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Xu Q, Fan Y, Loor JJ, Jiang Q, Zheng X, Wang Z, Yang T, Sun X, Jia H, Li X, Xu C. Effects of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) on endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammatory responses in adipose tissue of ketotic dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9191-9205. [PMID: 36114053 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue of ketotic dairy cows exhibits greater lipolytic rate and signs of inflammation, which further aggravate the metabolic disorder. In nonruminants, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a key organelle coordinating metabolic adaptations and cellular functions; thus, disturbances known as ER stress lead to inflammation and contribute to metabolic disorders. Enhanced activity of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) in murine adipocytes undergoing lipolysis alleviated ER stress and inflammation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential role of DGAT1 on ER stress and inflammatory response of bovine adipose tissue in vivo and in vitro. Adipose tissue and blood samples were collected from cows diagnosed as clinically ketotic (n = 15) or healthy (n = 15) following a veterinary evaluation based on clinical symptoms and serum concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate, which were 4.05 (interquartile range = 0.46) and 0.52 mM (interquartile range = 0.14), respectively. Protein abundance of DGAT1 was greater in adipose tissue of ketotic cows. Among ER stress proteins measured, ratios of phosphorylated PKR-like ER kinase (p-PERK) to PERK and phosphorylated inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (p-IRE1) to IRE1, and protein abundance of cleaved ATF6 protein were greater in adipose tissue of ketotic cows. Furthermore, ratios of phosphorylated RELA subunit of NF-κB (p-RELA) to RELA and phosphorylated c-jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) to JNK were greater, whereas protein abundance of NF-κB inhibitor α (NFKBIA) was lower in adipose tissue of ketotic cows. In addition, mRNA abundance of proinflammatory cytokines including TNF and IL-6 was greater in adipose tissue of ketotic cows. To better address mechanistic aspects of these responses, primary bovine adipocytes isolated from the harvested adipose tissue of healthy cows were subjected to lipolysis-stimulating conditions via incubation with 1 μM epinephrine (EPI) for 2 h. In another experiment, adipocytes were cultured with DGAT1 overexpression adenovirus and DGAT1 small interfering RNA for 48 h, respectively, followed by EPI (1 μM) exposure for 2 h. Treatment with EPI led to greater ratios of p-PERK to PERK, p-IRE1 to IRE1, p-RELA to RELA, p-JNK to JNK, and cleaved ATF6 protein, whereas EPI stimulation inhibited protein abundance of NFKBIA. Furthermore, treatment with EPI upregulated the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines into culture medium, including TNF-α and IL-6. Overexpression of DGAT1 in EPI-treated adipocytes attenuated ER stress, the activation of NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways, and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, silencing DGAT1 further aggravated EPI-induced ER stress and inflammatory responses. Overall, these data indicated that activation of DGAT1 may act as an adaptive mechanism to dampen metabolic dysregulation in adipose tissue. As such, it contributes to relief from ER stress and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yunhui Fan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Qianming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xidan Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xudong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongdou Jia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Swartz T, Bryant D, Schramm H, Duncan A, White R, Wood C, Petersson-Wolfe C. The effects of dexamethasone administration on physiological, behavioral, and production parameters in dairy cows after a difficult calving. J Dairy Sci 2022; 106:653-663. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhang F, Nan X, Wang H, Zhao Y, Guo Y, Xiong B. Effects of Propylene Glycol on Negative Energy Balance of Postpartum Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091526. [PMID: 32872233 PMCID: PMC7552166 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary After calving, the milk production of dairy cows increases rapidly, but the nutrient intake cannot meet the demand for milk production, forming a negative energy balance. Dairy cows in a negative energy balance have an increased risk of developing clinical or subclinical ketosis. The ketosis in dairy cows has a negative impact on milk production, dry matter intake, health, immunity, and reproductive performance. Propylene glycol can be used as an important gluconeogenesis in ruminants and can effectively inhibit the formation of ketones. Supplementary propylene glycol to dairy cows during perinatal is an effective method to alleviate the negative energy balance. This review summarizes the reasons and consequences of negative energy balance as well as the mechanism and effects of propylene glycol in inhibiting a negative energy balance in dairy cows. In addition, the feeding levels and methods of using propylene glycol to alleviate negative energy balance are also discussed. Abstract With the improvement in the intense genetic selection of dairy cows, advanced management strategies, and improved feed quality and disease control, milk production level has been greatly improved. However, the negative energy balance (NEB) is increasingly serious at the postpartum stage because the intake of nutrients cannot meet the demand of quickly improved milk production. The NEB leads to a large amount of body fat mobilization and consequently the elevated production of ketones, which causes metabolic diseases such as ketosis and fatty liver. The high milk production of dairy cows in early lactation aggravates NEB. The metabolic diseases lead to metabolic disorders, a decrease in reproductive performance, and lactation performance decline, seriously affecting the health and production of cows. Propylene glycol (PG) can alleviate NEB through gluconeogenesis and inhibit the synthesis of ketone bodies. In addition, PG improves milk yield, reproduction, and immune performance by improving plasma glucose and liver function in ketosis cows, and reduces milk fat percentage. However, a large dose of PG (above 500 g/d) has toxic and side effects in cows. The feeding method used was an oral drench. The combination of PG with some other additives can improve the effects in preventing ketosis. Overall, the present review summarizes the recent research progress in the impacts of NEB in dairy cows and the properties of PG in alleviating NEB and reducing the risk of ketosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (F.Z.); (X.N.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Xuemei Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (F.Z.); (X.N.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (F.Z.); (X.N.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yiguang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (F.Z.); (X.N.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Benhai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (F.Z.); (X.N.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62816017; Fax: +86-10-62811680
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Mann S, McArt J, Abuelo A. Production‐related metabolic disorders of cattle: ketosis, milk fever and grass staggers. IN PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.l3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Sun X, Li X, Jia H, Loor JJ, Bucktrout R, Xu Q, Wang Y, Shu X, Dong J, Zuo R, Yang L, Liu G, Li X. Effect of heat-shock protein B7 on oxidative stress in adipocytes from preruminant calves. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5673-5685. [PMID: 30954260 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cows with ketosis display excessive lipolysis in adipose tissue. Heat-shock protein B7 (HSPB7), a small heat-shock protein, plays important roles in mediating cytoprotective responses to oxidative stress in rodent adipose tissue. Accordingly, it is assumed that HSPB7 may also play important roles in the antioxidant response in adipose tissue of ketotic cows. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate (1) the redox state of adipose tissue in ketotic cows and (2) the role and mechanism of HSPB7 on the regulation of oxidative stress in adipocytes from preruminant calves. An in vivo study consisting of 15 healthy and 15 clinically ketotic cows was performed to harvest subcutaneous adipose tissue and blood samples. In addition, adipocytes isolated from calves were treated with different concentrations of H2O2 (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, or 200 μM) for 2 h, transfected with adenovirus-mediated overexpression of HSPB7 for 48 h, or transfected with small interfering RNA of HSPB7 for 48 h followed by exposure to H2O2 (200 μM) for 2 h. Serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate were greater in cows with clinical ketosis, whereas serum concentration of glucose was lower. Compared with healthy cows, the malondialdehyde content was greater but the activity of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase was lower in adipose tissue of clinically ketotic cows. The abundance of HSPB7 and nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (NFE2L2) was greater in adipose tissue of clinically ketotic cows. In vitro, H2O2 treatment induced the overproduction of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, and inhibited the activity of antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in adipocytes from preruminant calves. The low concentration of H2O2 (12.5, 25, and 50 μM) increased the abundance of HSPB7 and NFE2L2, but high concentrations of H2O2 (100 or 200 μM) reduced the abundance of HSPB7 and NFE2L2. The overexpression of HSPB7 improved the H2O2-induced oxidative stress in adipocytes via increasing the abundance of NFE2L2 and its downstream target genes heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) and NADH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Knockdown of HSPB7 markedly inhibited the expression of NFE2L2, HMOX1, and NQO1 and further exacerbated H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Overall, these results indicate that activation of the HSPB7-NFE2L2 pathway increases cellular antioxidant capacity, thereby alleviating oxidative stress in bovine adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Hongdou Jia
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Ryan Bucktrout
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Qiushi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Yazhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Shu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Jihong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Rankun Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Liangyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Guowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
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Effect of two treatment protocols for ketosis on the resolution, postpartum health, milk yield, and reproductive outcomes of dairy cows. Theriogenology 2018; 106:53-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Contreras GA, Strieder-Barboza C, De Koster J. Symposium review: Modulating adipose tissue lipolysis and remodeling to improve immune function during the transition period and early lactation of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:2737-2752. [PMID: 29102145 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite major advances in our understanding of transition and early lactation cow physiology and the use of advanced dietary, medical, and management tools, at least half of early lactation cows are reported to develop disease and over half of cow deaths occur during the first week of lactation. Excessive lipolysis, usually measured as plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA), is a major risk factor for the development of displaced abomasum, ketosis, fatty liver, and metritis, and may also lead to poor lactation performance. Lipolysis triggers adipose tissue (AT) remodeling that is characterized by enhanced humoral and cell-mediated inflammatory responses and changes in its distribution of cellular populations and extracellular matrix composition. Uncontrolled AT inflammation could perpetuate lipolysis, as we have observed in cows with displaced abomasum, especially in those animals with genetic predisposition for excessive lipolysis responses. Efficient transition cow management ensures a moderate rate of lipolysis that is rapidly reduced as lactation progresses. Limiting FFA release from AT benefits immune function as several FFA are known to promote dysregulation of inflammation. Adequate formulation of pre- and postpartum diet reduces the intensity of AT lipolysis. Additionally, supplementation with niacin, monensin, and rumen-protected methyl donors (choline and methionine) during the transition period is reported to minimize FFA release into systemic circulation. Targeted supplementation of energy sources during early lactation improves energy balance and increases insulin concentration, which limits AT lipolytic responses. This review elaborates on the mechanisms by which uncontrolled lipolysis triggers inflammatory disorders. Details on current nutritional and pharmacological interventions that aid the modulation of FFA release from AT and their effect on immune function are provided. Understanding the inherent characteristics of AT biology in transition and early lactation cows will reduce disease incidence and improve lactation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
| | | | - Jenne De Koster
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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Tatone EH, Duffield TF, Capel MB, DeVries TJ, LeBlanc SJ, Gordon JL. A randomized controlled trial of dexamethasone as an adjunctive therapy to propylene glycol for treatment of hyperketonemia in postpartum dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:8991-9000. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sami M, Mohri M, Seifi HA. Effects of Dexamethasone and Insulin Alone or in Combination on Energy and Protein Metabolism Indicators and Milk Production in Dairy Cows in Early Lactation - A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139276. [PMID: 26422371 PMCID: PMC4589323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the effects of dexamethasone and insulin, when administered at 3rd or 10th day of lactation on energy and protein metabolism in dairy cows. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred Holstein cows were enrolled in a randomized controlled clinical trial. The cows were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 4 treatments at 3 or 10 days in milk: control group, 10-mL i.m. injection of sterile water, group insulin, s.c. injection of 100 units of insulin, group dexamethasone, i.m. injection of 20 mg of dexamethasone, group insulin plus dexamethasone, i.m. injection of 20 mg of dexamethasone and 100 units of insulin. The cows randomly assigned to receive the treatments on 3 or 10 days of lactation. Serum samples obtained at the time of enrollment, time of treatment and at 2, 4, 7 and 14 days after intervention. The sera were analyzed for β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucose, cholesterol, albumin, urea, and aspartate amino transferase (AST). Data were analyzed using a repeated measures mixed model that accounted for the effects of parity, body condition score, dystocia, retained placenta, metritis and the random effect of cow. RESULTS There was no significant interaction of group of treatment and time of intervention (day 3 or 10 post-partum) on serum components. Cows that received insulin or dexamethasone alone or in combination, had lower BHBA 2 days after treatment compared with control cows, whereas concentrations of NEFA, were unaffected suggesting that glucocorticoids lipolytic effects do not appear to be important in healthy cows. AST activities significantly reduced in cows that received dexamethasone with or without insulin at 2 and 4 days after treatment. Albumin and urea concentrations 2 days after treatment were higher for cows that received dexamethasone only or dexamethasone plus insulin compared with control and Ins received cows. There were no treatment effects on test-day milk production, milk fat and protein percentages. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that administration of glucocorticoids in early lactation resulted in short-term improvement of metabolism in postpartum dairy cows in biochemical terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Sami
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775–1793, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Mohri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775–1793, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hesam A. Seifi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775–1793, Mashhad, Iran
- * E-mail:
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