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Banasik A, Wrzosek M, Drobot P, Owsińska-Schmidt K, Brewińska L, Zimny A, Podgórski P. Correlation between semiautomated magnetic resonance imaging volumetry of the cingulate gyrus and interictal epileptiform discharge lateralization in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. J Vet Intern Med 2024. [PMID: 39189832 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain imaging suggests the involvement of the limbic system, particularly the cingulate gyrus (GC), in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE). HYPOTHESIS A correlation exists between the side of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) and the volume of the ipsilateral GC (GCe) in dogs with IE. ANIMALS Dogs admitted to the neurological consultation (32 with epileptic seizures and 13 control) were included. METHODS This retrospective, blinded study followed the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force recommendations for diagnosing IE at the Tier III confidence level. The IE group included 18 and 14 dogs with IEDs in the left and right hemispheres, respectively (median age: 36 months, median weight: 19.5 kg), whereas the control group included 13 dogs (median age: 32 months, median weight: 20 kg). Whole-brain and GC-volumetric assessments were performed by a semiautomated method. RESULTS In the control group, the volume of the GC was: left, from 743.63 to 1001.61 mm3, right, from 789.35 to 1015.86 mm3. In the study group, the volume of the GC was: left, from 720.88 to 1054.9 mm3 and right, from 566.29 to 987.77 mm3. In dogs with IE, GCe volume was significantly lower than the mean volume of the GC in the control group relative to total intracranial volume (TIV; P = .00044). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Alterations in the volume of the GC provide insights into structural changes during IE. The use of semiautomatic volumetry provides an advantage by reducing the potential for human error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Banasik
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Wrzosek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- NeuroTeam Specialist Veterinary Clinic, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paulina Drobot
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karolina Owsińska-Schmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Laura Brewińska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Zimny
- Department of General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Przemysław Podgórski
- Department of General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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Musteata M, Ștefănescu R, Borcea DG, Solcan G. Very-Low-Frequency Spike-Wave Complex Partial Motor Seizure Mimicking Canine Idiopathic Head Tremor Syndrome in a Dog. Vet Sci 2023; 10:472. [PMID: 37505876 PMCID: PMC10383875 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine idiopathic head tremor syndrome (CIHTS) represents a benign condition characterized by episodic, uncontrolled movement of the head. Even though the condition might be an expression of a partial motor epilepsy, to date, there is a limited number of studies describing the electroencephalographic features. In this report, we describe the case of a dog diagnosed with partial motor epilepsy resembling CIHTS symptomatology, a new slow spike-wave complex pattern similar to that of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in humans identified on electroencephalographic examination. We also studied the efficacy of phenobarbitone therapy over a period of two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Musteata
- Neurology Service, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ion Ionescu de la Brad Iași University of Life Sciences, 700489 Iași, Romania
| | - Raluca Ștefănescu
- Neurology Service, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ion Ionescu de la Brad Iași University of Life Sciences, 700489 Iași, Romania
| | - Denis Gabriel Borcea
- Neurology Service, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ion Ionescu de la Brad Iași University of Life Sciences, 700489 Iași, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Solcan
- Internal Medicine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ion Ionescu de la Brad Iași University of Life Sciences, 700489 Iași, Romania
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3
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Potschka H, Fischer A, Löscher W, Volk HA. Pathophysiology of drug-resistant canine epilepsy. Vet J 2023; 296-297:105990. [PMID: 37150317 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.105990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance continues to be a major clinical problem in the therapeutic management of canine epilepsies with substantial implications for quality of life and survival times. Experimental and clinical data from human medicine provided evidence for relevant contributions of intrinsic severity of the disease as well as alterations in pharmacokinetics and -dynamics to failure to respond to antiseizure medications. In addition, several modulatory factors have been identified that can be associated with the level of therapeutic responses. Among others, the list of potential modulatory factors comprises genetic and epigenetic factors, inflammatory mediators, and metabolites. Regarding data from dogs, there are obvious gaps in knowledge when it comes to our understanding of the clinical patterns and the mechanisms of drug-resistant canine epilepsy. So far, seizure density and the occurrence of cluster seizures have been linked with a poor response to antiseizure medications. Moreover, evidence exists that the genetic background and alterations in epigenetic mechanisms might influence the efficacy of antiseizure medications in dogs with epilepsy. Further molecular, cellular, and network alterations that may affect intrinsic severity, pharmacokinetics, and -dynamics have been reported. However, the association with drug responsiveness has not yet been studied in detail. In summary, there is an urgent need to strengthen clinical and experimental research efforts exploring the mechanisms of resistance as well as their association with different etiologies, epilepsy types, and clinical courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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4
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Knipe MF, Bush WW, Thomas KE, Williams DC. Periodic discharges in veterinary electroencephalography-A visual review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1037404. [PMID: 36777678 PMCID: PMC9909489 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1037404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
First described in human EEG over 60 years ago, there are very few examples of periodic discharges in the veterinary literature. They are associated with a wide variety of etiologies, both intracranial and systemic, making interpretation challenging. Whether these patterns are indicative of ictal, interictal, or postictal activity is a matter of debate and may vary depending on the clinical features in an individual patient. Periodic discharges have a repeated waveform occurring at nearly regular intervals, with varying morphology of individual discharges from simple sharp waves or slow waves to more complex events. Amplitudes, frequencies, and morphologies of the discharges can fluctuate, occasionally evolving, or resolving over time. This study presents a visual review of several veterinary cases with periodic discharges on EEG similar to those described in human EEG, and discusses the current known pathophysiology of these discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite F. Knipe
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Marguerite F. Knipe ✉
| | - William W. Bush
- Bush Veterinary Neurology Service, Leesburg, VA, United States
| | | | - D. Colette Williams
- School of Veterinary Medicine, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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5
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The Potential of Bemegride as an Activation Agent in Electroencephalography in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223210. [PMID: 36428437 PMCID: PMC9686807 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the potential of bemegride as a pharmacological activation agent that elicits epileptiform discharges (EDs) in interictal electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings in dogs. Four laboratory dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and four without epilepsy were included. The dogs were anesthetized using sevoflurane during EEG recordings. Bemegride was administered intravenously and repeatedly until EDs were enhanced or induced, or until the maximum dose (20 mg/kg) had been administered. Bemegride activated EDs in all dogs with epilepsy. These EDs predominantly occurred in each dog's spontaneous irritative zones, which were identified without the administration of bemegride. EDs occurred after the administration of bemegride in 50% of dogs without epilepsy. The dose required for activation was significantly lower in dogs with epilepsy (median; 7.3 mg/kg) than in those without (median; 19.7 mg/kg) (p = 0.0294). The only suspected adverse effect associated with the administration of bemegride was vomiting in two dogs after awakening from anesthesia. There were no other adverse effects, including seizures. The present results demonstrated the potential of bemegride as a safe and effective pharmacological activation agent of EDs in anesthetized dogs with epilepsy and provided more options for the diagnosis and therapeutic planning of epilepsy, including presurgical evaluations, in dogs.
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Unger DM, Wiest R, Kiefer C, Raillard M, Dutil GF, Stein VM, Schweizer D. Neuronal current imaging: An experimental method to investigate electrical currents in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2828-2836. [PMID: 34623697 PMCID: PMC8692176 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy (IE) in dogs is based on exclusion of other potential causes of seizures. Recently, a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence that utilizes a variant of the rotary saturation approach has been suggested to detect weak transient magnetic field oscillations generated by neuronal currents in humans with epilepsy. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Effects on the magnetic field evoked by intrinsic epileptic activity can be detected by MRI in the canine brain. As proof-of-concept, the novel MRI sequence to detect neuronal currents was applied in dogs. ANIMALS Twelve dogs with IE and 5 control dogs without a history of epileptic seizures were examined. METHODS Prospective case-control study as proof-of-concept. All dogs underwent a clinical neurological examination, scalp electroencephalography, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and MRI. The MRI examination included a spin-locking (SL) experiment applying a low-power on-resonance radiofrequency pulse in a predefined frequency domain in the range of oscillations generated by the epileptogenic tissue. RESULTS In 11 of 12 dogs with IE, rotary saturation effects were detected by the MRI sequence. Four of 5 control dogs did not show rotary saturation effects. One control dog with a diagnosis of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis had SL-related effects, but did not have epileptic seizures clinically. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The proposed MRI method detected neuronal currents in dogs with epileptic seizures and represents a potential new line of research to investigate neuronal currents possibly related to IE in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Unger
- Division of Clinical Radiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roland Wiest
- Support Center of Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claus Kiefer
- Support Center of Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Raillard
- Division of Clinical Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume F Dutil
- Division of Clinical Neurology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Veronika M Stein
- Division of Clinical Neurology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Schweizer
- Division of Clinical Radiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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7
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Gómez Álvarez CM, Soler Arias EA. Feline hyperesthesia syndrome: Epilepsy as possible aetiology in two cats. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elber Alberto Soler Arias
- Hospital Escuela Universidad de Buenos Aires Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Buenos Aires Argentina
- Endovett Endocrinologia Veterinaria Buenos Aires Argentina
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8
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Parmentier T, Monteith G, Cortez MA, Wielaender F, Fischer A, Jokinen TS, Lohi H, Sanders S, Sammut V, Tai T, James FMK. Effect of prior general anesthesia or sedation and antiseizure drugs on the diagnostic utility of wireless video electroencephalography in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1967-1974. [PMID: 33463773 PMCID: PMC7517491 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ambulatory wireless video electroencephalography (AEEG) is the method of choice to discriminate epileptic seizures from other nonepileptic episodes. However, the influence of prior general anesthesia (GA), sedation, or antiseizure drug (ASD) on the diagnostic ability of AEEG is unknown. Hypothesis/Objectives The use of sedation/GA or ASD treatment before AEEG recording may affect the diagnostic ability of AEEG and the time to first abnormality on AEEG. Animals A total of 108 client‐owned dogs undergoing ambulatory AEEG for paroxysmal episodes. Methods Retrospective cohort study. Proportions of diagnostic AEEG and time to first abnormality were compared between dogs that received sedation/GA or neither for instrumentation as well as dogs receiving at least 1 ASD and untreated dogs. Results Ambulatory EEG was diagnostic in 60.2% of all dogs including 49% of the sedation/GA dogs and 68% of dogs that received neither (odds ratio [OR], 2.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02‐5.00; P = .05). The AEEG was diagnostic in 51% of dogs receiving at least 1 ASD and 66% of untreated dogs (OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 0.9‐4.3; P = .11). No difference was found in time to first abnormality between sedation/GA or neither or ASD‐treated or untreated dogs (P = .1 and P = .3 respectively). Ninety‐five percent of dogs had at least 1 abnormality within 277 minutes. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Sedation/GA and concurrent ASD administration were not identified as confounding factors for decreasing AEEG diagnostic capability nor did they delay the time to first abnormality. A 4‐hour minimal recording period is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Parmentier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Monteith
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miguel A Cortez
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Peter Gilgan Center Research Learning, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Franziska Wielaender
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tarja S Jokinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and the Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sean Sanders
- Seattle Veterinary Specialists, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Tricia Tai
- VCA West LA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fiona M K James
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Gutiérrez M, Feijóo G, Delucchi LJ. Neurophysiological evaluation of canine congenital hydrocephalus in three dogs. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Gutiérrez
- Patología y Clínica de Pequeños Animales. Unidad de NeurologíaUniversidad de la República Uruguay Facultad de VeterinariaMontevideoUruguay
| | - Gimena Feijóo
- Patología y Clínica de Pequeños Animales. Unidad de Neurología /Instituto de BiocienciasDepartamento de FisiologíaFarmacologíaUniversidad de la República Uruguay Facultad de VeterinariaMontevideoUruguay
| | - Luis J Delucchi
- Patología y Clínica de Pequeños Animales. Unidad de NeurologíaUniversidad de la República Uruguay Facultad de VeterinariaMontevideoUruguay
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Utsugi S, Saito M, Sato T, Kunimi M. Relationship between interictal epileptiform discharges under medetomidine sedation and clinical seizures in canine idiopathic epilepsy. Vet Rec 2019; 187:67. [PMID: 31690640 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroencephalography (EEG) is required for the diagnosis of canine idiopathic epilepsy as a highest confidence level of diagnosis by the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force; however, EEG is seldom used and a standardised assessment method has not been reported. METHODS Interictal EEG was performed under medetomidine sedation in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and in control dogs. Epileptiform discharge (ED) frequency was compared between dogs with more severe and less severe seizures during one month before EEG and control dogs. RESULTS All 10 dogs with more severe seizures had ED, as had 7 of 11 with less severe seizures. All epileptic dogs without ED had good long-term outcomes. ED frequency (number of ED per five minutes) was significantly higher in dogs with more severe (median, 4.5) than with less severe seizure (median, 0.46) and in the control dogs (median, 0.15). An ED frequency greater than 0.8 was considered to indicate epilepsy. CONCLUSION Interictal EEG in a light sleep state under medetomidine sedation had a high detection rate of ED, and ED frequency had a positive correlation with the recent severity of epileptic seizures. This allows interictal EEG recordings to be used as a simplified and objective test that may help to diagnose epilepsy and to assess the recent severity of the disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Utsugi
- Department of Small Animal Surgery (Neurology), School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Miyoko Saito
- Department of Small Animal Surgery (Neurology), School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Sato
- Department of Small Animal Surgery (Neurology), School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Maki Kunimi
- Department of Small Animal Surgery (Neurology), School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
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11
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Influence of Stainless Needle Electrodes and Silver Disk Electrodes over the Interhemispheric Cerebral Coherence Value in Vigil Dogs. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18113990. [PMID: 30453513 PMCID: PMC6264086 DOI: 10.3390/s18113990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) is an objective diagnostic tool in the evaluation of cerebral functionality, both in human and veterinary medicine. For EEG acquisition, different types of electrodes are used, as long as they have no impact on the recorded background activity. However, to date, the influence of electrode type on quantitative EEG and cerebral coherence has not been investigated. Twenty EEG traces (ten with needle electrodes and ten with disk electrodes) were recorded from ten mesocephalic vigil dogs in a monopolar montage. Values for interhemispheric coherence for each frequency band were compared between stainless needle and silver disk electrodes traces. Our results show that the values of interhemispheric coherence in vigil dogs are depending of the type of electrodes used in EEG recordings. In the frontal (FP) channel, for delta and theta frequency bands, the registered coherence is significantly higher when stainless needle electrodes are used. Our results might have important consequences in the field of canine neurology and applied neuroscience, as the frontal channel analysis is preferred in aging and behavior studies.
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12
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Czerwik A, Płonek M, Podgórski P, Wrzosek M. Comparison of electroencephalographic findings with hippocampal magnetic resonance imaging volumetry in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:2037-2044. [PMID: 30325068 PMCID: PMC6271325 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), is a type of focal epilepsy occurring mainly in the mesial TLE (mTLE), commonly associated with hippocampal sclerosis (HS). OBJECTIVES According to recent studies, TLE might also occur in dogs and could be associated with hippocampal atrophy (HA)/HS. To date, hippocampal lesions have not been correlated with electroencephalographic (EEG) findings in epileptic dogs. ANIMALS An EEG examination, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and volumetric assessment of the hippocampus were performed in 16 nonepileptic and 41 epileptic dogs. METHODS In this retrospective study, the presence and localization of EEG-defined epileptiform discharges (EDs) was blindly evaluated. The hippocampus was measured and assessed for unilateral atrophy. The results of EEG and volumetric findings were correlated to determine whether the functional epileptic focus is equivalent to structural changes. RESULTS The median hippocampal asymmetric ratio (AR) in epileptic dogs was significantly greater than in the control group (P < .001). Using a cut-off threshold AR of >6%, 56% (23/41) of the dogs were characterized with unilateral HA. Of those animals, 35% (8/23) had EDs in the temporal leads and 26% (6/23) had no EDs. In 88% (7/8) of dogs with EDs in the temporal leads that had unilateral HA, the EDs correlated with the side of the decreased hippocampal volume. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The results indicate an association between the presence of EDs detectable on EEG and a decrease in the unilateral hippocampal volume in some cases of canine idiopathic epilepsy that might reflect features of human mTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Czerwik
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, The Faculty of Veterinary MedicineWrocław University of Environmental and Life SciencesWrocławPoland
| | - Marta Płonek
- Center of Experimental Diagnostics and Innovative Biomedical Technologies, The Faculty of Veterinary MedicineWrocław University of Environmental and Life SciencesWrocławPoland
| | - Przemyslaw Podgórski
- Department of General Radiology, Interventional Radiology and NeuroradiologyWrocław Medical UniversityWrocławPoland
| | - Marcin Wrzosek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, The Faculty of Veterinary MedicineWrocław University of Environmental and Life SciencesWrocławPoland
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13
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Wielaender F, James FMK, Cortez MA, Kluger G, Neßler JN, Tipold A, Lohi H, Fischer A. Absence Seizures as a Feature of Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy in Rhodesian Ridgeback Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:428-432. [PMID: 29194766 PMCID: PMC5787207 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Myoclonic epilepsy in Rhodesian Ridgeback (RR) dogs is characterized by myoclonic seizures occurring mainly during relaxation periods, a juvenile age of onset and generalized tonic‐clonic seizures in one‐third of patients. An 8‐month‐old female intact RR was presented for myoclonic seizures and staring episodes that both started at 10 weeks of age. Testing for the DIRAS1 variant indicated a homozygous mutant genotype. Unsedated wireless video‐electroencephalography (EEG) identified frequent, bilaterally synchronous, generalized 4 Hz spike‐and‐wave complexes (SWC) during the staring episodes in addition to the characteristic myoclonic seizures with generalized 4–5 Hz SWC or 4–5 Hz slowing. Photic stimulation did not evoke a photoparoxysmal response. Repeat video‐EEG 2 months after initiation of levetiracetam treatment disclosed a >95% decrease in frequency of myoclonic seizures, and absence seizures were no longer evident. Absence seizures represent another seizure type in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) in RR dogs, which reinforces its parallels to JME in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wielaender
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - F M K James
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - M A Cortez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - G Kluger
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Epilepsy Center, Schoen Klinik, Vogtareuth, Germany.,Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - J N Neßler
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - H Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki and Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Fischer
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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