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Leguillette R, McCrae P, Massie S, Filho SA, Bayly W, David F. Workload and spirometry associated with untethered swimming in horses. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:327. [PMID: 39030565 PMCID: PMC11264580 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swimming has been used empirically for rehabilitation and conditioning of horses. However, due to challenges imposed by recording physiological parameters in water, the intensity of free swimming effort is unknown. OBJECTIVES Measure the physiological workload associated with untethered swimming in horses. Five fit Arabian endurance horses were assessed while swimming in a 100 m-long indoor pool. Horses were equipped with a modified ergospirometry facemask to measure oxygen consumption (V̇O2) and ventilatory parameters (inspired/expired volumes, VI, VE; peak inspiratory/expiratory flows, PkVI, PkVE; respiratory frequency, Rf; minute ventilation, VE; inspiratory/expiratory durations and ratios, tI, tE, tI/ttot, tE/ttot); and an underwater electrocardiogram that recorded heart rate (HR). Postexercise venous blood lactate and ammonia concentrations were measured. Data are reported as median (interquartile ranges). RESULTS Horses showed bradypnea (12 breaths/min (10-16)) for the first 30 s of swimming. V̇O2 during swimming was 43.2 ml/(kg.min) (36.0-56.6). Ventilatory parameters were: VI = 16.7 L (15.3-21.8), VE = 14.7 L (12.4-18.9), PkVI = 47.8 L/s (45.8-56.5), PkVE = 55.8 L/s (38.3-72.5), Rf = 31.4 breaths/min (20.0-33.8), VE = 522.9 L/min (414.7-580.0), tI = 0.5 s (0.5-0.6), tE = 1.2 s (1.1-1.6), tI/ttot = 0.3 (0.2-0.4), tE/ttot = 0.7 (0.6-0.8). Expiratory flow tracings showed marked oscillations that coincided with a vibrating expiratory sound. HR was 178.0 bpm (148.5-182.0), lactate = 1.5 mmol/L (1.0-1.9) and ammonia = 41.0 µmol/L (36.5-43.5). CONCLUSIONS Free (untethered) swimming represents a submaximal, primarily aerobic exercise in horses. The breathing pattern during swimming is unique, with a relatively longer apneic period at the beginning of the exercise and an inspiratory time less than half that of expiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Leguillette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada.
| | - P McCrae
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada
| | - S Massie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada
| | - S Arroyo Filho
- Al Shaqab, a Member of Qatar Foundation, Al Shaqab Street, Al Rayyan, Doha, Qatar
| | - W Bayly
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 646610, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - F David
- EquiTom - Namur, a member of the Equine Care Group, 15 Chaussée de Nivelles, Mazy, 5032, Belgium
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Cabrera AZ, Pineda WR, del Pilar Correa Valencia N, Gutierrez MA. Body mass conversion and improved insulin response in Colombian Paso horses subjected to a swimming training program. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/cep210024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity in horses affect their athletic performance negatively, making it therefore necessary to develop training protocols that reduce their body fat without causing hoof injuries. The objective of the study was to describe the effect of the application of a swimming training program on metabolic and endocrine variables, in addition to evaluating the changes in subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) in a group of overweight Colombian Paso Horses (CPHs). Six CPHs were subjected to a decreasing intensity swimming program for four months. The effect of this training on metabolic variables (i.e. aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose) and endocrines (cortisol and insulin) was studied every two months. Additionally, changes in the neck, lumbar, and gluteal SFTs were evaluated. The information was analysed using descriptive statistics, in addition to repeated measures analysis of variance for non-parametric data in the three training moments (P<0.1) and correlation analysis between the SFT and the metabolic and endocrine variables of interest. The swimming training program for CPHs tested in this study produced more evident redistribution of adipose tissue in the gluteal region (Initial SFT = 5.2±2.08 mm; Final SFT = 3.45±2.8 mm), conversion of body mass without weight modification, and use of energy sources such as triglycerides and increased sensitivity to insulin. A limitation of the study was that the horses were not selected according to age, nor were control animals used. In addition, the limited number of horses makes extrapolation of the results inappropriate. In conclusion, the swimming training program with decreasing intensity carried out over a four-month period modified body adipose tissue in CPHs, promoting the use of energy sources, such as triglycerides and increased insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.M. Zuluaga Cabrera
- Centauro Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, AA 1226, Medellín, Colombia
| | - W.R. Ramírez Pineda
- Incaces Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences Universidad CES, Calle 10a #22-04, Medellín, Colombia
| | - N.M. del Pilar Correa Valencia
- Centauro Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, AA 1226, Medellín, Colombia
| | - M.P. Arias Gutierrez
- Incaces Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences Universidad CES, Calle 10a #22-04, Medellín, Colombia
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Karikoski NP, Box JR, Mykkänen AK, Kotiranta VV, Raekallio MR. Variation in insulin response to oral sugar test in a cohort of horses throughout the year and evaluation of risk factors for insulin dysregulation. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:905-913. [PMID: 34713928 PMCID: PMC9545906 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oral sugar test (OST) is commonly used to diagnose insulin dysregulation (ID) and equine metabolic syndrome; however, possible seasonal changes in OST results have not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE To determine the possible variation in insulin response to OST throughout the year and risk factors associated with maximum insulin concentration (InsMax) and ID. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, longitudinal cohort study. METHODS The OST was performed on 29 Finnhorses every other month six times. Serum total adiponectin concentration and phenotypic variables related to obesity were also measured. Changes in InsMax, adiponectin, scale weight, body condition score, cresty neck score (CNS), and fasting glucose concentration were assessed. Risk factor analyses were performed on InsMax and ID status, and ID groups were compared with each other. RESULTS Fourteen horses were categorised with non-ID each time and 15 as having ID at least once during the follow-up period. The ID status of 12 horses varied throughout the year, but neither the insulin variables measured during the OST nor adiponectin expressed significant seasonal variation. Increasing age and CNS, and decreasing adiponectin were observed as risk factors for a high InsMax after OST. The risk of ID was higher in horses with no exercise compared to horses with exercise (OR 7.6, 95% CI 1.2-49.3, P = .03). Horses with ID had lower serum adiponectin concentrations, longer neck circumference and larger height than horses in the non-ID group. MAIN LIMITATIONS The environmental conditions (feeding, exercise) were not constant for all horses throughout the study and only one breed was used. CONCLUSIONS Neither OST results nor adiponectin varies with season; however, there were a substantial number of horses with variable ID status throughout the year, in which repeated OSTs may be beneficial. Lack of exercise was a risk factor for ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninja P Karikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Justin R Box
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna K Mykkänen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko V Kotiranta
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja R Raekallio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Box JR, McGowan CM, Raekallio MR, Mykkänen AK, Carslake H, Karikoski NP. Insulin dysregulation in a population of Finnhorses and associated phenotypic markers of obesity. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1599-1605. [PMID: 32557899 PMCID: PMC7379004 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity and insulin dysregulation (ID) predispose horses to laminitis. Determination of management practices or phenotypic markers associated with ID may benefit animal welfare. Objectives Determine ID status of a population of Finnhorses using an oral sugar test (OST) and compare phenotypes and management factors between ID and non‐ID Finnhorses. Animals One hundred twenty‐eight purebred Finnhorses ≥3 years of age. Methods Owners were recruited using an online questionnaire regarding signalment, history, feeding, and exercise of their horses. Selected contributing stables within a predefined area were visited. Phenotypic markers of obesity and the weight of each horse were recorded. After fasting overnight, horses received 0.45 mL/kg corn syrup PO. Serum samples before and at 60 and 90 minutes after syrup administration were analyzed for insulin by chemiluminescent assay. Horses met ID criteria if insulin concentrations were ≥33 μIU/mL at T0, ≥66 μIU/mL at T60 or T90 or some combination thereof. Associations between phenotypic markers, feeding and exercise variables, and ID were examined using mixed effects logistic regression modeling. Results Several phenotypic markers of obesity were significant on univariable analysis but in the final multivariable model, only obesity (body condition score ≥8) was associated with ID (P = .04). Over half of the horses (60% [95% confidence interval (CI), 51%‐68%]) were considered overweight or obese whereas 16% (95% CI, 10%‐23%) were classified as having ID. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Because obesity is associated with ID in cold‐blooded type horses, objective monitoring of phenotypic markers by owners may be beneficial for health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Box
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cathy M McGowan
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Marja R Raekallio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna K Mykkänen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harry Carslake
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Ninja P Karikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Steel CM, Bond BM, Morrice-West AV. Survey of trainers on the use of swimming exercise for Standardbred racehorses in Australia. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:61-67. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CM Steel
- Equine Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Hwy; Werribee Victoria 3030 Australia
| | - BM Bond
- Equine Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Hwy; Werribee Victoria 3030 Australia
| | - AV Morrice-West
- Equine Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Hwy; Werribee Victoria 3030 Australia
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Durham AE, Frank N, McGowan CM, Menzies-Gow NJ, Roelfsema E, Vervuert I, Feige K, Fey K. ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:335-349. [PMID: 30724412 PMCID: PMC6430910 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a widely recognized collection of risk factors for endocrinopathic laminitis. The most important of these risk factors is insulin dysregulation (ID). Clinicians and horse owners must recognize the presence of these risk factors so that they can be targeted and controlled to reduce the risk of laminitis attacks. Diagnosis of EMS is based partly on the horse's history and clinical examination findings, and partly on laboratory testing. Several choices of test exist which examine different facets of ID and other related metabolic disturbances. EMS is controlled mainly by dietary strategies and exercise programs that aim to improve insulin regulation and decrease obesity where present. In some cases, pharmacologic aids might be useful. Management of an EMS case is a long‐term strategy requiring diligence and discipline by the horse's carer and support and guidance from their veterinarians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Frank
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Cathy M McGowan
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Menzies-Gow
- Department of clinical sciences and services, Royal Veterinary College, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Roelfsema
- Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Vervuert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Fey
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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