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Garcia APV, Reis LA, Nunes FC, Longford FGJ, Frey JG, de Paula AM, Cassali GD. Canine mammary cancer tumour behaviour and patient survival time are associated with collagen fibre characteristics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5668. [PMID: 33707516 PMCID: PMC7952730 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85104-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise diagnosis and prognosis are key in prevention and reduction of morbidity and mortality in all types of cancers. Here we show that changes in the collagen fibres in the main histological subtypes of canine mammary gland carcinomas are directly associated with the tumour behaviour and the animal survival time and could become a useful tool in helping with diagnosis. Imaging by second harmonic generation and multiphoton excited fluorescence microscopy were performed to evaluate the collagen and cellular segment parameters in cancer biopsies. We present a retrospective study of 45 cases of canine mammary cancer analysing 836 biopsies regions including normal mammary gland tissue, benign mixed tumours, carcinoma in mixed tumour, carcinosarcoma, micropapillary carcinoma and solid carcinoma. The image analyses and the comparison between the tumour types allowed to assess the collagen fibre changes during tumour progression. We demonstrate that the collagen parameters correlate with the clinical and pathological data, the results show that in neoplastic tissues, the collagen fibres are more aligned and shorter as compared to the normal tissues. There is a clear association of the mean fibre length with the dogs survival times, the carcinomas presenting shorter collagen fibres indicate a worse survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. V. Garcia
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Laboratório de Patologia Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Luana A. Reis
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Fernanda C. Nunes
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Laboratório de Patologia Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901 Brazil
| | | | - Jeremy G. Frey
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Ana M. de Paula
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Geovanni D. Cassali
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Laboratório de Patologia Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901 Brazil
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Reis LA, Garcia APV, Gomes EFA, Longford FGJ, Frey JG, Cassali GD, de Paula AM. Canine mammary cancer diagnosis from quantitative properties of nonlinear optical images. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:6413-6427. [PMID: 33282498 PMCID: PMC7687940 DOI: 10.1364/boe.400871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present nonlinear microscopy imaging results and analysis from canine mammary cancer biopsies. Second harmonic generation imaging allows information of the collagen structure in the extracellular matrix that together with the fluorescence of the cell regions of the biopsies form a base for comprehensive image analysis. We demonstrate an automated image analysis method to classify the histological type of canine mammary cancer using a range of parameters extracted from the images. The software developed for image processing and analysis allows for the extraction of the collagen fibre network and the cell regions of the images. Thus, the tissue properties are obtained after the segmentation of the image and the metrics are measured specifically for the collagen and the cell regions. A linear discriminant analysis including all the extracted metrics allowed to clearly separate between the healthy and cancerous tissue with a 91%-accuracy. Also, a 61%-accuracy was achieved for a comparison of healthy and three histological cancer subtypes studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana A. Reis
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Ana P. V. Garcia
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Egleidson F. A. Gomes
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | | | - Jeremy G. Frey
- University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Geovanni D. Cassali
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Ana M. de Paula
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
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Markkanen E. Know Thy Model: Charting Molecular Homology in Stromal Reprogramming Between Canine and Human Mammary Tumors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:348. [PMID: 31921858 PMCID: PMC6927989 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous canine simple mammary tumors (CMTs) are often viewed as models of human breast cancer. Cancer-associated stroma (CAS) is central for initiation and progression of human cancer, and is likely to play a key role in canine tumors as well. Until recently, however, canine CAS in general, and in CMT in particular, lacked detailed characterization and it remained unclear how canine and human CAS compare. This void in knowledge regarding canine CAS and the resulting lack of unbiased cross-species analysis of molecular homologies and differences undermined the validity of the canine model for human disease. To assess stromal reprogramming in canine breast tumors, we have recently established a protocol to specifically isolate and analyze CAS and matched normal stroma from archival, formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) clinical tumor samples using laser-capture microdissection followed by next-generation RNA-sequencing. Using this approach, we have analyzed stromal reprogramming in both malignant canine mammary carcinomas (mCAs) as well as benign canine mammary adenomas in a series of studies. Our results demonstrate strong stromal reprogramming in CMTs and identify high-grade molecular homology between human and canine CAS. Here, I aim to give a short background on the value of comparative oncology in general, and spontaneous CMT in particular. This will be followed by a concise review of the current knowledge of stromal reprogramming in both malignant canine mCA and benign adenoma. Finally, I will conclude with insights on highly conserved aspects of stromal reprogramming between CMT and human breast cancer that accentuate the relevance of CAS in CMT as a model for the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enni Markkanen
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Varallo GR, Jardim-Perassi BV, Alexandre PA, Fukumasu H, Zuccari DAPC. Global gene expression profile in canine mammary carcinomas. Vet J 2019; 254:105393. [PMID: 31836163 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mammary gland tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplastic diseases. Genetic studies make it possible to determine genetic profiles and identify new molecular markers. The aim of the study was to evaluate the gene expression profile of canine mammary carcinomas and identify potential prognostic markers. Twelve mammary cancer samples from bitches were collected for the evaluation of global gene expression. Microarray assays were performed using commercial kits. Statistical analysis of the microarray was done using moderate t-statistic and adjusted using the Benjamini and Hochberg procedure. Differential connectivity analysis was also performed. Enrichment analyses were conducted using WebGestalt. P-values were calculated using hypergeometric statistics and adjusted using the Benjamini and Hochberg procedure. The HYAL-1 gene was validated using quantitative PCR (qPCR). There were 878 upregulated genes and 821 downregulated genes in the neoplasms studied. Enrichment analysis (individual analysis) identified the HYAL-1 gene as a potential marker of tumorigenesis and tumor recurrence. Differential connectivity analysis demonstrated 262 differentially connected genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Varallo
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Surgery, UNESP-FCAV, Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil
| | - B V Jardim-Perassi
- Department of Molecular Biology, FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto 15090000, Brazil
| | - P A Alexandre
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, FZEA-USP, Pirassununga 13635900, Brazil
| | - H Fukumasu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, FZEA-USP, Pirassununga 13635900, Brazil
| | - D A P C Zuccari
- Department of Molecular Biology, FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto 15090000, Brazil.
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Finocchiaro LME, Spector AIM, Agnetti L, Arbe MF, Glikin GC. Combination of Suicide and Cytokine Gene Therapies as Surgery Adjuvant for Canine Mammary Carcinoma. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5030070. [PMID: 30081470 PMCID: PMC6164682 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of canine mammary carcinoma varies with age, breed, and spay status, being among the main tumors appearing in intact female dogs. Thirty-six canine mammary carcinoma patients received injections of canine interferon-β (cIFN-β) and HSV-thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (HSV-tk/GCV) carrying lipoplexes, into the tumor bed, immediately after surgery. Next, they started periodic subcutaneous injections of lipoplexes carrying a human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and interleukin-2 mixed with allogeneic mammary carcinoma extracts. This combined strategy was safe and well tolerated. In addition, only two out of 26 patients treated with complete surgery developed a local relapse, and 0 out of 29 stage II and III patients displayed distant metastases, suggesting both local and systemic antitumor activities. The most encouraging result was the long survival times: 22 > 1 year (where 13 > 2 and 4 > 3 years), while maintaining a good quality of life. The preliminary results in five patients presenting with local disease, an additional HSV-tk/GCV plus cIFN-β gene treatment induced local antitumor activity, evidenced by four objective responses (one complete, three partial) and one stable disease. This successful outcome supports further studies to validate this approach not only for canine veterinary patients, but also for translation to human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana M E Finocchiaro
- Unidad de Transferencia Genética, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 5481, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Agustina I M Spector
- Unidad de Transferencia Genética, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 5481, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Lucrecia Agnetti
- Unidad de Transferencia Genética, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 5481, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - M Florencia Arbe
- Unidad de Transferencia Genética, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 5481, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gerardo C Glikin
- Unidad de Transferencia Genética, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 5481, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ceciliani F, Roccabianca P, Giudice C, Lecchi C. Application of post-genomic techniques in dog cancer research. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:2665-79. [PMID: 27345606 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00227g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Omics techniques have been widely applied to veterinary science, although mostly on farm animal productions and infectious diseases. In canine oncology, on the contrary, the use of omics methodologies is still far behind. This review presents the most recent achievement in the application of postgenomic techniques, such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, to canine cancer research. The protocols to recover material suitable for omics analyses from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues are presented, and omics applications for biomarker discovery and their potential for cancer diagnostics in veterinary medicine are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 02, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - P Roccabianca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 02, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - C Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 02, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - C Lecchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 02, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Longitudinal Claudin Gene Expression Analyses in Canine Mammary Tissues and Thereof Derived Primary Cultures and Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101655. [PMID: 27690019 PMCID: PMC5085688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human and canine mammary tumours show partial claudin expression deregulations. Further, claudins have been used for directed therapeutic approaches. However, the development of claudin targeting approaches requires stable claudin expressing cell lines. This study reports the establishment and characterisation of canine mammary tissue derived cell lines, analysing longitudinally the claudin-1, -3, -4 and -7 expressions in original tissue samples, primary cultures and developed cell lines. Primary cultures were derived from 17 canine mammary tissues: healthy, lobular hyperplasia, simple adenoma, complex adenoma, simple tubular carcinoma, complex carcinoma, carcinoma arising in a benign mixed tumour and benign mixed tissue. Cultivation was performed, if possible, until passage 30. Claudin mRNA and protein expressions were analysed by PCR, QuantiGene Plex Assay, immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. Further, cytokeratin expression was analysed immunocytochemically. Cultivation resulted in 11 established cell lines, eight showing epithelial character. In five of the early passages the claudin expressions decreased compared to the original tissues. In general, claudin expressions were diminished during cultivation. Three cell lines kept longitudinally claudin, as well as epithelial marker expressions, representing valuable tools for the development of claudin targeted anti-tumour therapies.
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Cardoso TC, Sakamoto SS, Stockmann D, Souza TFB, Ferreira HL, Gameiro R, Vieira FV, Louzada MJQ, Andrade AL, Flores EF. A three-dimensional cell culture system as an in vitro canine mammary carcinoma model for the expression of connective tissue modulators. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:582-593. [PMID: 26991309 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, derived complex carcinoma (CC) and simple carcinoma (SC) cell lines were established and cultured under two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) conditions. The 3D was performed in six-well AlgiMatrix™ (LifeTechnologies®, Carlsbad, CA, USA) scaffolds, resulting in spheroids sized 50-125 µm for CC and 175-200 µm for SC. Cell viability was demonstrated up to 14 days for both models. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was expressed in CC and SC in both systems. However, higher mRNA and protein levels were observed in SC 2D and 3D systems when compared with CC (P < 0.005). The connective tissue modulators, metalloproteinases-1, -2, -9 and -13 (MMPs), relaxin receptors 1 and 2 (RXR1 and RXR2) and E-cadherin (CDH1) were quantitated. All were upregulated similarly when canine mammary tumour (CMT)-derived cell lines were cultured under 3D AlgiMatrix, except CDH1 that was downregulated (P < 0.005). These results are promising towards the used of 3D system to increase a high throughput in vitro canine tumour model.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Cardoso
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, University of São Paulo State, Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, Araçatuba, Brazil.,Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Clinical, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, University of São Paulo State, Veterinary Hospital Section, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - S S Sakamoto
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Clinical, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, University of São Paulo State, Veterinary Hospital Section, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - D Stockmann
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Clinical, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, University of São Paulo State, Veterinary Hospital Section, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - T F B Souza
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Clinical, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, University of São Paulo State, Veterinary Hospital Section, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - H L Ferreira
- Department of de Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade Zotecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos-USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - R Gameiro
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, University of São Paulo State, Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - F V Vieira
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, University of São Paulo State, Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - M J Q Louzada
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, University of São Paulo State, Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - A L Andrade
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Clinical, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, University of São Paulo State, Veterinary Hospital Section, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - E F Flores
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Matos A, Santos A. Advances in the understanding of the clinically relevant genetic pathways and molecular aspects of canine mammary tumours: Part 1. Proliferation, apoptosis and DNA repair. Vet J 2015; 205:136-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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10
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Blomme EAG. Veterinary oncology: Translating research advances into innovative therapeutic and diagnostic options. Vet J 2015; 205:117-9. [PMID: 26095035 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A G Blomme
- Scientific Editor, The Veterinary Journal. AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA..
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