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Skarbek A, Ramseyer A, Koch C, Van der Vekens E. Radiography and Standing Computed Tomography of an Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesion Found at the Dorsodistolateral Aspect of the Calcaneus in a 3-Year-Old Horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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2
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Maturation of the equine medial femoral condyle osteochondral unit. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2020; 2:100029. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2020.100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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3
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Maturation of the Meniscal Collagen Structure Revealed by Polarization-Resolved and Directional Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18448. [PMID: 31804577 PMCID: PMC6895152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We report Polarization-resolved Second Harmonic Generation (P-SHG) and directional SHG (forward and backward, F/B) measurements of equine foetal and adult collagen in meniscus, over large field-of-views using sample-scanning. Large differences of collagen structure and fibril orientation with maturation are revealed, validating the potential for this novel methodology to track such changes in meniscal structure. The foetal menisci had a non-organized and more random collagen fibrillar structure when compared with adult using P-SHG. For the latter, clusters of homogeneous fibril orientation (inter-fibrillar areas) were revealed, separated by thick fibers. F/B SHG showed numerous different features in adults notably, in thick fibers compared to interfibrillar areas, unlike foetal menisci that showed similar patterns for both directions. This work confirms previous studies and improves the understanding of meniscal collagen structure and its maturation, and makes F/B and P-SHG good candidates for future studies aiming at revealing structural modifications to meniscus due to pathologies.
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Nelson BB, Kawcak CE, Barrett MF, McIlwraith CW, Grinstaff MW, Goodrich LR. Recent advances in articular cartilage evaluation using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:564-579. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. B. Nelson
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. E. Kawcak
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. F. Barrett
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. W. McIlwraith
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. W. Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Medicine Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - L. R. Goodrich
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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Martel G, Forget C, Gilbert G, Richard H, Moser T, Olive J, Laverty S. Validation of the ultrasonographic assessment of the femoral trochlea epiphyseal cartilage in foals at osteochondrosis predilected sites with magnetic resonance imaging and histology. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:821-828. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Martel
- Département des Sciences Cliniques; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; St-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - C. Forget
- Service vétérinaire Dr Claude Forget; St-Jérôme Quebec Canada
| | - G. Gilbert
- Philips Healthcare; MR Clinical Science; Markham Ontario Canada
| | - H. Richard
- Département des Sciences Cliniques; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; St-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - T. Moser
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Hôpital Notre-Dame; Montréal Quebec Canada
| | - J. Olive
- Animal Oncology and Imaging Center; Rotkreuz Switzerland
| | - S. Laverty
- Département des Sciences Cliniques; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; St-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
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Martel G, Couture CA, Gilbert G, Bancelin S, Richard H, Moser T, Kiss S, Légaré F, Laverty S. Femoral epiphyseal cartilage matrix changes at predilection sites of equine osteochondrosis: Quantitative MRI, second-harmonic microscopy, and histological findings. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1743-1752. [PMID: 27734566 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteochondrosis is an ischemic chondronecrosis of epiphyseal growth cartilage that results in focal failure of endochondral ossification and osteochondritis dissecans at specific sites in the epiphyses of humans and animals, including horses. The upstream events leading to the focal ischemia remain unknown. The epiphyseal growth cartilage matrix is composed of proteoglycan and collagen macromolecules and encases its vascular tree in canals. The matrix undergoes major dynamic changes in early life that could weaken it biomechanically and predispose it to focal trauma and vascular failure. Subregions in neonatal foal femoral epiphyses (n = 10 osteochondrosis predisposed; n = 6 control) were assessed for proteoglycan and collagen structure/content employing 3T quantitative MRI (3T qMRI: T1ρ and T2 maps). Site-matched validations were made with histology, immunohistochemistry, and second-harmonic microscopy. Growth cartilage T1ρ and T2 relaxation times were significantly increased (p < 0.002) within the proximal third of the trochlea, a site predisposed to osteochondrosis, when compared with other regions. However, this was observed in both control and osteochondrosis predisposed specimens. Microscopic evaluation of this region revealed an expansive area with low proteoglycan content and a hypertrophic-like appearance on second-harmonic microscopy. We speculate that this matrix structure and composition, though physiological, may weaken the epiphyseal growth cartilage biomechanically in focal regions and could enhance the risk of vascular failure with trauma leading to osteochondrosis. However, additional investigations are now required to confirm this. 3T qMRI will be useful for future non-invasive longitudinal studies to track the osteochondrosis disease trajectory in animals and humans. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1743-1752, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Martel
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Hélène Richard
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas Moser
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sabrina Kiss
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Sheila Laverty
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Martel G, Kiss S, Gilbert G, Anne-Archard N, Richard H, Moser T, Laverty S. Differences in the vascular tree of the femoral trochlear growth cartilage at osteochondrosis-susceptible sites in foals revealed by SWI 3T MRI. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1539-46. [PMID: 26740060 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Focal ischemic chondronecrosis of epiphyseal growth cartilage (EGC) during endochondral ossification is believed to be a key early event on the pathway to osteochondrosis (OC) in both animals and humans. The lateral ridge of the equine trochlea is a site where severe osteochondritis dissecans lesions frequently arise and is a model for the study of naturally occurring disease. Non-invasive imaging to investigate EGC vascularity may help elucidate why focal ischemia occurs. 3T MRI susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) of femoral trochlea of OC predisposed (n = 10) and control (n = 6) day-old foals, with minimal joint loading after birth, was performed. SWI and 3D images revealed the EGC vascular architecture without a contrast agent, and matched histologic observations. No vascular lesions were identified. There was no difference in the vascular density and architecture between control and OC specimens, but a striking difference in vascular pattern was seen at the OC-predilected site in the lateral ridge of the trochlea in all specimens, when compared to the medial ridge of the trochlea, where OC lesions are rarely observed. This site was less ossified with more perichondrial vessels not yet bridging with the subchondral bone. Furthermore, the mean vascular density of all specimens was significantly higher at this site. We speculate that joint morphology and focal internal trauma on this site with a unique vascular architecture may trigger ischemic events at this site. SWI permitted visualization of EGC in young foals with a clinical 3T MRI and paves the way for non-destructive longitudinal studies to improve understanding of OC in all species. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1539-1546, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Martel
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sabrina Kiss
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Nicolas Anne-Archard
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hélène Richard
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas Moser
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sheila Laverty
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Gorissen BMC, Wolschrijn CF, van Vilsteren AAM, van Rietbergen B, van Weeren PR. Trabecular bone of precocials at birth; Are they prepared to run for the wolf(f)? J Morphol 2016; 277:948-56. [PMID: 27098190 PMCID: PMC5111789 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue adapting to loading according to “Wolff's law of bone adaptation.” During very early life, however, such a mechanism may not be adequate enough to adapt to the dramatic change in environmental challenges in precocial species. Their neonates are required to stand and walk within hours after birth, in contrast to altricial animals that have much more time to adapt from the intrauterine environment to the outside world. In this study, trabecular bone parameters of the talus and sagittal ridge of the tibia from stillborn but full‐term precocials (calves and foals) were analyzed by micro‐CT imaging in order to identify possible anticipatory mechanisms to loading. Calculated average bone volume fraction in the Shetland pony (49–74%) was significantly higher compared to Warmblood foals (28–51%). Bovine trabecular bone was characterized by a low average bone volume fraction (22–28%), however, more directional anisotropy was found. It is concluded that anticipatory strategies in skeletal development exist in precocial species, which differ per species and are most likely related to anatomical differences in joint geometry and related loading patterns. The underlying regulatory mechanisms are still unknown, but they may be based on a genetic blueprint for the development of bone. More knowledge, both about a possible blueprint and its regulation, will be helpful in understanding developmental bone and joint diseases. J. Morphol. 277:948–956, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M C Gorissen
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia F Wolschrijn
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk A M van Vilsteren
- Department of Animal Sciences, Human and Animal Physiology Division, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert van Rietbergen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Orthopedic Biomechanics Division, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - P René van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Nichols S, Lardé H. Noninfectious Joint Disease in Cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2014; 30:205-23, vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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10
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Jeffcott L. Juvenile osteochondral conditions in the horse: a special issue. Introduction. Vet J 2013; 197:1-2. [PMID: 23664073 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Jeffcott
- The University of Sydney, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.
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