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Chen S, Zhang P, Duan X, Bao A, Wang B, Zhang Y, Li H, Zhang L, Liu S. Lesion Localization and Pathological Diagnosis of Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Based on MASK R-CNN. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2488. [PMID: 39272273 PMCID: PMC11393988 DOI: 10.3390/ani14172488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a contagious lung tumour caused by the Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus (JSRV). Histopathological diagnosis is the gold standard for OPA diagnosis. However, interpretation of traditional pathology images is complex and operator dependent. The mask regional convolutional neural network (Mask R-CNN) has emerged as a valuable tool in pathological diagnosis. This study utilized 54 typical OPA whole slide images (WSI) to extract 7167 typical lesion images containing OPA to construct a Common Objects in Context (COCO) dataset for OPA pathological images. The dataset was categorized into training and test sets (8:2 ratio) for model training and validation. Mean average specificity (mASp) and average sensitivity (ASe) were used to evaluate model performance. Six WSI-level pathological images (three OPA and three non-OPA images), not included in the dataset, were used for anti-peeking model validation. A random selection of 500 images, not included in the dataset establishment, was used to compare the performance of the model with assessment by pathologists. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and concordance rate were evaluated. The model achieved a mASp of 0.573 and an ASe of 0.745, demonstrating effective lesion detection and alignment with expert annotation. In Anti-Peeking verification, the model showed good performance in locating OPA lesions and distinguished OPA from non-OPA pathological images. In the random 500-image diagnosis, the model achieved 92.8% accuracy, 100% sensitivity, and 88% specificity. The agreement rates between junior and senior pathologists were 100% and 96.5%, respectively. In conclusion, the Mask R-CNN-based OPA diagnostic model developed for OPA facilitates rapid and accurate diagnosis in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhao Wu Da Road No. 306, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhao Wu Da Road No. 306, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xujie Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhao Wu Da Road No. 306, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Anyu Bao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhao Wu Da Road No. 306, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Buyu Wang
- College of Computer and Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhao Wu Da Road No. 306, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Huiping Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhao Wu Da Road No. 306, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhao Wu Da Road No. 306, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhao Wu Da Road No. 306, Hohhot 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010018, China
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Cousens C, Meehan J, Collie D, Wright S, Chang Z, Todd H, Moore J, Grant L, Daniel CR, Tennant P, Ritchie A, Nixon J, Proudfoot C, Guido S, Brown H, Gray CD, MacGillivray TJ, Clutton RE, Greenhalgh SN, Gregson R, Griffiths DJ, Spivey J, Storer N, Eckert CE, Gray M. Tracking Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Development Using an Experimental Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus Infection Model. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:1019. [PMID: 39202379 PMCID: PMC11353984 DOI: 10.3390/genes15081019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is an infectious, neoplastic lung disease of sheep that causes significant animal welfare and economic issues throughout the world. Understanding OPA pathogenesis is key to developing tools to control its impact. Central to this need is the availability of model systems that can monitor and track events after Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) infection. Here, we report the development of an experimentally induced OPA model intended for this purpose. Using three different viral dose groups (low, intermediate and high), localised OPA tumour development was induced by bronchoscopic JSRV instillation into the segmental bronchus of the right cardiac lung lobe. Pre-clinical OPA diagnosis and tumour progression were monitored by monthly computed tomography (CT) imaging and trans-thoracic ultrasound scanning. Post mortem examination and immunohistochemistry confirmed OPA development in 89% of the JSRV-instilled animals. All three viral doses produced a range of OPA lesion types, including microscopic disease and gross tumours; however, larger lesions were more frequently identified in the low and intermediate viral groups. Overall, 31% of JSRV-infected sheep developed localised advanced lesions. Of the sheep that developed localised advanced lesions, tumour volume doubling times (calculated using thoracic CT 3D reconstructions) were 14.8 ± 2.1 days. The ability of ultrasound to track tumour development was compared against CT; the results indicated a strong significant association between paired CT and ultrasound measurements at each time point (R2 = 0.799, p < 0.0001). We believe that the range of OPA lesion types induced by this model replicates aspects of naturally occurring disease and will improve OPA research by providing novel insights into JSRV infectivity and OPA disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK; (C.C.); (H.T.); (J.M.); (D.J.G.)
| | - James Meehan
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (J.M.); (D.C.); (S.W.); (Z.C.); (L.G.); (C.R.D.); (P.T.); (A.R.); (J.N.); (C.P.); (S.G.); (H.B.); (R.E.C.); (S.N.G.); (R.G.)
| | - David Collie
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (J.M.); (D.C.); (S.W.); (Z.C.); (L.G.); (C.R.D.); (P.T.); (A.R.); (J.N.); (C.P.); (S.G.); (H.B.); (R.E.C.); (S.N.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Steven Wright
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (J.M.); (D.C.); (S.W.); (Z.C.); (L.G.); (C.R.D.); (P.T.); (A.R.); (J.N.); (C.P.); (S.G.); (H.B.); (R.E.C.); (S.N.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Ziyuan Chang
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (J.M.); (D.C.); (S.W.); (Z.C.); (L.G.); (C.R.D.); (P.T.); (A.R.); (J.N.); (C.P.); (S.G.); (H.B.); (R.E.C.); (S.N.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Helen Todd
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK; (C.C.); (H.T.); (J.M.); (D.J.G.)
| | - Jo Moore
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK; (C.C.); (H.T.); (J.M.); (D.J.G.)
| | - Lynn Grant
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (J.M.); (D.C.); (S.W.); (Z.C.); (L.G.); (C.R.D.); (P.T.); (A.R.); (J.N.); (C.P.); (S.G.); (H.B.); (R.E.C.); (S.N.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Carola R. Daniel
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (J.M.); (D.C.); (S.W.); (Z.C.); (L.G.); (C.R.D.); (P.T.); (A.R.); (J.N.); (C.P.); (S.G.); (H.B.); (R.E.C.); (S.N.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Peter Tennant
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (J.M.); (D.C.); (S.W.); (Z.C.); (L.G.); (C.R.D.); (P.T.); (A.R.); (J.N.); (C.P.); (S.G.); (H.B.); (R.E.C.); (S.N.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Adrian Ritchie
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (J.M.); (D.C.); (S.W.); (Z.C.); (L.G.); (C.R.D.); (P.T.); (A.R.); (J.N.); (C.P.); (S.G.); (H.B.); (R.E.C.); (S.N.G.); (R.G.)
| | - James Nixon
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (J.M.); (D.C.); (S.W.); (Z.C.); (L.G.); (C.R.D.); (P.T.); (A.R.); (J.N.); (C.P.); (S.G.); (H.B.); (R.E.C.); (S.N.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Chris Proudfoot
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (J.M.); (D.C.); (S.W.); (Z.C.); (L.G.); (C.R.D.); (P.T.); (A.R.); (J.N.); (C.P.); (S.G.); (H.B.); (R.E.C.); (S.N.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Stefano Guido
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (J.M.); (D.C.); (S.W.); (Z.C.); (L.G.); (C.R.D.); (P.T.); (A.R.); (J.N.); (C.P.); (S.G.); (H.B.); (R.E.C.); (S.N.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Helen Brown
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (J.M.); (D.C.); (S.W.); (Z.C.); (L.G.); (C.R.D.); (P.T.); (A.R.); (J.N.); (C.P.); (S.G.); (H.B.); (R.E.C.); (S.N.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Calum D. Gray
- Edinburgh Imaging Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Tom J. MacGillivray
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK;
| | - R. Eddie Clutton
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (J.M.); (D.C.); (S.W.); (Z.C.); (L.G.); (C.R.D.); (P.T.); (A.R.); (J.N.); (C.P.); (S.G.); (H.B.); (R.E.C.); (S.N.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Stephen N. Greenhalgh
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (J.M.); (D.C.); (S.W.); (Z.C.); (L.G.); (C.R.D.); (P.T.); (A.R.); (J.N.); (C.P.); (S.G.); (H.B.); (R.E.C.); (S.N.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Rachael Gregson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (J.M.); (D.C.); (S.W.); (Z.C.); (L.G.); (C.R.D.); (P.T.); (A.R.); (J.N.); (C.P.); (S.G.); (H.B.); (R.E.C.); (S.N.G.); (R.G.)
| | - David J. Griffiths
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK; (C.C.); (H.T.); (J.M.); (D.J.G.)
| | - James Spivey
- Interventional Oncology, Johnson & Johnson Enterprise Innovation, Inc., One Johnson & Johnson Plaza, New Brunswick, NJ 08933, USA; (J.S.); (N.S.); (C.E.E.)
| | - Nicole Storer
- Interventional Oncology, Johnson & Johnson Enterprise Innovation, Inc., One Johnson & Johnson Plaza, New Brunswick, NJ 08933, USA; (J.S.); (N.S.); (C.E.E.)
| | - Chad E. Eckert
- Interventional Oncology, Johnson & Johnson Enterprise Innovation, Inc., One Johnson & Johnson Plaza, New Brunswick, NJ 08933, USA; (J.S.); (N.S.); (C.E.E.)
| | - Mark Gray
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (J.M.); (D.C.); (S.W.); (Z.C.); (L.G.); (C.R.D.); (P.T.); (A.R.); (J.N.); (C.P.); (S.G.); (H.B.); (R.E.C.); (S.N.G.); (R.G.)
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Crilly JP. How useful is transthoracic ultrasonography for detecting ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma in sheep? Vet Rec 2022; 191:119-121. [PMID: 35929713 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Cousens C, Ewing DA, McKendrick IJ, Todd H, Dagleish MP, Scott PR. Efficacy of high-throughput transthoracic ultrasonographic screening for on-farm detection of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Vet Rec 2022; 191:e1797. [PMID: 35788936 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of high-throughput on-farm transthoracic ultrasound (TUS) to screen for ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), an infectious ovine disease of increasing concern. No other routine diagnosis of preclinical OPA is available, or any vaccine or treatment. METHODS More than 80,000 rapid TUS scans were applied on farms with a history of OPA. The TUS results from a convenience sample of 171 TUS-negative and 269 TUS-positive sheep were compared with postmortem histology/immunohistochemistry results, the 'gold standard' reference test for OPA diagnosis. These results, together with new data on within-flock prevalence, allowed estimation of the efficacy of rapid TUS screening to identify OPA (defined as tumours of larger than 1 cm) on-farm. RESULTS The TUS screening had an estimated specificity of 0.998 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.998-0.999) and an estimated sensitivity of between 0.76 (95% CI: 0.72-0.79) and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.97-0.99) depending on the presumed false-negative rate applied to the calculation. CONCLUSION High-throughput TUS should be considered for screening to identify individual sheep with OPA and has potential application to indicate flocks at low risk of OPA. However, lower efficacy is likely if conducted by less experienced persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David A Ewing
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Iain J McKendrick
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helen Todd
- Moredun Research Institute, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark P Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Philip R Scott
- Capital Veterinary Services, West Latchfields, Haddington, UK
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Davies P, Strugnell B, Waine K, Wessels M, Cousens C, Willison I. To scan or not to scan? Efficacy of transthoracic ultrasonography for ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma screening in a large commercial UK sheep flock. Vet Rec 2022; 191:e1578. [PMID: 35347736 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transthoracic ultrasonography (TTUS) is currently the only widely used method to diagnose preclinical or subclinical ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) in the live sheep. However, little is known about the test characteristics of TTUS. METHODS One thousand and seventy-four breeding ewes in a flock with evidence of low OPA prevalence underwent TTUS by an experienced operator. Fifty-one sheep were diagnosed with OPA and underwent gross postmortem examination (PME). RESULTS Lesions consistent with OPA were found in only 24% (12/51) of the culled ewes. Thirty-five percent (18/51) of culled ewes had gross lesions consistent with other pulmonary disease and 41% (21/51) had no detectable gross lesions on PME. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed OPA in only the 12 animals identified with OPA lesions from PME. CONCLUSION Great caution should be exercised when deciding if TTUS is an appropriate screening test in groups of sheep where OPA prevalence may be anticipated to be low. TTUS is a subjective test and thus individual operator ability will influence the sensitivity and specificity of TTUS for OPA diagnosis while the underlying prevalence influences the eventual positive predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peers Davies
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Neoplasia-Associated Wasting Diseases with Economic Relevance in the Sheep Industry. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020381. [PMID: 33546178 PMCID: PMC7913119 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We review three neoplastic wasting diseases affecting sheep generally recorded under common production cycles and with epidemiological and economic relevance in sheep-rearing countries: small intestinal adenocarcinoma (SIA), ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) and enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA). SIA is prevalent in Australia and New Zealand but present elsewhere in the world. This neoplasia is a tubular or signet-ring adenocarcinoma mainly located in the middle or distal term of the small intestine. Predisposing factors and aetiology are not known, but genetic factors or environmental carcinogens may be involved. OPA is a contagious lung cancer caused by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) and has been reported in most sheep-rearing countries, resulting in significant economic losses. The disease is clinically characterized by a chronic respiratory process as a consequence of the development of lung adenocarcinoma. Diagnosis is based on the detection of JSRV in the tumour lesion by immunohistochemistry and PCR. In vivo diagnosis may be difficult, mainly in preclinical cases. ENA is a neoplasia of glands of the nasal mucosa and is associated with enzootic nasal tumour virus 1 (ENTV-1), which is similar to JSRV. ENA enzootically occurs in many countries of the world with the exception of Australia and New Zealand. The pathology associated with this neoplasia corresponds with a space occupying lesion histologically characterized as a low-grade adenocarcinoma. The combination of PCR and immunohistochemistry for diagnosis is advised.
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Toma C, Bâlteanu VA, Tripon S, Trifa A, Rema A, Amorim I, Pop RM, Popa R, Catoi C, Taulescu M. Exogenous Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus type 2 (exJSRV2) related to ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) in Romania: prevalence, anatomical forms, pathological description, immunophenotyping and virus identification. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:296. [PMID: 32807166 PMCID: PMC7433209 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a neoplastic disease caused by exogenous Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus (exJSRV). The prevalence of JSRV-related OPA in Eastern European countries, including Romania is unknown. We aimed to investigate: the prevalence and morphological features of OPA (classical and atypical forms) in the Transylvania region (Romania), the immunophenotype of the pulmonary tumors and their relationships with exJSRV infection. A total of 2693 adult ewes slaughtered between 2017 and 2019 in two private slaughterhouses from Transylvania region (Romania) was evaluated. Lung tumors were subsequently assessed by cytology, histology, immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and DNA testing. RESULTS Out of 2693 examined sheep, 34 had OPA (1.26% prevalence). The diaphragmatic lobes were the most affected. Grossly, the classical OPA was identified in 88.24% of investigated cases and the atypical OPA in 11.76% that included solitary myxomatous nodules. Histopathology results confirmed the presence of OPA in all suspected cases, which were classified into acinar and papillary types. Myxoid growths (MGs) were diagnosed in 6 classical OPA cases and in 2 cases of atypical form. Lung adenocarcinoma was positive for MCK and TTF-1, and MGs showed immunoreaction for Vimentin, Desmin and SMA; Ki67 expression of classical OPA was higher than atypical OPA and MGs. JSRV-MA was identified by IHC (94.11%) in both epithelial and mesenchymal cells of OPA. Immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy also confirmed the JSRV within the neoplastic cells. ExJSRV was identified by PCR in 97.05% of analyzed samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of the exJSRV type 2 (MT809678.1) in Romanian sheep affected by lung cancer and showed a high similarity with the UK strain (AF105220.1). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we confirmed for the first time in Romania the presence of exJSRV in naturally occurring OPA in sheep. Additionally, we described the first report of atypical OPA in Romania, and to the best of our knowledge, in Eastern Europe. Finally, we showed that MGs have a myofibroblastic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Toma
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Valentin Adrian Bâlteanu
- Laboratory of Genomics, Biodiversity, Animal Breeding and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Septiumiu Tripon
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technology, "C. Crăciun" Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian Trifa
- Department of Genetics, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Genetics, "Ion Chiricuta" Cancer Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Rema
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nr.228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Irina Amorim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nr.228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raluca Maria Pop
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400337, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Roxana Popa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cornel Catoi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marian Taulescu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Laboratory of Genomics, Biodiversity, Animal Breeding and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Gray ME, Meehan J, Sullivan P, Marland JRK, Greenhalgh SN, Gregson R, Clutton RE, Ward C, Cousens C, Griffiths DJ, Murray A, Argyle D. Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma: A Unique Model to Improve Lung Cancer Research. Front Oncol 2019; 9:335. [PMID: 31106157 PMCID: PMC6498990 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer represents a major worldwide health concern; although advances in patient management have improved outcomes for some patients, overall 5-year survival rates are only around 15%. In vitro studies and mouse models are commonly used to study lung cancer and their use has increased the molecular understanding of the disease. Unfortunately, mouse models are poor predictors of clinical outcome and seldom mimic advanced stages of the human disease. Animal models that more accurately reflect human disease are required for progress to be made in improving treatment outcomes and prognosis. Similarities in pulmonary anatomy and physiology potentially make sheep better models for studying human lung function and disease. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a naturally occurring lung cancer that is caused by the jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. The disease is endemic in many countries throughout the world and has several features in common with human lung adenocarcinomas, including histological classification and activation of common cellular signaling pathways. Here we discuss the in vivo and in vitro OPA models that are currently available and describe the advantages of using pre-clinical naturally occurring OPA cases as a translational animal model for human lung adenocarcinoma. The challenges and options for obtaining these OPA cases for research purposes, along with their use in developing novel techniques for the evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents or for monitoring the tumor microenvironment in response to treatment, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Gray
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Meehan
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Sullivan
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie R. K. Marland
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen N. Greenhalgh
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Gregson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Eddie Clutton
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Ward
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Griffiths
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Murray
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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10
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Mansour KA, Al-Husseiny SH, Kshash QH, Jassim A. Clinical-histopathological and molecular study of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma in Awassi sheep in Al-Qadisiyah Province, Iraq. Vet World 2019; 12:454-458. [PMID: 31089317 PMCID: PMC6487251 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.454-458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to conduct a clinical-histopathological and molecular evaluation of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) in Awassi sheep in various regions of Al-Qadisiyah Province, Iraq. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 150 sheep were clinically evaluated, and the wheelbarrow test was performed. 100 samples (35 blood, 25 lung tissue, 20 lymph node, and 20 lung fluid samples) were randomly selected from living and slaughtered sheep. All samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Histopathological examinations were performed for four lung tissue and two lymph node samples. RESULTS A diagnosis of OPA was made based on the results of the clinical examination and the clinical signs shown by the animals, such as dyspnea, polypnea, coughing, mucous nasal discharge, moist rales on auscultation of the affected lungs, and emaciation. Interestingly, the animals tested positive for the wheelbarrow test, with frothy nares accompanied by profuse and clear lung fluid. Histopathological examination showed various lesions such as glandular transformation in the lung tissues and emphysema. Moreover, lymph nodes showed marked follicular atrophy and necrosis-associated lymphocyte infiltration in the affected tissues. PCR revealed that 25% of the samples including eight (22.8%) blood, five (20%) lung tissue, five (25%) lymph node, and seven (35%) lung fluid samples were positive for Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus; this result was highly significant. CONCLUSION The results of our study indicated that in Iraq, OPA diagnosis should be based on pathological findings and results of advanced procedures such as PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalefa Ali Mansour
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
| | - Saad Hashim Al-Husseiny
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
| | - Qassim Haleem Kshash
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
| | - Asaad Jassim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
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11
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Singh R, Singh S, Singh R, Varshney R, Dhama K, Kumari S, Singh K, Dar JA, Kashyap G, Kamdi B, Kumar P, Singh V. Patho-Epidemiological study of jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus infection in the sheep and goats population, India. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1559422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Shailendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Rajat Varshney
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Swati Kumari
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - K.P Singh
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD), ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Javeed Ahmad Dar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - G. Kashyap
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Bhupesh Kamdi
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Vidya Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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12
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Lee AM, Wolfe A, Cassidy JP, McV Messam LL, Moriarty JP, O'Neill R, Fahy C, Connaghan E, Cousens C, Dagleish MP, McElroy MC. First confirmation by PCR of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus in Ireland and prevalence of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma in adult sheep at slaughter. Ir Vet J 2017; 70:33. [PMID: 29270288 PMCID: PMC5735933 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-017-0111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), caused by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), is characterised by the development of invariably fatal lung tumours primarily in adult sheep. High infection rates and disease prevalence can develop during initial infection of flocks, leading to on-farm economic losses and animal welfare issues in sheep with advanced disease. The disease has been reported in Ireland and is notifiable, but the presence of JSRV has never been confirmed using molecular methods in this country. Additionally, due to the difficulties in ante-mortem diagnosis (especially of latently-infected animals, or those in the very early stages of disease), accurate information regarding national prevalence and distribution is unavailable. This study aimed to confirm the presence of JSRV in Ireland and to obtain estimates regarding prevalence and distribution by means of an abattoir survey utilising gross examination, histopathology, JSRV-specific reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and SU protein specific immunohistochemistry (IHC) to examine the lungs of adult sheep. Results Lungs from 1911 adult sheep were examined macroscopically in the abattoir and 369 were removed for further testing due to the presence of gross lesions of any kind. All 369 were subject to histopathology and RT-PCR, and 46 to IHC. Thirty-one lungs (31/1911, 1.6%) were positive for JSRV by RT-PCR and/or IHC but only ten cases of OPA were confirmed (10/1911, 0.5%) Four lung tumours not associated with JSRV were also identified. JSRV-positive sheep tended to cluster within the same flocks, and JSRV-positive sheep were identified in the counties of Donegal, Kerry, Kilkenny, Offaly, Tipperary, Waterford and Wicklow. Conclusions The presence of JSRV has been confirmed in the Republic of Ireland for the first time using molecular methods (PCR) and IHC. In addition, an estimate of OPA prevalence in sheep at slaughter and information regarding distribution of JSRV infection has been obtained. The prevalence estimate appears similar to that of the United Kingdom (UK). Results also indicate that the virus has a diverse geographical distribution throughout Ireland. These data highlights the need for further research to establish national control and monitoring strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Marie Lee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6 Ireland
| | - Alan Wolfe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6 Ireland
| | - Joseph P Cassidy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6 Ireland
| | - Locksley L McV Messam
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6 Ireland
| | - John P Moriarty
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH Ireland
| | - Ronan O'Neill
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH Ireland
| | - Claire Fahy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH Ireland
| | - Emily Connaghan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH Ireland
| | - Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ Scotland, UK
| | - Mark P Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ Scotland, UK
| | - Maire C McElroy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH Ireland
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13
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Sonawane GG, Tripathi BN, Kumar R, Kumar J. Diagnosis and prevalence of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma in lung tissues of naturally infected farm sheep. Vet World 2016; 9:365-70. [PMID: 27182131 PMCID: PMC4864477 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.365-370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was aimed to detect ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) in sheep flocks affected with pulmonary disorders at organized farm. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 75 sheep died naturally were thoroughly examined for the lesions of OPA during necropsy. Tissue sections from affected portion of the lungs from each animal were collected aseptically and divided into two parts; one each for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and another for histopathology. RESULTS On PCR examination of lung tissues, six sheep (8%) were found to be positive for JSRV. Two of them were 3-6 months of age and did not show clinical signs/gross lesions of OPA. Four adult sheep positive on PCR revealed characteristic lesions of OPA on gross and histopathological examination. CONCLUSION In the absence of known specific antibody response to the infection with JSRV, there is no diagnostic serological test available. The PCR assay employed in this study on lung tissues, using primers based on the U3 region of the viral long terminal repeat for JSRV would be helpful in the screening of preclinical and clinical cases of OPA in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh G Sonawane
- Animal Health Division, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Malpura, Tonk, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Rajiv Kumar
- Animal Biotechnology Section, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Malpura, Tonk, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jyoti Kumar
- Animal Health Division, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Malpura, Tonk, Rajasthan, India
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14
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Cousens C, Scott PR. Assessment of transthoracic ultrasound diagnosis of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma in adult sheep. Vet Rec 2015; 177:366. [PMID: 26442526 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), caused by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), is a disease of increasing concern in the sheep industry. There is no commercial antemortem test for OPA; therefore, an early evaluation phase study was undertaken to examine the accuracy of transthoracic ultrasound examination using a 5-6.5 MHz sector ultrasound machine widely available in veterinary practice in the UK to diagnose OPA. Restraint, preparation and examination time was restricted to five minutes per sheep to represent the cost limitations of commercial sheep farming. One hundred sheep were examined. All 41 cases identified with suspect OPA lesions during transthoracic ultrasound examination had the diagnosis confirmed at postmortem examination, while sheep without ultrasonographic changes characteristic of OPA had no gross lesions of OPA at postmortem examination. This demonstrates the specificity of transthoracic ultrasound for diagnosis of OPA. The authors propose that, in the absence of any other reliable preclinical diagnostic test, the use of transthoracic ultrasound examination should be considered for a second opinion on an initial diagnosis of OPA, for screening purchased adult flock replacements for OPA, or for screening sheep in a known OPA-affected flock. However, the authors emphasise that a negative scan cannot provide a guarantee that the animal is free of JSRV infection nor early OPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - P R Scott
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal (Dick), School of Veterinary Studies & Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
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15
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Larruskain A, Esparza-Baquer A, Minguijón E, Juste RA, Jugo BM. SNPs in candidate genesMX dynamin-like GTPaseandchemokine (C-C motif) receptor-5are associated with ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma progression in Latxa sheep. Anim Genet 2015; 46:666-75. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Larruskain
- Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology Department; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); 48080 Bilbao Bizkaia Spain
| | - A. Esparza-Baquer
- Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology Department; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); 48080 Bilbao Bizkaia Spain
| | - E. Minguijón
- Animal Health Department; NEIKER-Tecnalia; 48160 Derio Bizkaia Spain
| | - R. A. Juste
- Animal Health Department; NEIKER-Tecnalia; 48160 Derio Bizkaia Spain
| | - B. M. Jugo
- Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology Department; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); 48080 Bilbao Bizkaia Spain
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16
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Cousens C, Gibson L, Finlayson J, Pritchard I, Dagleish MP. Prevalence of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (Jaagsiekte) in a UK slaughterhouse sheep study. Vet Rec 2015; 176:413. [PMID: 25721510 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - L Gibson
- SAC Consulting Veterinary Services, Allan Watt Building, Bush Estate, Penicuik EH26 0QE, UK
| | - J Finlayson
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - I Pritchard
- SAC Consulting Veterinary Services, Allan Watt Building, Bush Estate, Penicuik EH26 0QE, UK
| | - M P Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK
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17
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Chakraborty S, Kumar A, Tiwari R, Rahal A, Malik Y, Dhama K, Pal A, Prasad M. Advances in diagnosis of respiratory diseases of small ruminants. Vet Med Int 2014; 2014:508304. [PMID: 25028620 PMCID: PMC4082846 DOI: 10.1155/2014/508304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Irrespective of aetiology, infectious respiratory diseases of sheep and goats contribute to 5.6 percent of the total diseases of small ruminants. These infectious respiratory disorders are divided into two groups: the diseases of upper respiratory tract, namely, nasal myiasis and enzootic nasal tumors, and diseases of lower respiratory tract, namely, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), parainfluenza, Pasteurellosis, Ovine progressive pneumonia, mycoplasmosis, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, caseous lymphadenitis, verminous pneumonia, and many others. Depending upon aetiology, many of them are acute and fatal in nature. Early, rapid, and specific diagnosis of such diseases holds great importance to reduce the losses. The advanced enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of antigen as well as antibodies directly from the samples and molecular diagnostic assays along with microsatellites comprehensively assist in diagnosis as well as treatment and epidemiological studies. The present review discusses the advancements made in the diagnosis of common infectious respiratory diseases of sheep and goats. It would update the knowledge and help in adapting and implementing appropriate, timely, and confirmatory diagnostic procedures. Moreover, it would assist in designing appropriate prevention protocols and devising suitable control strategies to overcome respiratory diseases and alleviate the economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Chakraborty
- Animal Resources Development Department, Pt. Nehru Complex, Agartala 799006, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Anu Rahal
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Yash Malik
- Division of Standardization, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Amar Pal
- Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Minakshi Prasad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LLRUVAS), Hisar 125004, India
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18
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Hartnack S, Nathues C, Nathues H, Grosse Beilage E, Lewis FI. Estimating diagnostic test accuracies for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae accounting for the complexities of population structure in food animals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98534. [PMID: 24906140 PMCID: PMC4048188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For swine dysentery, which is caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae infection and is an economically important disease in intensive pig production systems worldwide, a perfect or error-free diagnostic test (“gold standard”) is not available. In the absence of a gold standard, Bayesian latent class modelling is a well-established methodology for robust diagnostic test evaluation. In contrast to risk factor studies in food animals, where adjustment for within group correlations is both usual and required for good statistical practice, diagnostic test evaluation studies rarely take such clustering aspects into account, which can result in misleading results. The aim of the present study was to estimate test accuracies of a PCR originally designed for use as a confirmatory test, displaying a high diagnostic specificity, and cultural examination for B. hyodysenteriae. This estimation was conducted based on results of 239 samples from 103 herds originating from routine diagnostic sampling. Using Bayesian latent class modelling comprising of a hierarchical beta-binomial approach (which allowed prevalence across individual herds to vary as herd level random effect), robust estimates for the sensitivities of PCR and culture, as well as for the specificity of PCR, were obtained. The estimated diagnostic sensitivity of PCR (95% CI) and culture were 73.2% (62.3; 82.9) and 88.6% (74.9; 99.3), respectively. The estimated specificity of the PCR was 96.2% (90.9; 99.8). For test evaluation studies, a Bayesian latent class approach is well suited for addressing the considerable complexities of population structure in food animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Christina Nathues
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Heiko Nathues
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Grosse Beilage
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bakum, Germany
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19
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Scott P, Griffiths D, Cousens C. Diagnosis and control of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (Jaagsiekte). IN PRACTICE 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.f4427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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20
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Lewis FI, Torgerson PR. A tutorial in estimating the prevalence of disease in humans and animals in the absence of a gold standard diagnostic. Emerg Themes Epidemiol 2012; 9:9. [PMID: 23270542 PMCID: PMC3558341 DOI: 10.1186/1742-7622-9-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological methods for estimating disease prevalence in humans and other animals in the absence of a gold standard diagnostic test are well established. Despite this, reporting apparent prevalence is still standard practice in public health studies and disease control programmes, even though apparent prevalence may differ greatly from the true prevalence of disease. Methods for estimating true prevalence are summarized and reviewed. A computing appendix is also provided which contains a brief guide in how to easily implement some of the methods presented using freely available software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser I Lewis
- Section of Epidemiology, VetSuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, Zürich, Switzerland, CH 8057.
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21
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Katzer F, Brülisauer F, Collantes-Fernández E, Bartley PM, Burrells A, Gunn G, Maley SW, Cousens C, Innes EA. Increased Toxoplasma gondii positivity relative to age in 125 Scottish sheep flocks; evidence of frequent acquired infection. Vet Res 2011; 42:121. [PMID: 22189159 PMCID: PMC3284422 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence was determined in 3333 sheep sera from 125 distinct sheep flocks in Scotland, with the majority of flocks being represented by 27 samples, which were collected between July 2006 and August 2008. The selected farms give a representative sample of 14,400 sheep holdings identified in the Scottish Government census data from 2004. Overall T. gondii seroprevalence, at individual sheep level, was determined to be 56.6%; each flock tested, had at least a single positive animal and in four flocks all ewes tested positive. The seroprevalence of sheep increased from 37.7% in one year old stock to 73.8% in ewes that were older than six years, showing that acquired infections during the life of the animals is frequent and that environmental contamination by T. gondii oocysts must be significant. The median within-flock seroprevalence varied significantly across Scotland, with the lowest seroprevalence of 42.3% in the South and the highest seroprevalence of 69.2% in the far North of Scotland and the Scottish Islands, while the central part of Scotland had a seroprevalence of 57.7%. This distribution disequilibrium may be due to the spread and survival of oocysts on pasture and lambing areas. A questionnaire accompanying sampling of flocks identified farms that used Toxovax®, a commercial vaccine that protects sheep from abortion due to T. gondii infection. Only 24.7% of farmers used the vaccine and the vaccine did not significantly affect the within flock seroprevalence for T. gondii. The implications for food safety and human infection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Katzer
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Franz Brülisauer
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Scottish Agricultural College, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
- SAC Consulting, Veterinary Services, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Esther Collantes-Fernández
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul M Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Alison Burrells
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - George Gunn
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Scottish Agricultural College, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Stephen W Maley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Elisabeth A Innes
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
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22
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Maeda N, Inoshima Y, Oouchi S, Uede T. Surveillance of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus in sheep in Hokkaido, the northern island of Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1493-5. [PMID: 21712639 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) infection was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of blood DNA samples collected from 40 sheep and goats in 10 different flocks in Hokkaido, the northern island of Japan. No exogenous (oncogenic) JSRV sequence was detected by PCR in these samples, while the ovine endogenous retrovirus sequence was successfully amplified in all samples. Our paper is the first demonstration of JSRV surveillance in Japan and shows no evidence of oncogenic JSRV infection in sheep and goats in Hokkaido.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyoshi Maeda
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, HokkaidoUniversity, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060–0815, Japan
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