, the serogroups and the virulence factors, the majority of the STEC strains isolated from red deer, roe deer, chamois, and ibex do not show the typical patterns of highly pathogenic STEC strains. To assess the potential pathogenicity of STEC for humans, strain isolation and characterization is therefore of central importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Hofer
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Detection and characterization of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coliin faeces and lymphatic tissue of free-ranging deer. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 141:251-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYShiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) have led to outbreaks worldwide and are considered emerging pathogens. Infections by STEC in humans have been reported after consumption of mainly beef, but also deer. This study investigated the occurrence of STEC in deer in Germany. The virulence geneseae,e-hlyAandsaa, thestxsubtypes, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns and serovars were studied. In total, 120 samples of 60 animals were screened by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR results showed a high detection rate ofstxgenes (83%). Mainly faecal samples, but also some lymphatic tissue samples, testedstx-positive. All isolates carriedstx2, wereeae-negative and carriede-hlyAin 38% andsaain 9% of samples. Serovars (O88:[H8], O174:[H8], O146:H28) associated with human diseases were also identified. In some animals, isolates from lymphatic tissue and faecal samples showed undistinguishable PFGE patterns. The examined deer were shown to be relevant reservoirs of STEC with subtypestx2bpredominating.
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Seropathotypes, Phylogroups, Stx subtypes, and intimin types of wildlife-carried, shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli strains with the same characteristics as human-pathogenic isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:2578-85. [PMID: 22307301 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07520-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains in wildlife that have spread in Europe, living near human settlements; to analyze their epidemiological role in maintenance and transmission to domestic livestock; and to assess the potential health risk of wildlife-carried strains. STEC strains were recovered from 53% of roe deer, 8.4% of wild boars, and 1.9% of foxes sampled in the northwest of Spain (Galicia). Of the 40 serotypes identified, 21 were classified as seropathotypes associated with human disease, accounting for 81.5% of the wildlife-carried STEC strains, including the enterohemorrhagic serotypes O157:H7-D-eae-γ1, O26:[H11]-B1-eae-β1, O121:H19-B1-eae-ε1, and O145:[H28]-D-eae-γ1. None of the wildlife-carried strains belonged to the highly pathogenic serotype O104:H4-B1 from the recent Germany outbreak. Forty percent of wildlife-carried STEC strains shared serotypes, phylogroups, intimin types, and Stx profiles with isolates from human patients from the same geographic area. Furthermore, wildlife-carried strains belonging to serotypes O5:HNM-A, O26:[H11]-B1, O76:H19-B1, O145:[H28]-D, O146:H21-B1, and O157:H7-D showed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles with >85% similarity to human-pathogenic STEC strains. We also found a high level of similarity among STEC strains of serotypes O5:HNM-A, O26:[H11]-B1, and O145:HNM-D of bovine (feces and beef) and wildlife origins. Interestingly, O146:H21-B1, the second most frequently detected serotype in this study, is commonly associated with human diarrhea and isolated from beef and vegetables sold in Galicia. Importantly, at least 3 STEC isolates from foxes (O5:HNM-A-eae-β1, O98:[H21]-B1-eae-ζ1, and O146:[H21]-B1) showed characteristics similar to those of human STEC strains. In conclusion, roe deer, wild boar, and fox in Galicia are confirmed to be carriers of STEC strains potentially pathogenic for humans and seem to play an important role in the maintenance of STEC.
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Shiga toxin: expression, distribution, and its role in the environment. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:608-25. [PMID: 22069728 PMCID: PMC3202840 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3060608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we highlight recent work that has increased our understanding of the production and distribution of Shiga toxin in the environment. Specifically, we review studies that offer an expanded view of environmental reservoirs for Shiga toxin producing microbes in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We then relate the abundance of Shiga toxin in the environment to work that demonstrates that the genetic mechanisms underlying the production of Shiga toxin genes are modified and embellished beyond the classical microbial gene regulatory paradigms in a manner that apparently "fine tunes" the trigger to modulate the amount of toxin produced. Last, we highlight several recent studies examining microbe/protist interactions that postulate an answer to the outstanding question of why microbes might harbor and express Shiga toxin genes in the environment.
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Kistler WM, Mulugeta S, Mauro SA. Detection of stx and stx genes in Pennsylvanian white-tailed deer. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:640-6. [PMID: 22069730 PMCID: PMC3202837 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3060640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli carrying the stx(1) and/or stx(2) genes can cause multi-symptomatic illness in humans. A variety of terrestrial and aquatic environmental reservoirs of stx have been described. Culture based detection of microbes in deer species have found a low percentage of samples that have tested positive for Stx-producing microbes, suggesting that while deer may contain these microbes, their overall abundance in deer is low. In this study, quantitative PCR (qPCR) was utilized to test for the presence of stx genes in white-tailed deer fecal matter in western Pennsylvania. In this culture independent screening, nearly half of the samples tested positive for the stx(2) gene, with a bias towards samples that were concentrated with stx(2). This study, while limited in scope, suggests that deer may be a greater reservoir for stx than was previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney M. Kistler
- Southwestern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Surafel Mulugeta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mercyhurst College, Erie, PA 16546, USA;
| | - Steven A. Mauro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mercyhurst College, Erie, PA 16546, USA;
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-814-824-3619; Fax: +1-814-824-2188
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Bardiau M, Grégoire F, Muylaert A, Nahayo A, Duprez JN, Mainil J, Linden A. Enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterohaemorragic (EHEC) and verotoxigenic (VTEC) Escherichia coli in wild cervids. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:2214-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Occurrence of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in the faeces of free-ranging wild lagomorphs in southwest Spain. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-010-0431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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Sánchez S, Martínez R, García A, Vidal D, Blanco J, Blanco M, Blanco J, Mora A, Herrera-León S, Echeita A, Alonso J, Rey J. Detection and characterisation of O157:H7 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in wild boars. Vet Microbiol 2010; 143:420-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Bai J, Shi X, Nagaraja TG. A multiplex PCR procedure for the detection of six major virulence genes in Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 82:85-9. [PMID: 20472005 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex PCR procedure that detects six major virulence genes, fliC, stx1, stx2, eae, rfbE, and hlyA, in Escherichia coli O157:H7 was developed. Analyses of the available sequences of the six major virulence genes and the published primers allowed us to develop the six-gene, multiplex PCR protocol that maintained the specificity of each primer pair. The resulting six bands for fliC, stx1, stx2, eae, rfbE, and hlyA were even and distinct with product sizes of 949, 655, 477, 375, 296, and 199 bp, respectively. The procedure was validated with a total of 221 E. coli strains that included 4 ATCC, 84 cattle, and 57 human E. coli O157:H7 strains as well as 76 non-O157 cattle and human E. coli strains. The results of all 221 strains were similar to the results generated by established multiplex PCR methods that involved two separate reactions to detect five virulence genes (stx1, stx2, eae, fliC, and hlyA). Specificity of the O antigen was indicated by amplification of only O157, and not O25, O26, O55, O78, O103, O111, O127, and O145 E. coli serotypes. Sensitivity tests showed that the procedure amplified genes from a fecal sample spiked with a minimum of 10(4)CFU/g (10 cells/reaction) of E. coli O157. After a 6-h enrichment of E. coli O157-spiked samples, a sensitivity level of 10 CFU/g was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfa Bai
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506-5606, United States.
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Martínez R, Sánchez S, Rey J, Manuel Alonso J. Caracterización de cepas de Escherichia coli O157:H7 aisladas de pacientes en Cáceres, Extremadura (2006–2007). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2010; 28:136-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Assessment of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates from wildlife meat as potential pathogens for humans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:6462-70. [PMID: 19700552 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00904-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 140 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains from wildlife meat (deer, wild boar, and hare) isolated in Germany between 1998 and 2006 were characterized with respect to their serotypes and virulence markers associated with human pathogenicity. The strains grouped into 38 serotypes, but eight O groups (21, 146, 128, 113, 22, 88, 6, and 91) and four H types (21, 28, 2, and 8) accounted for 71.4% and 75.7% of all STEC strains from game, respectively. Eighteen of the serotypes, including enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O26:[H11] and O103:H2, were previously found to be associated with human illness. Genes linked to high-level virulence for humans (stx(2), stx(2d), and eae) were present in 46 (32.8%) STEC strains from game. Fifty-four STEC isolates from game belonged to serotypes which are frequently found in human patients (O103:H2, O26:H11, O113:H21, O91:H21, O128:H2, O146:H21, and O146:H28). These 54 STEC isolates were compared with 101 STEC isolates belonging to the same serotypes isolated from farm animals, from their food products, and from human patients. Within a given serotype, most STEC strains were similar with respect to their stx genotypes and other virulence attributes, regardless of origin. The 155 STEC strains were analyzed for genetic similarity by XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. O103:H2, O26:H11, O113:H21, O128:H2, and O146:H28 STEC isolates from game were 85 to 100% similar to STEC isolates of the same strains from human patients. By multilocus sequence typing, game EHEC O103:H2 strains were attributed to a clonal lineage associated with hemorrhagic diseases in humans. The results from our study indicate that game animals represent a reservoir for and a potential source of human pathogenic STEC and EHEC strains.
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Askari Badouei M, Zahraei Salehi T, Rabbani Khorasgani M, Tadjbakhsh H, Nikbakht Brujeni G. Occurrence and characterisation of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli isolates from diarrhoeic calves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-009-0873-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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