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Chen M, Xie W, Zhou S, Ma N, Wang Y, Huang J, Shen X, Chang G. A high-concentrate diet induces colonic inflammation and barrier damage in Hu sheep. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:9644-9662. [PMID: 37641289 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Long-term feeding of a high-concentrate diet can induce subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in ruminants, which further leads to systemic inflammatory response. However, few studies have examined the effects of feeding a high-concentrate diet on the hindgut of ruminants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a high-concentrate diet on the composition of gut microbiota in colonic contents, inflammatory response, and barrier damage in the colon tissue of ruminants. A total of 12 healthy multiparous lactating Hu sheep were randomly allotted into the following 2 groups: a high-concentrate (HC) group (concentrate:forage = 7:3) and a low-concentrate (LC) group (concentrate:forage = 3:7). All sheep were fitted with ruminal fistulas. The formal feeding experiment lasted for 8 wk. After the feeding experiment, rumen fluid, portal vein blood, hepatic vein blood, colonic contents, and colon tissue samples were collected. The results showed that feeding the HC diet induced SARA in Hu sheep and significantly reduced pH in the colonic contents. The abundances of Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobiota, and Actinobacteriota decreased significantly, whereas those of Bacteroidota, Spirochaetota, and Fibrobacterota significantly increased in colonic contents. At the genus level, the relative abundances of 29 genera were significantly altered depending on the different type of diets. Analysis of the 10 bacterial genera with high relative abundance revealed that feeding the HC diet significantly reduced the abundance of UCG-005, Christensenellaceae R-7 group, UCG-010-norank, Monoglobus, [Eubacterium] coprostanoligenes group_norank, and Alistipes, whereas the abundances of Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Treponema, Bacteroides, and Prevotella increased. Compared with the LC group, feeding the HC diet significantly increased the concentration of LPS in rumen fluid, portal vein blood, hepatic vein blood, and colonic contents, and significantly upregulated the mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines in colon tissue, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, indicating the occurrence of inflammatory response in the colon tissue. In addition, the structure of colonic epithelial cells was loose, the intercellular space became larger, epithelial cells were exfoliated, and the mRNA and protein abundances of ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1, claudin-3, and claudin-4 were significantly decreased in the HC group, which was consistent with the results of immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, feeding the HC diet increased the ratios of DNA methylation and chromatin compaction in the promoter regions of occludin and claudin-1, which in turn inhibited their transcriptional expression. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that feeding an HC diet induced SARA in Hu sheep, altered the composition and structure of the microbial community in the colonic contents, induced an inflammatory response, and disrupted the intestinal mucosal barrier in the colonic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Chen
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China 210095
| | - Wan Xie
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China 210095
| | - Shendong Zhou
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China 210095
| | - Nana Ma
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China 210095
| | - Yan Wang
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China 210095
| | - Jie Huang
- Huzhou Research Institute of Hu Sheep, Huzhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Huzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China 313099
| | - Xiangzhen Shen
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China 210095
| | - Guangjun Chang
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China 210095.
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Yan Q, Wang K, Han X, Tan Z. The Regulatory Mechanism of Feeding a Diet High in Rice Grain on the Growth and microRNA Expression Profiles of the Spleen, Taking Goats as an Artiodactyl Model. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090832. [PMID: 34571708 PMCID: PMC8467863 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several researchers have testified that feeding with diets high in rice grain induces subacute ruminal acidosis and increases the risk of gastrointestinal inflammation. However, whether diets high in rice grain affect spleen growth and related molecular events remains unknown. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding a high-concentrate (HC) diet based on rice on the growth and microRNA expression profiles in goat spleen. Sixteen Liuyang black goats were used as an artiodactyl model and fed an HC diet for five weeks. Visceral organ weight, LPS (lipopolysaccharide) concentration in the liver and spleen, and microRNA expression were analyzed. The results showed that feeding an HC diet increased the heart and spleen indexes and decreased the liver LPS concentration (p < 0.05). In total, 596 microRNAs were identified, and twenty-one of them were differentially expressed in the spleens of goats fed with the HC diet. Specifically, several microRNAs (miR-107, miR-512, miR-51b, miR-191, miR-296, miR-326, miR-6123 and miR-433) were upregulated. Meanwhile, miR-30b, miR-30d, miR-1468, miR-502a, miR-145, miR-139, miR-2284f, miR-101 and miR-92a were downregulated. Additionally, their target gene CPPED1, CDK6, CCNT1 and CASP7 expressions were inhibited (p < 0.05). These results indicated that the HC diet promoted the growth of the heart and spleen. The HC diet also regulated the expression of miR-326, miR-512-3p, miR-30b, miR-30d, miR-502a and their target genes (CPPED1, CDK6 and CCNT1) related to the enhancement of splenocyte proliferation. The HC diet also modulated the expression of miR-15b-5p, miR-1468 and miR-92a, related to the suppression of splenocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongxian Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Q.Y.); (K.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Kaijun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Q.Y.); (K.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Xuefeng Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Q.Y.); (K.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (Q.Y.); (K.W.); (X.H.)
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety—CICAPS, Changsha 410128, China
- Correspondence:
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Wang MY, Li Y, Gao M, Song LW, Xu M, Zhao XL, Jia Y, Zhao M, Sun YY, Hu HL. Effects of subacute ruminal acidosis on colon epithelial morphological structure, permeability, and expression of key tight junction proteins in dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4260-4270. [PMID: 33485680 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The hindgut epithelial barrier plays an important role in maintaining absorption and immune homeostasis in ruminants. However, little information is available on changes in colon epithelial barrier structure and function following grain-induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of grain-induced SARA on colon epithelial morphological structure, permeability, and gene expression involved in epithelial barrier function. Twelve mid-lactating (136 ± 2 d in milk; milk yield = 1.68 ± 0.15 kg/d) Saanen dairy goats with 62.13 ± 4.76 kg of body weight were randomly divided into either the control (CON) treatment (n = 6) or SARA treatment (n = 6). The CON goats were fed a basal diet with a nonfiber carbohydrates to neutral detergent fiber ratio of 1.15 for 60 d. The SARA goats were fed 4 diets with increasing nonfiber carbohydrates to neutral detergent fiber ratio at 1.15, 1.49, 2.12, and 2.66 to induce SARA, with each diet (referred to as period) being fed for 15 d, including 12 d for adaptation and 3 d for sampling. Continuous ruminal pH recordings were used to diagnose the severity of SARA. Additionally, colonic tissues were collected to evaluate the epithelial morphological structure, permeability, and expression of tight junction proteins using transmission electron microscopy, Ussing chamber, quantitative real-time PCR, and Western blotting. Profound disruption in the colonic epithelium was mainly manifested as the electron density of tight junctions decreased, intercellular space widened, and mitochondria swelled in SARA goats. Colon epithelial short-circuit current, tissue conductance, and the mucosal-to-serosal flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4 kDa were increased and potential difference was decreased in SARA goats compared with CON goats. Subacute ruminal acidosis increased mRNA and protein expression levels of CLDN1 and OCLN in the colonic epithelium. Overall, the data of the present study demonstrate that SARA can impair the barrier function of the colonic epithelium at both structural and functional levels, which is associated with severe epithelial structural damage and increased permeability and changes in the expression of tight junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, P.R. China; College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P.R. China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Y Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, P.R. China; College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P.R. China
| | - M Gao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, P.R. China
| | - L W Song
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, P.R. China
| | - M Xu
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P.R. China
| | - X L Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Y Jia
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P.R. China
| | - M Zhao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, P.R. China
| | - Y Y Sun
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P.R. China
| | - H L Hu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, P.R. China.
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Diet with a High Proportion of Rice Alters Profiles and Potential Function of Digesta-Associated Microbiota in the Ileum of Goats. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081261. [PMID: 32722283 PMCID: PMC7460243 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Our study provided a detailed picture of the ileal microbiota related to a high-concentrate diet and showed that it could reduce the bacterial richness and diversity in the ileum of goats. A high-concentrate diet may inhibit the growth of intestinal bacterial communities. Ileal concentrations of total volatile fatty acids increased and pH decreased with a high-concentrate diet, which could increase the risk of poor health in growing goats. Such an understanding will be essential to predict variations in the gastrointestinal microbiota to enhance the productivity and welfare of ruminants through nutritional strategies, such as diet intervention. Abstract Effects of a high proportion of concentrate in the diet on the ileal microbiota and metabolites in small ruminants are rarely reported. This study was designed to investigate the ileal microbiota and its relationship with host metabolic function in goats and aimed to elucidate the mechanisms involving in the ileal adaptation to a diet containing a high proportion of rice. Sixteen goats were equally divided into two groups and fed a diet with a normal concentrate proportion (NC, 55% concentrate) or a high-concentrate diet (HC, 90% concentrate). Results showed that the HC diet decreased bacterial diversity and elevated the abundance of five genera (Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Eubacterium_nodatum_group, Ruminococcus_gauvreauii_group, Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group and Ruminococcus 1), but reduced the number of Anaerotruncus. Microbial functional potentials indicated that the HC diet activated the pathways related to metabolism of carbohydrate, glycan, lipid and vitamins, but inhibited the pathways associated with cell motility and signal transduction. The activities of amylase and alkaline phosphatase were greater (p < 0.05) in the intestinal digesta of the HC-fed goats. However, there were no differences in the villus height, crypt depth and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the ileum between the two groups. These results indicate that the HC diet alters the bacterial community and pathways related to the metabolism of dietary nutrients and cell motility and signal transduction of bacteria in the ileum of goats.
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Górka P, Sliwinski B, Flaga J, Olszewski J, Wojciechowski M, Krupa K, Godlewski MM, Zabielski R, Kowalski ZM. Effect of exogenous butyrate on the gastrointestinal tract of sheep. I. Structure and function of the rumen, omasum, and abomasum. J Anim Sci 2019; 96:5311-5324. [PMID: 30295810 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of exogenous butyrate on the structure and selected functions of the stomach in sheep. Eighteen rams (30.8 ± 2.1 kg; 12 to 15 mo of age) were allocated to the study and fed a diet for 14 d without (CTRL) or with sodium butyrate (BUT; 36 g/kg of offered DM). Neither DMI nor initial BW differed between treatments (P ≥ 0.61), but final BW was greater for BUT compared with CTRL (P = 0.03). Butyrate concentration in the reticuloruminal fluid and abomasal digesta was greater for BUT compared with CTRL (P ≤ 0.01), but total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration, as well as concentration of other SCFA, did not differ between treatments (P ≥ 0.07). Relative to BW, reticuloruminal tissue mass tended (P = 0.09) to be greater and omasal digesta was less (P = 0.02) for BUT compared with CTRL. Dietary butyrate did not affect ruminal papillae length, width, and density nor did it affect ruminal epithelium thickness (P ≥ 0.12) in the ventral sac of the rumen. However, the DM of ruminal epithelium (mg/cm2) tended (P = 0.06) to be greater for BUT compared with CTRL. Omasal and abomasal epithelium thicknesses were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for BUT compared with CTRL. Mitosis-to-apoptosis ratio in the abomasal epithelium was less for BUT compared with CTRL (P = 0.04). Finally, the mRNA expression of peptide transporter 1 in the omasal epithelium was less (P = 0.02) and mRNA expression of monocarboxylate transporter 1 in the abomasal epithelium tended (P = 0.07) to be greater for BUT compared with CTRL. It can be concluded that exogenous butyrate supplementation affected not only the rumen but also omasum and abomasum in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Górka
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bogdan Sliwinski
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul. Krakowska, Balice, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Flaga
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Olszewski
- Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, ul. Nowoursynowska, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marcin Wojciechowski
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza, Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Krupa
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal M Godlewski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, ul. Nowoursynowska, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Romuald Zabielski
- Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, ul. Nowoursynowska, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Zygmunt M Kowalski
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza, Krakow, Poland
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Response of rumen microbiota, and metabolic profiles of rumen fluid, liver and serum of goats to high-grain diets. Animal 2019; 13:1855-1864. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118003671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Górka P, Schurmann BL, Walpole ME, Błońska A, Li S, Plaizier JC, Kowalski ZM, Penner GB. Effect of increasing the proportion of dietary concentrate on gastrointestinal tract measurements and brush border enzyme activity in Holstein steers. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4539-4551. [PMID: 28365118 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the time course for adaptation of the reticulo-rumen, omasum, abomasum, and small intestine in response to an abrupt increase in the proportion of grain in the diet. Adaptive responses include tissue and digesta mass, small intestinal length, and brush border enzyme activity in the duodenum, proximal jejunum, and ileum. Twenty-five Holstein steers (213 ± 23 kg; 5 to 7 mo of age) were blocked by body weight, and within block were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments: the control diet (CTRL; 92% chopped grass hay and 8% mineral and vitamin supplement on a dry matter basis) or a moderate grain diet (MGD; 50% chopped grass hay, 42% rolled barley grain, and 8% mineral and vitamin supplement) that was fed for 3 (MGD3), 7 (MGD7), 14 (MGD14), or 21 d (MGD21). Dry matter intake was limited to 2.25% of body weight to ensure that changes in dry matter intake did not confound the results. On the last day of the dietary exposure, steers were slaughtered 2 h after feeding. Reticulo-rumen tissue mass and ruminal epithelium mass in the ventral sac of the rumen were not affected by the MGD. Wet reticulo-ruminal digesta mass decreased from CTRL to MGD7 and then increased, but reticulo-ruminal digesta dry matter mass did not differ between treatments. Omasal mass, omasal tissue mass, and omasum digesta mass decreased linearly with the number of days fed MGD, but abomasal tissue mass tended to increase linearly. Duodenal tissue mass tended to increase linearly, and ileal length increased linearly with the number of days fed MGD. Lactase activity in the proximal jejunum increased linearly and maltase activity in duodenum tended to increase linearly with days fed MGD. Aminopeptidase N activity in the proximal jejunum increased cubically with days fed MGD, and dipeptidylpeptidase IV activity in ileum tended to decrease from CTRL to MGD14 and then tended to increase. Adaptation to a diet with a greater proportion of concentrate involves changes in the mass and length of regions of the gastrointestinal tract and brush border enzyme activity. These changes take place gradually over at least 3 wk.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Górka
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - B L Schurmann
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - M E Walpole
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - A Błońska
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - S Li
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3R 3N2, Canada
| | - J C Plaizier
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3R 3N2, Canada
| | - Z M Kowalski
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - G B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Chang G, Zhuang S, Seyfert HM, Zhang K, Xu T, Jin D, Guo J, Shen X. Hepatic TLR4 signaling is activated by LPS from digestive tract during SARA, and epigenetic mechanisms contribute to enforced TLR4 expression. Oncotarget 2016; 6:38578-90. [PMID: 26498350 PMCID: PMC4770722 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is known to trigger a systemic inflammatory response that is possibly caused by the translocation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream. The aim of this study is to investigate this causal relationship between the increases of circulating LPS and liver inflammation. Here we found that SARA goats exhibited significantly increased LPS concentrations in both the rumen and portal vein. The livers of these goats exhibited increased mRNA concentrations of pro-inflammatory genes that indicated inflammation. Meanwhile, the occurrence of liver inflammation was further validated by the enhanced protein expression of those cytokines in the livers of SARA goats. These increased expressions of detected pro-inflammatory genes were likely mediated by enforced TLR4 signaling because SARA increased the concentrations of TLR4 mRNA and protein in the liver and the abundance of both the NF-kB-p65 factor and its active phosphorylated variant. We also verified that the enhanced TLR4 expression was accompanied by chromatin decompaction and demethylation of the proximal TLR4 promoter. Hence, epigenetic mechanisms are involved in the enforced expression of immune genes during SARA, and these findings open innovative routes for interventions via the modulation of these epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjun Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Su Zhuang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Kai Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianle Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Di Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junfei Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangzhen Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Rumen-derived lipopolysaccharide enhances the expression of lingual antimicrobial peptide in mammary glands of dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:128. [PMID: 27350130 PMCID: PMC4924273 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0755-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term high-concentrate diet (HCD) feeding can cause subacute ruminal acidosis in cows and subsequently trigger systemic inflammatory and immune responses. Therefore, we conducted the present study in which twelve lactating cows installed with ruminal fistula were randomly assigned to the HCD group (forage:concentrate = 4:6, n = 6) or the low-concentrate diet (LCD) group (forage:concentrate = 6:4, n = 6) and were fed for 20 weeks. Ruminal fluid, plasma and mammary gland tissue samples were collected at week 20 for analysing lipopolysaccharide (LPS), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and immune relevant gene expression. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rumen-derived LPS on lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP) synthesis and immune responses in mammary glands of lactating cows fed a HCD. RESULTS Compared with the LCD group, the ruminal pH was lower in the HCD group, while LPS concentrations in the rumen, lacteal artery and vein were higher. The expression of LAP, BNBD5, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α was enhanced in the HCD group. LAP protein expression was higher in the HCD group than that in the LCD group. The expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-кB) did not change, but was activated, as the amounts of phosphorylated NF-kB and phosphorylated inhibitory kBα increased in the HCD group compared with that in the LCD group. CONCLUSIONS After long-term HCD feeding, rumen-derived LPS translocated to the blood stream, triggered inflammatory and immune responses and enhanced LAP synthesis via the NF-kB signalling pathway in mammary glands of lactating cows.
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Whole grains in the finishing of culled ewes in pasture or feedlot: Performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality. Meat Sci 2016; 113:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ye H, Liu J, Feng P, Zhu W, Mao S. Grain-rich diets altered the colonic fermentation and mucosa-associated bacterial communities and induced mucosal injuries in goats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20329. [PMID: 26841945 PMCID: PMC4740883 DOI: 10.1038/srep20329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkably little information is available about the impact of high-grain (HG) feeding on colonic mucosa-associated bacteria and mucosal morphology. In the present study, 12 male goats were randomly assigned to either a hay diet (n = 6) or an HG diet (65% grain; n = 6) to characterise the changes in the composition of the bacterial community in colonic mucosa and the mucosal morphology of the colon. The results showed that HG feeding decreased the colonic pH and increased the concentrations of total short chain fatty acids and lipopolysaccharides in colonic digesta. The principal coordinate analysis results showed that the HG diet altered the colonic mucosal bacterial communities, with an increase in the abundance of genus Blautia and a decrease in the abundance of genera Bacillus, Enterococcus, and Lactococcus. The HG-fed goats showed sloughing of the surface layer epithelium, intercellular tight junction erosion, cell mitochondrial damage, and upregulation of the relative mRNA expression of IL-2 and IFN-γ in colonic mucosa. Collectively, our data indicate that HG feeding induced changes in colonic mucosal morphology and cytokines expression that might be caused by excessive fermentation and dramatic shifts in the bacterial populations in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Ye
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junhua Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Panfei Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shengyong Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Epigenetic mechanisms contribute to the expression of immune related genes in the livers of dairy cows fed a high concentrate diet. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123942. [PMID: 25860644 PMCID: PMC4393131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Epigenetic modifications critically regulate the expression of immune-related genes in response to inflammatory stimuli. It has been extensively reported that a high concentrate (HC) diet can trigger systemic inflammation in dairy cows, yet it is unclear whether epigenetic regulation is involved in the expression of immune genes in the livers of dairy cows. This study aimed to investigate the impact of epigenetic modifications on the expression of immune-related genes. Experimental Design In eight mid-lactating cows, we installed a rumen cannula and catheters of the portal and hepatic veins. Cows were randomly assigned to either the treatment group fed a high concentrate (HC) diet (60% concentrate + 40% forage, n = 4) or a control group fed a low concentrate (LC) diet (40% concentrate + 60% forage, n = 4). Results After 10 weeks of feeding, the rumen pH was reduced, and levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the rumen, and portal and hepatic veins were notably increased in the HC group compared with the LC group. The expression levels of detected immune response-related genes, including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), cytokines, chemokines, and acute phase proteins, were significantly up-regulated in the livers of cows fed a HC diet. Chromatin loosening at the promoter region of four candidate immune-related genes (TLR4, LPS-binding protein, haptoglobin, and serum amyloid A3) was elicited, and was strongly correlated with enhanced expression of these genes in the HC group. Demethylation at the promoter region of all four candidate immune-related genes was accompanied by chromatin decompaction. Conclusion After HC diet feeding, LPS derived from the digestive tract translocated to the liver via the portal vein, enhancing hepatic immune gene expression. The up-regulation of these immune genes was mediated by epigenetic mechanisms, which involve chromatin remodeling and DNA methylation. Our findings suggest that modulating epigenetic mechanisms could provide novel ways to treat systemic inflammatory responses elicited by the feeding of a HC diet.
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Chang G, Zhang K, Xu T, Jin D, Seyfert HM, Shen X, Zhuang S. Feeding a high-grain diet reduces the percentage of LPS clearance and enhances immune gene expression in goat liver. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:67. [PMID: 25889631 PMCID: PMC4414381 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of feeding a high-grain (HG) diet on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) clearance and innate immune defence responses in the liver remain unclear. Therefore, we conducted the present study in which twelve female goats were randomly assigned to either a treatment group fed a HG diet (60% grain, n = 6) or a control group fed a low grain diet (LG; 40% grain, n = 6) for 6 weeks. Catheters were installed in the mesenteric, portal and hepatic veins, as well as one femoral artery of the goats, for determining blood flow and net clearance rate of LPS in the liver. Plasma and tissue samples were collected in the week 6 for analyzing pro-inflammatory cytokines, acute phase protein and biochemical parameters, as well as expression of genes involved in immune response. Result HG diet feeding increased blood flow and LPS concentration in the portal vein, hepatic vein and artery. Hepatic net LPS clearance showed that HG diet feeding elevated the rate of hepatic LPS clearance, but decreased the percentage of removed LPS accounting for the total entry of LPS into the liver. Our results demonstrated that the feeding of HG diet increased plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins and triggered a systemic inflammatory response. In addition, peripheral blood plasma concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin were increased in the HG group compared to the LG group. This indicated that the impairment of hepatocytes occurred after 6 weeks of HG diet feeding. The expression of genes involved in immune response and Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 protein in the liver was up-regulated in the HG group compared to the LG group, indicating that increased entry of LPS enhanced hepatic immune defence responses and contributed to hepatic inflammatory responses. Conclusion These results provide insight into the capacity of the liver to clear LPS. The increased entry of LPS into liver enhanced hepatic immune defence responses, thereby elevated the rate of LPS clearance. However, the reduction of the percentage of hepatic LPS clearance could be due to the formation of hepatocyte lesion during HG diet feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjun Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR, China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR, China.
| | - Tianle Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR, China.
| | - Di Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR, China.
| | - Hans-Martin Seyfert
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Xiangzhen Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR, China.
| | - Su Zhuang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR, China.
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