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Piotrowski IL, Junge HK, Schwarzwald CC. Evaluation of the Audicor Acoustic Cardiography Device as a Diagnostic Tool in Horses with Mitral or Aortic Valve Insufficiency. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:331. [PMID: 38275790 PMCID: PMC10812805 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitral and aortic valve insufficiencies have been commonly reported in horses. The objective of this study was to establish the use of acoustic cardiography (Audicor®) in horses with aortic (AI) or mitral valve insufficiency (MI). A total of 17 healthy horses, 18 horses with AI, and 28 horses with MI were prospectively included. None of the horses was in heart failure. Echocardiography and Audicor® analyses were conducted. Electromechanical activating time (EMAT), rate-corrected EMATc, left ventricular systolic time (LVST), rate-corrected LVSTc, and intensity and persistence of the third and fourth heart sound (S3, S4) were reported by Audicor®. Graphical analysis of the three-dimensional (3D) phonocardiogram served to visually detect murmurs. Audicor® snapshot variables were compared between groups using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple-comparisons test. The association between Audicor® snapshot variables and the corresponding echocardiographic variables was investigated by linear regression and Bland-Altman analyses. Heart murmurs were not displayed on Audicor® phonocardiograms. No significant differences were found between Audicor® variables obtained in clinically healthy horses and horses with valvular insufficiency. The Audicor® device is unable to detect heart murmurs in horses. Audicor® variables representing cardiac function are not markedly altered, and their association with corresponding echocardiographic variables is poor in horses with valvular insufficiency that are not in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle L. Piotrowski
- Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (H.K.J.); (C.C.S.)
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Dufourni A, Buschmann E, Vernemmen I, Van Steenkiste G, van Loon G, Decloedt A. Effect of physiological and pharmacological stress on heart rate, blood pressure, and echocardiographic measurements in healthy Warmblood horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:398-410. [PMID: 38174810 PMCID: PMC10800213 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echocardiographic measurements are important prognostic indicators but might be influenced by heart rate and blood pressure. This is particularly important when comparing repeated examinations. HYPOTHESIS To determine the effect of physiological stress at mildly increased heart rates and pharmacological challenge using IV administration of N-butylscopolammonium bromide and metamizol sodium on heart rate, blood pressure, and echocardiographic measurements. ANIMALS Twenty healthy Warmblood horses. METHODS Randomized crossover study. Horses were examined echocardiographically by 2-dimensional, M-mode, pulsed wave (PW) Doppler, and PW tissue Doppler imaging with simultaneous ECG recording and noninvasive blood pressure measurements during rest, physiological stress, and pharmacological challenge. Cardiac dimensions and functions were measured by a blinded observer. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS Mean heart rate and arterial blood pressure were significantly higher during physiological stress (46 ± 2 bpm, 93 ± 16 mm Hg) and pharmacological challenge (62 ± 13 bpm, 107 ± 17 mm Hg) compared with rest (34 ± 3 bpm, 86 ± 12 mm Hg; P < .05). Compared with rest, physiological stress resulted in increased left atrial fractional area change (34.3 ± 7.5 vs 27.3 ± 5.1%; P = .01) and left ventricular late diastolic radial wall motion velocity (13 ± 3 vs 10 ± 2 cm/s; P = .01) but had no significant effect on most other echocardiographic variables. Compared with rest, pharmacological challenge led to significantly decreased left atrial and diastolic ventricular dimensions (left ventricular internal diameter: 10.3 ± 0.9 vs 10.7 ± 0.8 cm; P = .01), increased aortic and pulmonary diameters, and ventricular wall thickness. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Physiological stress at mildly increased heart rates significantly enhanced atrial pump function. Larger heart rate and blood pressure increases during pharmacological challenge resulted in altered cardiac dimensions. This should be taken into account when evaluating echocardiographic measurements at increased heart rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dufourni
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Eva Buschmann
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Ingrid Vernemmen
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Glenn Van Steenkiste
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Gunther van Loon
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Annelies Decloedt
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
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Vitale V, Laurberg M, van Galen G. Transthoracic echocardiography and its limitations in the diagnosis of congenital supernumerary aortic valve in a Thoroughbred. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:712-716. [PMID: 33713550 PMCID: PMC10029896 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve malformation is a common congenital abnormality reported in human medicine. The malformation is characterised by an increased or decreased number of cusps. Anatomical variations of the aortic valve that have been documented in humans include unicuspid, bicuspid, quadricuspid and quinticuspid valves. Two reports described a quadricuspid aortic valve in horses associated with either a ventricular septal defect (VSD) or tetralogy of Fallot. In this case report we describe the clinical and echocardiographic findings of a horse with a quadricuspid aortic valve as single congenital abnormality, referred with history of exercise intolerance and an episode of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Limitations and risks of misdiagnosis that can be encountered with transthoracic echocardiography are also discussed. The reported case highlights the importance of echocardiographic screening in asymptomatic patients as congenital heart disease can be present without obvious cardiac signs. As advanced imaging on the equine thorax is still far from future possibilities for adult horses, this report may help to reach an accurate diagnosis with similar cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vitale
- University Teaching Hospital, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Malene Laurberg
- University Teaching Hospital, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Gaby van Galen
- University Teaching Hospital, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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Vernemmen I, Van Steenkiste G, Dufourni A, Decloedt A, van Loon G. Transvenous electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in horses: Horse and procedural factors correlated with success and recurrence. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:758-769. [PMID: 35246994 PMCID: PMC8965264 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transvenous electrical cardioversion (TVEC) is 1 of the main treatment options for atrial fibrillation (AF) in horses. Large‐scale studies on factors affecting success and prognosis have primarily been performed in Standardbred populations. Hypothesis/Objectives To determine factors affecting cardioversion success, cardioversion difficulty and recurrence in a predominant Warmblood study sample. Animals TVEC records of 199 horses. Methods Retrospective study of TVEC procedures of horses admitted for AF without severe echocardiographic abnormalities. Horse and procedural factors for success and cumulative amount of energy (≤ 600 J vs > 600 J) were determined using multivariable logistic regression. A survival analysis was performed to determine risk factors for recurrence. Results Two hundred and thirty‐one TVEC procedures were included, with a 94.4% success rate and 31.9% recurrence rate (51/160). Mitral regurgitation (OR 0.151, 95% CI 0.032‐0.715, P = .02) and AF cycle length (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01‐1.09, P = .02) were independent determinants for success. Catheter type (OR 0.154, 95% CI 0.074‐0.322, P < .001), previous AF episode (OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.20‐8.01, P = .02), tricuspid regurgitation (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.25‐5.13, P = .01), and body weight (OR 1.009, 95% CI 1.003‐1.015, P = .004) were significantly correlated with cumulative amount of energy delivered. Significant risk factors for recurrence after a first AF episode were sex (stallion; HR 3.05, 95% CI 1.34‐6.95, P = .008), mitral regurgitation (HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.08‐3.38, P = .03), and AF duration (HR 1.001, 95% CI 1.0001‐1.0026, P = .04). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Both horse and procedural factors should be considered when assessing treatment options and prognosis in horses with AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Vernemmen
- Equine Cardioteam, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Glenn Van Steenkiste
- Equine Cardioteam, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Alexander Dufourni
- Equine Cardioteam, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Annelies Decloedt
- Equine Cardioteam, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gunther van Loon
- Equine Cardioteam, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Woort F, Reef V, Stefanovski D, Slack J. Cardiac pre‐purchase examination in horses – evaluation, outcome and athletic follow‐up. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Woort
- Equine Sports Medicine Practice Waterloo Belgium
| | - V. Reef
- New Bolton Center University of Pennsylvania Kennett Square Pennsylvania USA
| | - D. Stefanovski
- New Bolton Center University of Pennsylvania Kennett Square Pennsylvania USA
| | - J. Slack
- New Bolton Center University of Pennsylvania Kennett Square Pennsylvania USA
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6
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Reef VB. Hypertension and aortic root rupture: Cause and effect? EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. B. Reef
- New Bolton Center University of Pennsylvania Kennett Square Pennsylvania USA
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Vera L, Van Steenkiste G, Decloedt A, Chiers K, van Loon G. Age-related differences in blood pressure, ultrasound-derived arterial diameters and arterial wall stiffness parameters in horses. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:868-875. [PMID: 32196729 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial rupture mainly affects older horses. The reason why older horses are more prone to arterial rupture and which underlying vascular changes predispose older horses to aortic rupture is still unclear. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of ageing on the equine arterial wall and blood pressure. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study. METHODS Non-invasive blood pressure measurement using a tail cuff and vascular ultrasound from aorta, common carotid artery and external iliac artery was performed in 50 healthy young (3-7 years) and 50 healthy old Warmblood horses (>18 years). Arterial diameters and cross-sectional areas, and arterial wall thickness were measured offline. Regional arterial wall stiffness of the aorta and common carotid artery were assessed using pulse wave velocity, while lumen area/diameter change, strain, compliance and distensibility were calculated to assess local arterial wall stiffness. RESULTS No difference in blood pressure was found between old and young horses. All arterial dimensions and intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery were significantly larger in old horses. A significantly higher local arterial wall stiffness was found for the aorta and the caudal common carotid artery in older horses. For the external iliac artery, no significant differences in arterial wall stiffness were found. Both aortic and carotid pulse wave velocities were higher in older horses compared with younger horses. MAIN LIMITATIONS Blood pressure was measured non-invasively. CONCLUSIONS In horses, arteries stiffen with age, in combination with luminal enlargement and arterial wall thickening. This might, at least partially, explain the increased incidence of arterial rupture in older horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisse Vera
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Glenn Van Steenkiste
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Annelies Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gunther van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Decloedt A, Ven S, De Clercq D, Rademakers F, van Loon G. Assessment of left ventricular function in horses with aortic regurgitation by 2D speckle tracking. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:93. [PMID: 32197611 PMCID: PMC7085189 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aortic regurgitation (AR) may lead to left ventricular (LV) dilatation, cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure. Close follow-up of horses with AR is therefore paramount to detect onset of cardiac decompensation. The aim of this study was to examine whether two-dimensional speckle tracking (2DST) can be used to detect altered myocardial function in horses with chronic AR compared to control horses. Speckle tracking was performed on short axis and long axis images of the LV in 29 healthy Warmblood horses and 57 Warmblood horses with AR. Radial, circumferential and longitudinal strain, strain rate and displacement were measured for each segment separately and the average was calculated over all segments. Data generated from the apical segments were not included in the analysis. Results Radial (SR) and circumferential (SC) strain were significantly higher in horses with moderate AR (average SR 75.5 ± 24.3%, SC 19.3 ± 3.2%) but not in horses with severe AR (SR 65.5 ± 26.2%, SC 16.3 ± 3.5%), compared to control horses (SR 54.5 ± 18.0%, SC 16.8 ± 3.0%). Longitudinal strain did not show significant differences, but longitudinal displacement (DL) was larger in horses with moderate (average DL 29.5 ± 4.1 cm) and severe AR (DL 32.4 ± 6.1 cm) compared to control horses (DL 25.7 ± 4.0 cm), especially in the interventricular septum. Diastolic longitudinal strain rate was lower in early diastole in horses with severe AR (0.93 ± 0.18/s) compared to controls (1.13 ± 0.13/s). Conclusions 2DST is able to detect altered myocardial motion in horses with AR, which showed significantly higher radial and circumferential strain. Further research is needed to determine whether these findings contribute to a more accurate diagnosis and prognosis in clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - S Ven
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Rademakers
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging and Dynamics, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Vera L, De Clercq D, Van Steenkiste G, Decloedt A, Chiers K, van Loon G. Differences in ultrasound-derived arterial wall stiffness parameters and noninvasive blood pressure between Friesian horses and Warmblood horses. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:893-901. [PMID: 32032455 PMCID: PMC7096643 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aortic rupture is more common in Friesians compared to Warmbloods, which might be related to differences in arterial wall composition and, as such, arterial wall stiffness (AWS). Currently, nothing is known about differences in AWS between these breeds. Objectives Comparison of AWS parameters and noninvasive blood pressure between Friesians and Warmbloods. Animals One hundred one healthy Friesians and 101 age‐matched healthy Warmbloods. Methods Two‐dimensional and pulsed‐wave Doppler ultrasound examination was performed of the aorta, common carotid artery, and external iliac artery to define local and regional AWS parameters. Regional aortic AWS was estimated using aortic‐to‐external iliac artery pulse wave velocity (PWVa‐e) and carotid‐to‐external iliac artery pulse wave velocity (PWVc‐e). Noninvasive blood pressure and heart rate were recorded simultaneously. Results Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure and pulse pressure were significantly higher in Friesians compared to Warmbloods. No significant difference in heart rate was found. Most local AWS parameters (diameter change, compliance coefficient, distensibility coefficient) were significantly lower in Friesians compared to Warmbloods, indicating a stiffer aorta in Friesians. This difference could be confirmed by the regional stiffness parameters. A higher PWVa‐e and PWVc‐e was found in Friesians. For the cranial and caudal common carotid artery and external iliac artery, most local AWS parameters were not significantly different. Conclusions and clinical importance Results indicate that aortic AWS differs between Friesian and Warmblood horses. Friesians seem to have a stiffer aorta, which might be related to the higher incidence of aortic rupture in Friesians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisse Vera
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Equine cardioteam, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Equine cardioteam, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Glenn Van Steenkiste
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Equine cardioteam, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Annelies Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Equine cardioteam, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gunther van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Equine cardioteam, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Boegli J, Schwarzwald CC, Mitchell KJ. Diagnostic value of noninvasive pulse pressure measurements in Warmblood horses with aortic regurgitation. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1446-1455. [PMID: 30938891 PMCID: PMC6524107 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Noninvasive blood pressures (NIBP) and pulse pressures (PP) have not been published in horses with aortic and mitral regurgitation (AR or MR). Objectives To investigate NIBP and PP in healthy Warmblood horses and horses with AR and MR and propose PP cutoffs to identify and stage AR severity. Animals Seventy‐three Warmblood horses (healthy, 10; AR, 31; MR, 32). Methods Retrospective study. All horses had NIBP and an echocardiogram recorded. Cases were categorized based on severity of regurgitation. Pulse pressures were compared among healthy, MR, and AR groups and among AR severity groups. Cutoffs were determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. Results Horses with AR had higher PP than horses with MR (mean difference [95% confidence interval (CI)], +17 [9‐26] mm Hg, P < .001) and controls (+17 [5‐30] mm Hg; P =.004). Horses with severe AR had higher PP compared those with mild (+38 [20‐54] mm Hg; P < 0.001) and moderate AR (+33 [18‐47] mm Hg; P < .001). The PP cutoffs to distinguish AR from MR and controls were 38 mm Hg (sensitivity [Sn], 100%; specificity [Sp], 19%) for maximal Sn and 61 mm Hg (Sn, 43%; Sp, 100%) for maximal Sp. The PP cutoffs to distinguish severe AR from mild and moderate AR were 57 mm Hg (Sn, 100%; Sp, 70%) for maximal Sn and 77 mm Hg (Sn, 75%; Sp, 100%) for maximal Sp. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Horses with AR have increased PP. Noninvasive PP measurements interpreted with provided cutoffs may aid clinicians in diagnosing and staging severity of AR in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Boegli
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Colin C Schwarzwald
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharyn J Mitchell
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Degenerative myxomatous disease is common and is associated with aging. Poor prognostic indicators for equine aortic regurgitation specifically include ventricular ectopy, increased pulse pressure, and hyperkinetic pulses. Valvular prolapse is a functional abnormality diagnosed echocardiographically, about which knowledge is limited. A better understanding of its role in valvular regurgitation is needed. Infective endocarditis presents with fever and other systemic signs accompanying valvular regurgitation. The prognosis is poor, warranting aggressive therapy. Other forms of valvular disease occur rarely, but often presenting with severe regurgitation. Management of horses with valvular disease is focused on assessment of severity and regular clinical, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic monitoring.
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Abstract
This article provides an overview on the principles of transthoracic echocardiography in horses. Indications for echocardiography, equipment, and technical considerations are discussed and a systematic approach for a complete echocardiographic examination in horses is described. Methods for assessment of chamber dimensions, allometric scaling of measurements, assessment of systolic and diastolic ventricular function, assessment of atrial function, hemodynamic assessment, and evaluation of valvular regurgitation are explained, focusing on traditional 2-dimensional (2D), motion-mode, and Doppler echocardiographic methods. Selected applications of newer echocardiographic methods, such as tissue Doppler imaging and 2D speckle tracking are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin C Schwarzwald
- Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine, Equine Department, Swiss Equine Cardiology Consulting, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
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13
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Ven S, Decloedt A, De Clercq D, Vera L, Rademakers F, van Loon G. Detection of subclinical left ventricular dysfunction by tissue Doppler imaging in horses with aortic regurgitation. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:587-593. [PMID: 29341213 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aortic regurgitation (AR) can have an important clinical impact and in some cases leads to left ventricular (LV) failure. Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is an echocardiographic technique that has been used in horses to detect LV dysfunction. OBJECTIVES To examine whether TDI detects changes in radial myocardial wall motion in horses with AR compared with control horses. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study. METHODS Echocardiography was performed in 30 healthy Warmblood horses and 34 Warmblood horses with AR, subdivided in groups with mild, moderate or severe AR. TDI measurements were performed on six segments of the short-axis images of the LV myocardial wall. Myocardial wall motion was evaluated by measuring velocity and deformation during isovolumetric contraction, systole, early and late diastole. Timing of different events was also measured. RESULTS In most segments, a significantly higher systolic myocardial velocity was found in horses with AR compared with controls. Horses with AR also had higher late diastolic velocity, although the difference was not significant in all segments. TDI measurement of timing intervals demonstrated less difference between groups. MAIN LIMITATIONS There was a significant difference in age between the control group and horses with AR, which may confound the results. The assessment of AR severity was based on subjective criteria as there is no gold standard. CONCLUSIONS TDI showed significant differences in radial systolic and late diastolic myocardial velocity in horses with AR. This could indicate an altered LV function in these horses, but further research is needed to investigate the prognostic value of these measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ven
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Vera
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Rademakers
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging and Dynamics, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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14
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Keen JA. Equine aortic regurgitation: The search for objective repeatable and reproducible indicators of severity. Vet J 2016; 213:91-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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