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Small A, Fisher AD, Lee C, Colditz I. Analgesia for Sheep in Commercial Production: Where to Next? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041127. [PMID: 33920025 PMCID: PMC8070992 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Increasing societal and customer pressure to provide animals with ‘a life worth living’ continues to apply pressure on industry to alleviate pain associated with husbandry practices, injury and illness. Although a number of analgesic solutions are now available for sheep, providing some amelioration of the acute pain responses, this review has highlighted a number of potential areas for further research. Abstract Increasing societal and customer pressure to provide animals with ‘a life worth living’ continues to apply pressure on livestock production industries to alleviate pain associated with husbandry practices, injury and illness. Over the past 15–20 years, there has been considerable research effort to understand and develop mitigation strategies for painful husbandry procedures in sheep, leading to the successful launch of analgesic approaches specific to sheep in a number of countries. However, even with multi-modal approaches to analgesia, using both local anaesthetic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), pain is not obliterated, and the challenge of pain mitigation and phasing out of painful husbandry practices remains. It is timely to review and reflect on progress to date in order to strategically focus on the most important challenges, and the avenues which offer the greatest potential to be incorporated into industry practice in a process of continuous improvement. A structured, systematic literature search was carried out, incorporating peer-reviewed scientific literature in the period 2000–2019. An enormous volume of research is underway, testament to the fact that we have not solved the pain and analgesia challenge for any species, including our own. This review has highlighted a number of potential areas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Small
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Locked Bag 1, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; (C.L.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-6776-1435
| | - Andrew David Fisher
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Caroline Lee
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Locked Bag 1, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; (C.L.); (I.C.)
| | - Ian Colditz
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Locked Bag 1, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; (C.L.); (I.C.)
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Rishniw M, White ME. The term 'Pilot Study' is misused in veterinary medicine: a critical assessment. Vet Rec 2019; 186:65. [PMID: 31427406 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Authors commonly use the term 'Pilot Study' in the veterinary literature. The term has a specific definition in medical literature, but is not defined in veterinary literature. Therefore, we sought to examine the frequency of the use of the term and the characteristics of studies using the term in the article title, and derive the intended meaning of the term. We identified all articles in veterinary literature using the term in the article title between 2008 and 2017. We then examined specific characteristics of articles published between 2008 and 2012. We found use of the term is increasing (P<0.0001). Of articles using the term between 2008 and 2012, only 20 per cent led to a larger, more comprehensive verifying study. Most garnered few citations, but 75 per cent were cited in review articles. Pilot studies had a median sample size of 10 subjects. We found comparable studies for each pilot study that did not incorporate the term into their titles. None of the authors of any of the pilot studies defined the term or explained why their study was termed a 'pilot study'. Journals and authors used the term haphazardly. Our findings indicate that the term 'Pilot Study' is meaningless because it meets no specific, consistently adhered-to criteria. We believe that authors use the term as a means of 'Deficiency signaling' to editors, reviewers and readers. We recommend that authors and journals abandon the term in veterinary literature because it serves no purpose, is not used consistently and might harm veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rishniw
- Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA .,Veterinary Information Network, Davis, California, USA
| | - Maurice Edward White
- Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Wang J, Gong X, Xue J, Zhang S, Li J, Cao X. Pharmacokinetics of the novel COX-2 selective inhibitor vitacoxib in cats: The effects of feeding and dose. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:294-299. [PMID: 30737806 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and dose-scaling model of vitacoxib in either fed or fasted cats following either oral or intravenous administration. The concentration of the drug was quantified by UPLC-MS/MS on plasma samples. Relevant parameters were described using noncompartmental analysis (WinNonlin 6.4 software). Vitacoxib is relatively slowly absorbed and eliminated after oral administration (2 mg/kg body weight), with a Tmax of approximately 4.7 hr. The feeding state of the cat was a statistically significant covariate for both area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) and mean absorption time (MATfed ). The absolute bioavailability (F) of vitacoxib (2 mg/kg body weight) after oral administration (fed) was 72.5%, which is higher than that in fasted cats (F = 50.6%). Following intravenous administration (2 mg/kg body weight), Vd (ml/kg) was 1,264.34 ± 343.63 ml/kg and Cl (ml kg-1 hr-1 ) was 95.22 ± 23.53 ml kg-1 hr-1 . Plasma concentrations scaled linearly with dose, with Cmax (ng/ml) of 352.30 ± 63.42, 750.26 ± 435.54, and 936.97 ± 231.27 ng/ml after doses of 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg body weight, respectively. No significant undesirable behavioral effects were noted throughout the duration of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology at Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Xiaohui Gong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Xue
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Orbiepharm Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xingyuan Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residues and Illegal Additives, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
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Kim TW, Della Rocca G, Di Salvo A, Ryschanova R, Sgorbini M, Giorgi M. Evaluation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of cimicoxib in fasted and fed horses. N Z Vet J 2015; 63:92-7. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2014.950355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bates JL, Karriker LA, Stock ML, Pertzborn KM, Baldwin LG, Wulf LW, Lee CJ, Wang C, Coetzee JF. Impact of transmammary-delivered meloxicam on biomarkers of pain and distress in piglets after castration and tail docking. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113678. [PMID: 25437866 PMCID: PMC4249978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate a novel route for providing analgesia to processed piglets via transmammary drug delivery, meloxicam was administered orally to sows after farrowing. The objectives of the study were to demonstrate meloxicam transfer from sows to piglets via milk and to describe the analgesic effects in piglets after processing through assessment of pain biomarkers and infrared thermography (IRT). Ten sows received either meloxicam (30 mg/kg) (n = 5) or whey protein (placebo) (n = 5) in their daily feedings, starting four days after farrowing and continuing for three consecutive days. During this period, blood and milk samples were collected at 12-hour intervals. On Day 5 after farrowing, three boars and three gilts from each litter were castrated or sham castrated, tail docked, and administered an iron injection. Piglet blood samples were collected immediately before processing and at predetermined times over an 84-hour period. IRT images were captured at each piglet blood collection point. Plasma was tested to confirm meloxicam concentrations using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Meloxicam was detected in all piglets nursing on medicated sows at each time point, and the mean (± standard error of the mean) meloxicam concentration at castration was 568.9±105.8 ng/mL. Furthermore, ex-vivo prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis inhibition was greater in piglets from treated sows compared to controls (p = 0.0059). There was a time-by-treatment interaction for plasma cortisol (p = 0.0009), with meloxicam-treated piglets demonstrating lower cortisol concentrations than control piglets for 10 hours after castration. No differences in mean plasma substance P concentrations between treatment groups were observed (p = 0.67). Lower cranial skin temperatures on IRT were observed in placebo compared to meloxicam-treated piglets (p = 0.015). This study demonstrates the successful transfer of meloxicam from sows to piglets through milk and corresponding analgesia after processing, as evidenced by a decrease in cortisol and PGE2 levels and maintenance of cranial skin temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Bates
- Swine Medicine Education Center, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Locke A. Karriker
- Swine Medicine Education Center, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Matthew L. Stock
- Pharmacology Analytical Support Team, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kelly M. Pertzborn
- Pharmacology Analytical Support Team, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Luke G. Baldwin
- Swine Medicine Education Center, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Larry W. Wulf
- Pharmacology Analytical Support Team, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - C. J. Lee
- Pharmacology Analytical Support Team, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Chong Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Johann F. Coetzee
- Pharmacology Analytical Support Team, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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Kim TW, Vercelli C, Briganti A, Re G, Giorgi M. The pharmacokinetics and in vitro/ex vivo cyclooxygenase selectivity of parecoxib and its active metabolite valdecoxib in cats. Vet J 2014; 202:37-42. [PMID: 25135338 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Parecoxib (PX) is an injectable prodrug of valdecoxib (VX, which is a selective cyclo-oxyganase-2 (COX-2)) inhibitor licensed for humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate pharmacokinetics and in vitro/ex vivo cyclooxygenase selectivity of PX and VX in cats. In a whole blood in vitro study, PX did not affect either COX enzymes whereas VX revealed a COX-2 selective inhibitory effect in feline whole blood. The IC50 values of VX for COX-2 and COX-1 were 0.45 and 38.6 µM, respectively. Six male cats were treated with 2.5 mg/kg of PX by intramuscular injection. PX was rapidly converted to VX with a relatively short half-life of 0.4 h. VX achieved peak plasma concentration (2.79 ± 1.59 µg/mL) at 7 h following PX injection. The mean residence times for PX and VX were 0.43 ± 0.15 and 5.94 ± 0.88 h, respectively. In the ex vivo study, PX showed a COX-2 inhibition rate of about 70% in samples taken at 1, 2, 4 and 10 h after injection, with a significant difference compared to the control. In contrast, COX-1 was slightly inhibited, ranging from 0.7% to 9.7% of the control inhibition rate without any significant difference for 24 h after PX administration. The preliminary findings of the present research appear promising and encourage further studies to investigate whether PX can be successfully used in feline medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - C Vercelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Turin, Via L. da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - A Briganti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte) 1, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Re
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Turin, Via L. da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - M Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte) 1, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy.
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Donalisio C, Barbero R, Cuniberti B, Vercelli C, Casalone M, Re G. Effects of flunixin meglumine and ketoprofen on mediator production in ex vivo and in vitro models of inflammation in healthy dairy cows. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:130-9. [PMID: 22724509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, ex vivo assays were carried out in dairy cows to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: ketoprofen (KETO) and flunixin meglumine (FM). Twelve healthy Holstein dairy cattle were randomly allocated to two groups (n=6): group 1 received FM and group 2 received KETO at recommended therapeutic dosages. The anti-inflammatory effects of both drugs were determined by measuring the production of coagulation-induced thromboxane B2 (TXB2 ), lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (10 μg/mL)-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), and calcium ionophore (60 μm)-induced leukotrien B4 (LTB4 ). Cytokine production was assessed by measuring tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-8 (CXCL8) concentrations after incubation in the presence of 10 μg/mL LPS. The IC50 of FM and KETO was determined in vitro by determining the concentration of TXB2 and PGE2 in the presence of scalar drug concentrations (10(-9) -10(-3) m). Both FM and KETO inhibited the two COX isoforms in vitro, but showed a preference for COX-1. FM and KETO showed similar anti-inflammatory effects in the cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Donalisio
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Animal Pathology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Cuniberti B, Odore R, Barbero R, Cagnardi P, Badino P, Girardi C, Re G. In vitro and ex vivo pharmacodynamics of selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in equine whole blood. Vet J 2012; 191:327-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Giorgi M, Mengozzi G, Raffaelli A, Saba A. Characterization of in vivo plasma metabolites of tepoxalin in horses using LC–MS–MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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