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Franca A, Stamenova P, Thompson JL. Histopathological diagnosis and surgical complications following bilateral anal sacculectomy for the treatment of unilateral canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma: 35 cases (2019-2023). J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:394-401. [PMID: 38594872 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report the histopathological diagnosis of both anal sacs in dogs undergoing bilateral anal sacculectomy for the treatment of unilateral apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma and to compare the surgical complication rate associated with this procedure in this population with previously published literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS Records were retrospectively reviewed for dogs that underwent bilateral anal sacculectomy for the treatment of apparently unilateral apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma, at a single institute between 2019 and 2023. Clinical staging, surgical treatment, histological findings, intra- and postoperative complications were evaluated. RESULTS Thirty-five dogs were included. Only five of 35 (14%) dogs were found to have histologically normal contralateral anal sacs. Non-neoplastic anal sac disease was found in 23 of 35 (66%) dogs and bilateral apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma was seen in seven of 35 (20%) dogs. None of the dogs diagnosed with bilateral neoplasia had evidence of bilateral neoplasia before surgery despite a thorough work-up. Complications attributable to the primary tumour removal were seen in 9% of dogs intraoperatively and 14% of dogs postoperatively, commonly tumour capsule disruption and surgical site infection, respectively. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Bilateral anal sac disease was diagnosed histologically in the majority of presumed normal anal sacs, with 20% of cases being found to have bilateral apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma. The surgical complication rates of this cohort were comparable to those reported for unilateral anal sacculectomy alone. These findings promote and encourage the use of bilateral anal sacculectomy in cases of suspected unilateral anal sac neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Franca
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, The Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - P Stamenova
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, The Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - J L Thompson
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, The Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, Scotland
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2
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Eto S, Shinada M, Saeki K, Tsuboi M, Kamoto S, Yoshitake R, Chambers J, Uchida K, Kato D, Nishimura R, Nakagawa T. Pan-tumour analysis of COX-2 expression in dogs. Vet J 2024; 304:106064. [PMID: 38242282 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cyclooxgenase-2 (COX-2) is associated with inflammatory microenvironment and tumour progression. COX-2 expression was reported in canine tumours, and anti-COX treatment showed therapeutic effects in selected tumour types. Currently, direct comparisons between different tumour types or reports were impossible due to varying evaluation protocols. Additionally, COX-2 expression in relatively uncommon tumours were yet to be evaluated. Here, we analysed COX-2 expression across various tumour types in dogs in a consistent protocol, aiming to revisit accumulated evidence in the field and report novel candidate tumours for anti-COX therapy. COX-2 expression in 32 histological types of tumours, which consisted of 347 samples in total, was investigated using immunohistochemistry followed by the Belshaw's method scoring (range: 0-12). More than the half of the samples expressed COX-2 in mast cell tumours, transitional cell carcinoma in the urinary tract, squamous cell carcinoma, liposarcoma, and melanoma, with COX-2 median scores ranging from 1-8. On the other hand, <20% tissues expressed COX-2 in the half of tumour types investigated. Overall COX-2 positive rate was 27%. In conclusion, the results confirmed COX-2 expression in the well-known COX-2-expresing tumour types and suggested novel candidate tumours for anti-COX-2 therapy. At the same time, overall COX-2 expression was low, and inter- and intra-histology heterogeneity was apparent. This study will provide a foundation reference for future research in canine tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Eto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shinada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kohei Saeki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari, Ehime 794-0085, Japan.
| | - Masaya Tsuboi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryohei Yoshitake
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - James Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Daiki Kato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nishimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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3
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Treggiari E, Pellin MA, Romanelli G, Maresca G, Gramer I, Yale AD, Pecceu E, Pignanelli M, Borrego J, Purzycka K, Berlato D. Tonsillar carcinoma in dogs: Treatment outcome and potential prognostic factors in 123 cases. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:247-257. [PMID: 36705533 PMCID: PMC9889721 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tonsillar carcinomas are rarely reported in dogs. Information on outcome after treatment is sparse and prognosis is guarded to poor. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Assess treatment outcome and potential prognostic factors in a population of dogs with cytological or histopathological diagnosis of tonsillar carcinoma. ANIMALS A total of 123 client-owned dogs with diagnosis of tonsillar carcinoma confirmed by cytology or histopathology. METHODS Retrospective, multi-institutional study. Medical records of 12 institutions were reviewed from 2012 to 2021. RESULTS Treatment included surgery, chemotherapy (conventional, tyrosine kinase inhibitors or metronomic chemotherapy), radiotherapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or a combination of these. Surgery was performed in 68 cases, chemotherapy was administered in association with NSAIDs in 64 cases, NSAIDs were used alone in 14 cases and in association with surgery in 21 cases, whereas radiotherapy was used alone or in combination with surgery or chemotherapy in 20 cases. Overall survival time (OST) was 126 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 88-164). Significantly longer survival (P < .001) was seen in dogs without evidence of metastatic disease (median survival time, 381 days; 95% CI, 116-646). Other significant positive prognostic factors included absence of clinicals signs at presentation, surgery (tonsillectomy), use of adjuvant chemotherapy and use of NSAIDs. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Asymptomatic dogs, those treated with surgery, those that received adjuvant chemotherapy, and those that received NSAIDs may have a better prognosis than previously expected, but overall survival remains short for dogs with tonsillar carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Irina Gramer
- Queen Mother Hospital for AnimalsRoyal Veterinary CollegeHertfordshireUK,Davies Veterinary SpecialistsHigham GobionHitchinUK
| | - Andrew D. Yale
- Queen Mother Hospital for AnimalsRoyal Veterinary CollegeHertfordshireUK
| | - Evi Pecceu
- Royal Dick School, Swann Cancer CenterUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Present address:
Dierenartsencentrum Hond en KatDeinzeBelgium
| | | | - Juan Borrego
- Aùna Especialidades VeterinariasPaternaValenciaSpain
| | - Katarzyna Purzycka
- Anderson and Moores Veterinary SpecialistsWinchesterUK,Present address:
Lumbry Park Veterinary SpecialistsHampshireUK
| | - Davide Berlato
- Dick White Specialists ReferralsSix Mile BottomCambridgeshireUK,Present address:
Animal Oncology and Imaging CenterHunenbergCHSwitzerland
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4
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Canine Apocrine Gland Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma: A Review. Top Companion Anim Med 2022; 50:100682. [PMID: 35792243 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASAC) is a relatively uncommon tumor in the dog and comprises approximately 17% of perianal malignancies; however, it is one of the most common causes of paraneoplastic hypercalcemia. Clinical signs in affected dogs most commonly are associated with mechanical obstruction caused by the primary tumor or enlarged regional metastatic lymph nodes and the effects of paraneoplastic hypercalcemia when present. Surgical excision of the primary tumor and metastasectomy of affected locoregional lymph nodes is the preferred initial treatment option for most dogs, although radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy are commonly incorporated into multi-modality treatment plans. A significant role for the use of adjuvant chemotherapy has not been clearly demonstrated. Prolonged survival times are possible, especially for dogs with smaller primary tumors and for dogs that undergo further treatments for recurrent disease. In this article, we review the clinical signs, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and prognosis of AGASAC in the dog.
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5
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Musser ML, Viall AK, Phillips RL, Hostetter JM, Johannes CM. Gene expression of prostaglandin EP4 receptor in three canine carcinomas. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:213. [PMID: 32571310 PMCID: PMC7310232 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation mediated by the cyclooxygenase enzymes, specifically their product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), can result in the development of cancer. PGE2 promotes cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis through interaction with its specific receptors (EP1 receptor - EP4 receptor [EP1R-EP4R]). In multiple human cancers, the expression of EP4R is associated with the development of malignancy and a poor prognosis. The expression of EP4R has not yet been evaluated in canine tumors. The aim of this study was to characterize the mRNA gene expression of EP4R (ptger4) in canine squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA), and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Archived tumor samples of canine cutaneous SCC (n = 9), AGASACA (n = 9), and TCC (n = 9), and matched archived normal tissue controls were evaluated for mRNA expression of canine EP4R using RNA in situ hybridization (RNAscope®). Quantification of RNAscope® signals in tissue sections was completed with an advanced digital pathology image analysis system (HALO). Data was expressed as copy number, H-index, and percent tumor cell expression of EP4R. RESULTS In all canine SCC, AGASACA, and TCC samples evaluated, strong universal positive expression of EP4R was identified. For SCC and AGASACA, mRNA EP4R expression was statistically higher than that of their respective normal tissues. The TCC tissues displayed significantly less mRNA EP4R expression when compared to normal bladder mucosa. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the mRNA expression of canine EP4R in all tumor types evaluated, with SCC and AGASACA displaying the highest expression, and TCC displaying the lowest expression. This study also represents the first reported veterinary evaluation of EP4R expression using the novel in situ hybridization technique, RNAscope®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Musser
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Austin K Viall
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rachel L Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jesse M Hostetter
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA.,Present address: University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Chad M Johannes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
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6
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Walters L, Martin O, Price J, Sula MM. Expression of receptor tyrosine kinase targets PDGFR-β, VEGFR2 and KIT in canine transitional cell carcinoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 16:E117-E122. [PMID: 28884928 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most common neoplasia of the canine urinary tract. It tends to be locally invasive and has a moderate metastatic rate. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play an important role in promoting cell growth, differentiation and regulation of cell function. RTK inhibitor toceranib phosphate has been used anecdotally to treat TCC. The goal of this study was to evaluate archived normal urinary bladder, TCC and cystitis bladder samples for expression of toceranib phosphate targets: VEGFR2, PDGFR-β and stem cell factor receptor (KIT). A significant number of TCC samples expressed PDGFR-β compared with cystitis and normal bladder samples (P<.0001). While all the tumour samples stained positively for VEGFR2, there was no significant difference between tumour, cystitis and normal bladder samples in intensity scores or staining distribution. Minimal positive staining for KIT was noted in the tumour samples. Based on this proof of target study, further investigation is warranted to determine clinical response of TCC to toceranib phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Walters
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - O Martin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - J Price
- Knoxville School of Information Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - M M Sula
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
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Carvalho S, Stoll AL, Priestnall SL, Suarez-Bonnet A, Rassnick K, Lynch S, Schoepper I, Romanelli G, Buracco P, Atherton M, de Merlo EM, Lara-Garcia A. Retrospective evaluation of COX-2 expression, histological and clinical factors as prognostic indicators in dogs with renal cell carcinomas undergoing nephrectomy. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:1280-1294. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Carvalho
- Oncology Service, Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; Royal Veterinary College; Hertfordshire UK
| | - A. L. Stoll
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology; Royal Veterinary College; Hertfordshire UK
| | - S. L. Priestnall
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology; Royal Veterinary College; Hertfordshire UK
| | - A. Suarez-Bonnet
- Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary School; Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Arucas Spain
| | - K. Rassnick
- Veterinary Medical Centre of Central New York; New York USA
| | - S. Lynch
- Davies Veterinary Specialists; Hitchin UK
| | | | | | - P. Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Science; University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | - M. Atherton
- University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - E. M. de Merlo
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Veterinaria Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - A. Lara-Garcia
- Oncology Service, Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; Royal Veterinary College; Hertfordshire UK
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Teixeira N, Bicalho A, Vasconcelos A, Horta R, Cunha R, Lavalle G. Ciclooxygenase inhibitor and metronomic chemotherapy association for the treatment of metastatic anal sac carcinoma in dog: case report. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Metronomic chemotherapy consists of an anticancer modality treatment. It is applicable in patients at an advanced stage, with the objective of increasing overall survival. The aim of this study was to report an anal sac apocrine carcinoma case in a dog with lymph node metastasis treated with metronomic chemotherapy sequential to surgery and conventional chemotherapy using gemcitabine and carboplatin. Metronomic chemotherapy was associated with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, due to strong tumor COX-2 immunohistochemistry expression. Metronomic chemotherapy was initiated with cyclophosphamide, but it was replaced by lomustine, also in metronomic dosage, due to adverse effects. Treatment showed effectiveness, since the patient's overall survival exceeded 1095 days (36 months), considerably higher than the mean overall survival expected for this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - R.S. Horta
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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