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Niinikoski I, Kouki S, Koho N, Aromaa M, Holopainen S, Laurila HP, Fastrès A, Clercx C, Lilja-Maula L, Rajamäki MM. Evaluation of VEGF-A and CCL2 in dogs with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome or canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and in normocephalic dogs. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:557-563. [PMID: 36183612 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) and canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CIPF) of West Highland White Terriers (WHWTs) often cause intermittent or chronic hypoxemia. Our objective was to evaluate serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) concentrations of hypoxemia-related proinflammatory mediators vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and chemokine (CC motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) in brachycephalic dogs (BDs) and WHWTs with and without CIPF. Additionally, effects of BOAS severity and ageing on these mediators were assessed. 114 BDs (28 English Bulldogs (EBs), 37 French Bulldogs, 49 Pugs), 16 WHWTs with CIPF, 26 healthy WHWTs, and 39 normocephalic control dogs were included. Fifty-four BDs were re-examined after two to three years. Bead-based immunoassay was used for proinflammatory mediator measurements. Compared with controls, significantly higher serum concentrations of VEGF-A were seen in EBs (P = 0.009) and of CCL2 in CIPF and healthy WHWTs (P < 0.001; P = 0.002). BALF samples were available from controls, EBs, and WHWTs. VEGF-A was significantly lower in EBs (P < 0.001) and in CIPF and healthy WHWTs (P = 0.006; P = 0.007) and CCL2 was higher in CIPF WHWTs (P = 0.01) compared with controls. Between visits, only serum VEGF-A significantly decreased in BDs (P < 0.001), but breed, BOAS severity, or its change had no significant effect. In conclusion, in EBs with BOAS proinflammatory changes in VEGF-A were detected in both serum and BALF. Ageing reduced serum VEGF-A in BDs. In WHWTs, our results confirmed earlier findings of CCL2 as an important biomarker for CIPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Niinikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - S Kouki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - N Koho
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Aromaa
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Holopainen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - H P Laurila
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Fastrès
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bd de Colonster 1, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - C Clercx
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bd de Colonster 1, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - L Lilja-Maula
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - M M Rajamäki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Määttä M, Laurila HP, Holopainen S, Aaltonen K, Lilja‐Maula L, Viitanen S, Rajamäki MM. Matrix metalloproteinase-2, -7, and -9 activities in dogs with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis compared to healthy dogs and dogs with other respiratory diseases. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:462-471. [PMID: 33274549 PMCID: PMC7848316 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CIPF) is a chronic, interstitial lung disease that mainly affects West Highland white terriers (WHWTs) and is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the lung. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) participate in remodeling of ECM. OBJECTIVES To compare metalloproteinase-2, -7 and -9 activities in blood or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples or both of CIPF WHWTs with healthy WHWTs, healthy dogs of other breeds, and dogs with other lung diseases and determine if these MMPs could be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers for CIPF. ANIMALS Forty-four CIPF WHWTs, 24 dogs with chronic bronchitis (CB), 17 with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (EBP), 10 with bacterial pneumonia, 39 healthy WHWTs, and 35 healthy dogs of other breeds. METHODS Cross-sectional observational study. Pro-MMP and active MMP activities were analyzed by zymography. RESULTS In serum, significantly higher (P < .01) pro-MMP-7 activities were observed in CIPF WHWTs compared to healthy dogs of other breeds, dogs with CB and dogs with EBP. In BALF of CIPF WHWTs, both pro-MMP-9 and pro-MMP-2 activities were significantly higher (P < .01) compared to healthy WHWTs, but these differences were not detected in plasma. The CIPF WHWTs had significantly higher (P < .05) activities of pro-MMP-9 compared to dogs with CB and of pro-MMP-2 compared to dogs with CB and EBP. No statistically significant prognostic factors were observed in CIPF WHWTs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Serum MMP-7 and BALF MMP-2 and -9 potentially may be useful diagnostic markers but not prognostic markers for CIPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merita Määttä
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Henna P. Laurila
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Saila Holopainen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Kaisa Aaltonen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Liisa Lilja‐Maula
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Sanna Viitanen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Minna M. Rajamäki
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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Association of Common Genetic Variants in the CPSF7 and SDHAF2 Genes with Canine Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in the West Highland White Terrier. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060609. [PMID: 32486318 PMCID: PMC7349241 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CIPF) is a chronic fibrotic lung disease that is observed at a higher frequency in the West Highland White Terrier dog breed (WHWT) and may have molecular pathological overlap with human lung fibrotic disease. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in the WHWT using whole genome sequencing (WGS) to discover genetic variants associated with CIPF. Saliva-derived DNA samples were sequenced using the Riptide DNA library prep kit. After quality controls, 28 affected, 44 unaffected, and 1,843,695 informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were included in the GWAS. Data were analyzed both at the single SNP and gene levels using the GEMMA and GATES methods, respectively. We detected significant signals at the gene level in both the cleavage and polyadenylation specific factor 7 (CPSF7) and succinate dehydrogenase complex assembly factor 2 (SDHAF2) genes (adjusted p = 0.016 and 0.024, respectively), two overlapping genes located on chromosome 18. The top SNP for both genes was rs22669389; however, it did not reach genome-wide significance in the GWAS (adjusted p = 0.078). Our studies provide, for the first time, candidate loci for CIPF in the WHWT. CPSF7 was recently associated with lung adenocarcinoma, further highlighting the potential relevance of our results because IPF and lung cancer share several pathological mechanisms.
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Laurila HP, Rajamäki MM. Update on Canine Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in West Highland White Terriers. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2019; 50:431-446. [PMID: 31866093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CIPF) is a chronic, progressive, interstitial lung disease (ILD) affecting older West Highland white terriers (WHWTs). According to one classification, CIPF is a familial fibrotic ILD in the group of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Etiology is unknown but likely arises from interplay between genetic and environmental factors. CIPF shares features with human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and human nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. This article describes clinical signs, findings in physical examination, arterial oxygenation, diagnostic imaging, bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage, histopathology, disease course, and outcome of WHWTs with CIPF; compares canine and human diseases; summarizes biomarker research; and gives an overview of potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna P Laurila
- Discipline of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 57 (Viikintie 49), Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Minna M Rajamäki
- Discipline of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 57 (Viikintie 49), Helsinki 00014, Finland
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Clercx C, Fastrès A, Roels E. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in West Highland white terriers: An update. Vet J 2018; 242:53-58. [PMID: 30503545 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CIPF) affects middle-aged to older dogs of a single breed, mainly the West Highland white terrier (WHWT), which is suggestive of a genetic predisposition. CIPF causes exercise intolerance, restrictive dyspnoea and coughing. Coarse crackles are heard on thoracic auscultation. Abnormal blood gas parameters and a shortened '6-min-walking test' distance are common; secondarily induced pulmonary hypertension and/or airway collapse are frequent. These features of CIPF mimic those of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in humans and therefore identify CIPF as a possible spontaneously arising model for study of human IPF. However, computed tomographic and histopathological findings of CIPF are not identical to those of human IPF. As in human IPF, the aetiology of CIPF is not yet fully elucidated. There are no curative treatments and the prognosis is poor. This paper reviews advances in understanding of the clinical description and natural history of CIPF, the investigation of biomarkers and the exploration of possible aetiologies and mechanistic hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Clercx
- Department of Clinical Sciences, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Aline Fastrès
- Department of Clinical Sciences, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Elodie Roels
- Department of Clinical Sciences, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Thierry F, Handel I, Hammond G, King LG, Corcoran BM, Schwarz T. Further characterization of computed tomographic and clinical features for staging and prognosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in West Highland white terriers. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 58:381-388. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Thierry
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
| | - Ian Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
| | - Gawain Hammond
- School of Veterinary Medicine; College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow; Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - Lesley G. King
- Department of Clinical Studies; University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine; Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Brendan M. Corcoran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
| | - Tobias Schwarz
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
- Department of Clinical Studies; University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine; Philadelphia PA 19104
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Roels E, Krafft E, Farnir F, Holopainen S, Laurila HP, Rajamäki MM, Day MJ, Antoine N, Pirottin D, Clercx C. Assessment of CCL2 and CXCL8 chemokines in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue samples from dogs affected with canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Vet J 2015; 206:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Roels E, Krafft E, Antoine N, Farnir F, Laurila H, Holopainen S, Rajamäki M, Clercx C. Evaluation of chemokines CXCL8 and CCL2, serotonin, and vascular endothelial growth factor serum concentrations in healthy dogs from seven breeds with variable predisposition for canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Res Vet Sci 2015; 101:57-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Krafft E, Lybaert P, Roels E, Laurila HP, Rajamäki MM, Farnir F, Myllärniemi M, Day MJ, Mc Entee K, Clercx C. Transforming growth factor beta 1 activation, storage, and signaling pathways in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1666-75. [PMID: 25331544 PMCID: PMC4895628 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in dogs is poorly understood. In human, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is considered central in the pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES To investigate TGF-β1 pathway in IPF. ANIMALS Lung tissues from 12 affected and 11 control dogs. Serum from 16 affected West Highland white Terriers (WHWTs) and healthy dogs from predisposed (13 WHWTs, 12 Scottish Terriers and 13 Bichons Frise) and nonpredisposed breeds (10 Whippets, 10 Belgian shepherds, 8 Labradors). METHODS In this prospective study, immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate expression and localization of TGF-β1 protein and proteins involved in TGF-β1 signaling (TGF-β receptor type I and phospho-Smad2/3). Pulmonary expression of TGF-β1 and molecules involved in its storage (latent TGF-β binding proteins [LTBP] 1, 2, and 4), activation (ανβ6 and ανβ8 integrins, thrombospondin-1) and signal inhibition (Smad 7) was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. Circulating TGF-β1 concentration was measured by ELISA. RESULTS In IPF, high level of TGF-β1 protein was found in areas of fibrosis, epithelial cells had strong expression of TGF-β receptor type 1 and phospho-Smad2/3, gene expression was decreased for LTBP 4 (P = .009) and β8 integrin (P < .001) and increased for thrombospondin-1 (P = .016); no difference was seen for Smad7, LTBP1 and 2. Serum TGF-β1 concentration was higher in predisposed compared with nonpredisposed breeds (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This study identified an enhanced TGF-β1 signaling activity in IPF. TGF-β1 storage and activation proteins with altered expression represent potential therapeutic targets. Higher circulating TGF-β1 concentration in predisposed breeds might partly explain their susceptibility for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Krafft
- Division of Companion Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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