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Ortega-Mora LM, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Rojo-Montejo S, Román-Trufero A, Montenegro-Gregorio D, Puentes-Colorado E, Parra-Romero A, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Osoro K, Collantes-Fernández E. A new inactivated Tritrichomonas foetus vaccine that improves genital clearance of the infection and calving intervals in cattle. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1005556. [PMID: 36277069 PMCID: PMC9582342 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1005556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine trichomonosis is a sexually transmitted disease that is a primary cause of early reproductive failure in cattle. The aim of the present study was to develop a vaccine formulation based on Tritrichomonas foetus trophozoites inactivated by lyophilization and Quil-A-adjuvanted. The safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of this new vaccine formulation (Trichobovis®) administered by two routes (subcutaneous: SC, and intravulvar: IVU) were compared with a commercial vaccine (TrichGuard®) in a well-established experimental bovine model of genital T. foetus infection. The new vaccine was considered safe in cattle because only mild local reactions were found in the vaccination area, which disappeared 3 weeks after administration. Cows immunized with Trichobovis cleared the infection faster than the non-immunized/challenged group (27–28 vs. 60 days; P < 0.05). Not significant differences were observed with the commercial vaccine respect to the positive control group, or between SC and IVU routes. The new vaccine stimulated high serum anti-T. foetus IgG and genital IgA levels and generated an IgG booster effect similar to TrichGuard. IgA levels were associated with significantly earlier genital clearance of T. foetus in cows immunized with Trichobovis by SC route (G1A) or TrichGuard (G2). The strongest association was found in the group G1A on day 14 post-infection (p.i.) (r = −0.74) and in G2 on day 35 p.i. (r = −0.71). The efficacy of vaccination using Trichobovis on the reproductive performance was also investigated under field conditions in a herd where T. foetus was present. The calving intervals were significantly reduced by 45.2 days (P < 0.05), calves were born 28 days earlier (P < 0.05) and an increase of 8.7% in the calving rate (P > 0.05) was observed in the vaccinated group. These results demonstrate that Trichobovis improved the reproductive performance under field conditions in herds where T. foetus infection is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,SALUVET-Innova S.L., Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
| | - Roberto Sánchez-Sánchez
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Rojo-Montejo
- SALUVET-Innova S.L., Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Regional Service for Research and Agri-Food Development (SERIDA), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Alicia Román-Trufero
- SALUVET-Innova S.L., Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Regional Service for Research and Agri-Food Development (SERIDA), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Javier Regidor-Cerrillo
- SALUVET-Innova S.L., Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Koldo Osoro
- Regional Service for Research and Agri-Food Development (SERIDA), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Esther Collantes-Fernández
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,SALUVET-Innova S.L., Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Esther Collantes-Fernández
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Calvani NED, Šlapeta J, Onizawa E, Eamens K, Jenkins C, Westman ME. Not gone but forgotten: Tritrichomonas foetus in extensively-managed bulls from Australia's Northern Territory. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 1:100012. [PMID: 35284896 PMCID: PMC8906082 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bovine trichomonosis, caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Tritrichomonas foetus, is globally recognised as a cause of reproductive failure in cattle. Maintained in clinically normal bulls, T. foetus infection results in infertility and abortion in infected cows. In Australia’s Northern Territory (NT), logistical limitations associated with extensive livestock production inhibit wide-scale testing and diagnosis, allowing the parasite to persist undetected. In the present study, T. foetus was detected in 18/109 preputial cultures collected from bulls on a property in the NT with a history of low birth rates and reproductive failure using real-time PCR testing. Of the T. foetus-positive samples, 13/18 were genotyped using the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S rDNA unit. Selected samples were further characterised using the protein-coding genes of cysteine proteases (CP-1, 2, 4–9) and cytosolic malate dehydrogenase 1 (MDH-1) to determine if the isolates were ‘bovineʼ, ‘felineʼ or ‘Southern Africaʼ genotypes. All samples were 100% identical to the T. foetus ‘bovine’ genotype across all markers. This is the first reported case of trichomonosis in Australian cattle since 1988 and is a reminder that T. foetus should be considered whenever reproductive failure occurs in extensive cattle systems. The first published case of bovine trichomonosis in Australia since 1988. Extensive genotyping of two isolates using 10 divergent markers. Isolates were determined to be 100% homologous with the Tritrichomonas foetus ‘bovine’ genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola Eliza Davies Calvani
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries and Environment, Menangle 2565, NSW, Australia.,Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Emily Onizawa
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries and Environment, Menangle 2565, NSW, Australia
| | - Kieran Eamens
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries and Environment, Menangle 2565, NSW, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries and Environment, Menangle 2565, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Edward Westman
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries and Environment, Menangle 2565, NSW, Australia
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3
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Dąbrowska J, Karamon J, Kochanowski M, Sroka J, Skrzypek K, Zdybel J, Różycki M, Jabłoński A, Cencek T. Tritrichomonas Foetus: A Study of Prevalence in Animal Hosts in Poland. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030203. [PMID: 32164185 PMCID: PMC7157684 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is described as a pathogen of cattle and cats and also exhibits commensalism with pigs. In order to estimate the prevalence and determine the risk factors for parasite infection, specimens from animal hosts (cat, pigs, and cattle) from Poland were investigated. To our best knowledge, this is the first such study to examine samples from wild boars (Sus scrofa) for the presence of T. foetus. Data were collected from 117 cats, 172 pigs, 236 wild boars, and 180 cattle. The sensitivity of T. foetus identification was increased by using two molecular assays: PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). The prevalence of feline tritrichomonosis was 20.51%, and statistically significant differences were obtained between groups of animals regarding age, breed, number of cats, diarrhea, and place of living. Positive PCR and LAMP results for T. foetus were estimated for 16.28% of pigs, and the obtained data were significantly correlated with age. Conversely, no significant differences were observed concerning the farm size factor. In our survey, no cases of bovine tritrichomonosis were found, which is consistent with the data from the other countries of the European Union. Similarly, all wild boar samples were also T. foetus-negative according to LAMP and PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dąbrowska
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (M.K.); (J.S.); (K.S.); (J.Z.); (M.R.); (T.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-889-30-25; Fax: +48-81-886-25-95
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (M.K.); (J.S.); (K.S.); (J.Z.); (M.R.); (T.C.)
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (M.K.); (J.S.); (K.S.); (J.Z.); (M.R.); (T.C.)
| | - Jacek Sroka
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (M.K.); (J.S.); (K.S.); (J.Z.); (M.R.); (T.C.)
| | - Katarzyna Skrzypek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (M.K.); (J.S.); (K.S.); (J.Z.); (M.R.); (T.C.)
| | - Jolanta Zdybel
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (M.K.); (J.S.); (K.S.); (J.Z.); (M.R.); (T.C.)
| | - Mirosław Różycki
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (M.K.); (J.S.); (K.S.); (J.Z.); (M.R.); (T.C.)
| | - Artur Jabłoński
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Warsaw University Of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 100, 02-797 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (M.K.); (J.S.); (K.S.); (J.Z.); (M.R.); (T.C.)
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Jin Y, Du A, Yao C. Clinical isolates of Tritrichomonas foetus in bulls in Wyoming, South Dakota and Montana, USA. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:12. [PMID: 31924216 PMCID: PMC6954593 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several Tritrichomonas species have been found in mammalian hosts. Among these trichomonads T. foetus is often found in the urogenital tract of cattle and the gastrointestinal tract of the domestic cat, resulting in sexually transmitted bovine trichomonosis and fecal-orally transmitted feline trichomonosis, respectively. The aims of the current study were to molecularly characterize clinical isolates of T. foetus in cattle populations in Wyoming, South Dakota, and Montana of the United States of America and to phylogenetically analyze Tritrichomonas species of mammalian hosts. Results DNA sequencing of rRNA genes showed over 99% identity of the newly described isolates to other bovine isolates. Further, T. foetus isolates of various mammalian hosts originated in different geographic regions worldwide were clustered into two well-defined clades by phylogenetic analysis of rRNA and cysteine protease 2 genes. Clade I consisted of isolates originated from cattle, pig, and human whereas clade II contained isolates of cat and dog. Conclusion It is concluded that all mammalian Tritrichomonas spp. apparently belong to T. foetus. Analysis of more sequences is warranted to support this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhu Jin
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82070, USA.,Present Address: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Aifang Du
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82070, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis.
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Addressing the constraints of Tritrichomonas foetus sample collection in remote areas: lyophilized modified Diamond's media as a substitute for liquid medium. Parasitology 2019; 146:1184-1187. [PMID: 30859924 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bovine trichomoniasis is a notifiable, reproductive disease of cattle caused by the parasite Tritrichomonas foetus. Culturing with modified Diamond's medium (MDM) is required to increase the low number of organisms received from a preputial sample, but is limited in application to remote areas as it requires continuous cold chain storage. This study utilized lyophilization to sustain the viability of MDM during transport in lieu of a continuous cold chain. All lyophilized MDM was able to sustain T. foetus after storage for 42 days at 24 °C, and the results demonstrated that lyophilized MDM was equally as viable as refrigerated liquid MDM. Storage of lyophilized MDM at room temperature for 1 and 7 days did not impact T. foetus yield, both with and without exposure to light. A limitation of the lyophilized MDM was demonstrated with a significant decrease in T. foetus yield when the media was stored at 37 and 58 °C. The lyophilization of MDM provides a robust method of transporting and storing medium prior to reconstitution and inoculation, for use in T. foetus diagnosis and surveillance in remote areas.
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Collantes-Fernández E, Moreno-Gonzalo J, Sánchez-Sánchez R, García-Bocanegra I, Horcajo P, Ortega-Mora LM. Prevalence of bovine trichomonosis and associated risk factors in bulls from Spanish beef herds. Theriogenology 2019; 128:116-121. [PMID: 30743100 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bovine trichomonosis is a sexually transmitted disease considered as an important cause of early reproductive failure in beef cattle. To investigate the occurrence of the infection in different Spanish beef cattle-producing areas, retrospective data from the SALUVET veterinary diagnostic laboratory (Veterinary Faculty, Madrid, Spain) derived from the analysis of samples from beef bulls that were routinely tested for Tritrichomonas foetus infection, were compiled from 2011 to 2015. In addition, a number of potential risk factors were assessed. T. foetus was detected in 12.7% (385/3016; 95% CI: 11.5%-13.9%) of samples from bulls and in 20.7% (195/941; 95% CI: 18.1%-23.3%) of the herds tested. "Bull age" and "reproductive disorders in the herd" were the risk factors identified in the multivariable analysis. Bulls older than 3 years (19.7%) were more likely to be infected than young bulls (8.2%) and T. foetus was more often detected in herds with reproductive problems (27.9%) than in those without reproductive disorders (9.4%). The prevalence in bulls originating in mountain systems (13.9%, 267/1922) was significantly higher than that in "dehesa" (Mediterranean holm-oak pasture) areas (10.8%; 118/1094) (P ˂ 0.05), which might be attributable to the use of communal pastures and specific management practices in mountain systems. The results reported here indicate that T. foetus infection is substantially spread among beef cattle herds, suggesting that BT could be having a significant negative impact on the reproduction and productivity of Spanish beef herds managed under extensive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Collantes-Fernández
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Moreno-Gonzalo
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Sánchez-Sánchez
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pilar Horcajo
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Molina LL, Angón E, García A, Moralejo RH, Caballero-Villalobos J, Perea J. Time series analysis of bovine venereal diseases in La Pampa, Argentina. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201739. [PMID: 30080907 PMCID: PMC6078287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The venereal diseases bovine trichomoniasis (BT) and bovine genital campylobacteriosis (BGC) cause economic losses in endemic areas like La Pampa province in Argentina where beef cattle are usually extensively managed. This study used data compiled between 2007 and 2014 by a Provincial Program for the Control and Eradication of venereal diseases in order to develop and analyze retrospective models of time series for BT and BGC. Seasonality and long-term trend were explored with decomposition and simple regression methods. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average models (ARIMA) were used to fit univariate models for the prevalence and persistence of BT and BGC. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with Explanatory Variable models (ARIMAX) were used to analyze the association between different time series, replacement entries and herd samplings. The prevalence and persistence of BT and BGC have decreased from 2007 to 2014. All the BT and BGC time series are seasonal and their long-term trend is decreasing. Seasonality of BT and BGC is similar, with higher rates of detection in autumn-winter than is spring-summer. Prevalence and persistence time series are correlated, indicating their changes are synchronic and follow a similar time pattern. Prevalence of BT and BGC showed the best fitting with the ARIMA (0,0,1)(0,1,1)12 model. While for persistence of BT and BGC, the best adjustment was with the same model with no seasonal difference where the current number of cases depends on the moving averages of the month and the previous season. Including covariates improve the fitting of univariate models, in addition, estimations using ARIMAX models are more precise than using ARIMA models. The time distribution of the samplings could be increasing the false negative ratio. According to the obtained results, the ARIMA and ARIMAX models can be considered an option to predict the BT and BGC prevalence and persistence in La Pampa (Argentina).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo L. Molina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National University of La Pampa, General Pico, Argentina
- National Service of Health and Agro-Food Quality (SENASA), Centro Regional La Pampa-San Luis, Corrientes, Santa Rosa, Argentina
| | - Elena Angón
- Department of Animal Production, School of Veterinary, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antón García
- Department of Animal Production, School of Veterinary, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ricardo H. Moralejo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National University of La Pampa, General Pico, Argentina
- Ministerio de la Producción, Gobierno de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, Argentina
| | | | - José Perea
- Department of Animal Production, School of Veterinary, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Coker KE, Lim JJ, Schleisman RL, Vosloo C, French HM, Samper JC, Callanan JJ, Gilbert RO, Sithole F, Yao C, Chapwanya A. Freedom from Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cattle in St. Kitts. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1171-1173. [PMID: 29430608 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonosis is an endemic disease in cattle that are reared under extensive conditions and bred by natural mating. It causes profound economic losses to the producers by increasing calving interval, increasing embryo losses, and decreasing pregnancy rates. The aim of this study was to determine whether Tritrichomonas foetus infections were absent from cattle in St. Kitts. Using the modified hypergeometric method, preputial samples from bulls (n = 78) were tested using the InPouch™ culture for presence of T. foetus. Results highlighted an absence of trichomoniasis in bulls on St. Kitts with a 95% confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly E Coker
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Joseph J Lim
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Rebecca L Schleisman
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Christopher Vosloo
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Hilari M French
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Juan C Samper
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - John J Callanan
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Robert O Gilbert
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Fortune Sithole
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
| | - Aspinas Chapwanya
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
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Collántes-Fernández E, Fort MC, Ortega-Mora LM, Schares G. Trichomonas. PARASITIC PROTOZOA OF FARM ANIMALS AND PETS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122547 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70132-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The most widely known trichomonad in veterinary medicine is Tritrichomonas foetus. It is the etiologic agent of bovine tritrichomonosis, a sexually transmitted disease in extensively managed herds throughout many geographic regions worldwide. The same trichomonad species is also regarded as the causative agent of chronic diarrhea in the domestic cat, although more recent studies observed molecular differences between bovine- and feline-derived T. foetus. Trichomonosis in cats has a worldwide distribution and is mainly present among cats from high-density housing environments. Other trichomonads are found as inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract in birds, such as Trichomonas gallinae. Particularly, Columbiformes, Falconiformes, Strigiformes, and wild Passeriformes can be severely affected by avian trichomonads. Diagnosis of trichomonosis is often complicated by the fragility of the parasite. To ensure valid test results, it is essential to collect and handle specimens in the right way prior to analysis. Cultivation tests, the specific amplification of parasites, or a combination of both test methods is the most efficient and most commonly used way to diagnose trichomonosis in animals. Bovine tritrichomonosis is mainly controlled by the identification and withdrawal of infected animals from bovine herds. The control of feline and avian trichomonosis relies mainly on preventive measures.
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Candiani D, Beltrán-Beck B, Kohnle L, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): Trichomonosis. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04992. [PMID: 32625289 PMCID: PMC7009924 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonosis has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of trichomonosis to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of trichomonosis according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to trichomonosis. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, trichomonosis can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria as in sections 3, 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (c), (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The animal species to be listed for trichomonosis according to Article 8(3) criteria is cattle as susceptible and reservoir.
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11
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Comparative proteomic analysis of two pathogenic Tritrichomonas foetus genotypes: there is more to the proteome than meets the eye. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:203-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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