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Corsini A, Del Baldo F, Lunetta F, Ribichini S, Giunti M, Fidanzio F, Fracassi F. Total thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyrotropin concentrations during acute nonthyroidal illness and recovery in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1345-1352. [PMID: 38654457 PMCID: PMC11099717 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute illness can result in changes in serum total thyroxine (tT4), total triiodothyronine (tT3), and thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations in euthyroid dogs defined as nonthyroidal illness syndrome, but longitudinal evaluation of these hormones during the recovery phase is lacking. OBJECTIVES To longitudinally evaluate serum tT4, tT3, and TSH concentrations during the acute phase and recovery from acute illness in dogs. ANIMALS Nineteen euthyroid client-owned dogs hospitalized for acute illness at a veterinary teaching hospital. METHODS Prospective longitudinal study. Serum tT4, tT3, and TSH concentrations were measured at the admission (T0), at last day of hospitalization (T1), and during the recovery phase at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after the discharge (T2, T3, T4, and T5), respectively. RESULTS tT4 and tT3 were below the reference interval (RI) at T0 in 3 (16%) and 18 (95%) dogs, respectively; tT4 normalized in all dogs early in the recovery phase, while low tT3 persisted at the end of the study in 16 (83%) dogs. Median TSH concentrations were increased at T5 compared with T1 (0.19 ng/mL [range 0.03-0.65] vs 0.11 ng/mL [range (0.05-0.26)], mean difference = 0.09 ng/mL; P = .03). Five (26%) dogs had TSH above the RI at least at 1 time point during the recovery phase. None of the dogs had concurrent low tT4 and high TSH during the study. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In euthyroid dogs acute illness can interfere with evaluation of thyroid function up to 21 days during the recovery phase. Thyroid testing should be avoided or postponed in these dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corsini
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesAlma Mater Studiorum‐University of BolognaOzzano EmiliaItaly
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Francesca Del Baldo
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesAlma Mater Studiorum‐University of BolognaOzzano EmiliaItaly
| | - Francesco Lunetta
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesAlma Mater Studiorum‐University of BolognaOzzano EmiliaItaly
| | - Serena Ribichini
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesAlma Mater Studiorum‐University of BolognaOzzano EmiliaItaly
| | - Massimo Giunti
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesAlma Mater Studiorum‐University of BolognaOzzano EmiliaItaly
| | | | - Federico Fracassi
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesAlma Mater Studiorum‐University of BolognaOzzano EmiliaItaly
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Bolton TA, Panciera DL, Voudren CD, Crawford‐Jennings MI. Thyroid function tests during nonthyroidal illness syndrome and recovery in acutely ill dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:111-122. [PMID: 38032018 PMCID: PMC10800236 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) can result in thyroid function test alterations that mimic hypothyroidism. The duration of NTIS-induced changes in dogs is not well-described. OBJECTIVES Document alterations in thyroid function tests during NTIS and recovery, and the time necessary for their resolution. ANIMALS From 103 dogs sampled, 25 euthyroid dogs with acute, resolvable illness having a low serum total thyroxine (TT4) concentration on admission were analyzed. METHODS Prospective observational study. Serum TT4 concentration was measured in 103 dogs within 4 hours of admission. If below the reference interval (RI), subsequent serum samples were obtained every 24 hours from admission until discharge (acute phase) and at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after discharge (recovery phase). Serum samples were submitted for batch measurement of serum TT4, free thyroxine (fT4), total 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (TT3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations. RESULTS In the cohort of dogs analyzed, serum TT4, TT3, and fT4 concentrations were below the RI in 100%, 80%, and 16% at admission; 20%, 80%, and 0% at discharge; 4%, 8%, and 0% at 2 weeks; and 0%, 0%, and 0% at 4 weeks, respectively. Serum TSH concentration was within the RI in 100% at admission and discharge, and above the RI in 4% and 12% at 2 weeks and 4 weeks, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Naturally occurring NTIS in dogs induces alterations in thyroid function tests during acute illness and recovery. Measurement of serum TT4 concentration 2 to 4 weeks after discharge or serum fT4 concentration by ED during illness is recommended for accurate assessment of thyroid function in acutely ill dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Bolton
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia‐Maryland Regional College of Veterinary MedicineVirginia Tech UniversityBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | - David L. Panciera
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia‐Maryland Regional College of Veterinary MedicineVirginia Tech UniversityBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | - Caylie D. Voudren
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia‐Maryland Regional College of Veterinary MedicineVirginia Tech UniversityBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | - Matthew I. Crawford‐Jennings
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia‐Maryland Regional College of Veterinary MedicineVirginia Tech UniversityBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
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Paul BR, De UK, Sarkar VK, Gandhar JS, Patra MK, Agrawal RK, Singh MK, Soni S, Eregowda CG. Effect of systemic inflammatory response syndrome on thrombocytogram, acute phase proteins, electrolytes, acid-base indices and cytokine expression in naturally canine parvovirus infected dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 259:110598. [PMID: 37119726 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in canine parvoviral enteritis (CPVE) is associated with high mortality in young puppies. Changes in acute phase response, thrombocytogram, inflammatory cytokine profiles, and disturbances in electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis are thought to have a significant impact on the development of SIRS. However, the mechanisms causing these perturbations have not been well described in CPVE puppies, especially with SIRS. The purpose of this study was to assess the changes of electrolytes, acid-base indices using strong ion model, acute phase proteins and thrombocytogram in blood and expressions of inflammatory cytokines in blood mononuclear cells of CPVE puppies with or without SIRS at admission. Additionally, the positive predictive value (PPV) and cut-off value with specificity and sensitivity of the biomarkers were determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to predict the development of SIRS in CPVE puppies at admission. A case-controlled, prospective and observational study was conducted on fifteen SIRS-positive CPVE, twenty-one SIRS-negative CPVE and six healthy puppies. Our data showed marked hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypoalbuminemia and hypoproteinemia, decreased ATot-albumin and ATot-total protein and increased mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration and up-regulation of TNF-α, IL-8 and IL-10 expressions in SIRS-positive CPVE puppies as compared to SIRS-negative CPVE puppies at admission. Based on sensitivity, specificity and AUC from ROC curve analysis and PPV, the CRP concentration in serum at a cut-off value of 141.9 mg/L and TLC of blood at a cut-off value of 3.355 × 103/μL were identified as potential prognostic biomarkers followed by ATot-total protein and total protein at a cut-off value of 11.80 and 4.72 g/dL, respectively to predict the development of SIRS in CPVE puppies at admission. In conclusion, the findings of the current study will help the canine practitioners to institute the time-sensitive and need based interventions to disrupt progression along the continuum of shock and multi-organ dysfunction syndrome in CPVE puppies that develop SIRS at admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babul R Paul
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ujjwal K De
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Varun K Sarkar
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendra S Gandhar
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manas K Patra
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi K Agrawal
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mithilesh K Singh
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Srishti Soni
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chethan G Eregowda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl 796014, Mizoram, India
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Oikonomidis IL, Theodorou K, Papaioannou E, Xenoulis PG, Adamama-Moraitou KK, Steiner JM, Kritsepi-Konstantinou M, Suchodolski JS, Rallis T, Soubasis N. Serial measurement of cardiac troponin I in hospitalised dogs with canine parvoviral enteritis: Association with outcome and canine pancreas-specific lipase concentration. Res Vet Sci 2023; 157:1-5. [PMID: 36827790 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to serially evaluate serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations in dogs with parvoviral enteritis (CPVE), and investigate the association with outcome and serum pancreas-specific lipase (Spec cPL) concentrations. Dogs with CPVE that were hospitalised for at least 5 days were included. cTnI and Spec cPL concentrations were measured on days 1, 3 and 5 of hospitalisation. Twenty-nine dogs (20 survivors, 9 non-survivors) were included. Spec cPL was indicative of pancreatitis (>400 μg/L) on at least one day in 10/29 (34.5%) dogs. Serum median (range) cTnI concentration was higher (P = 0.021) in non-survivors on day 5 [0.032 (0.001-0.395) ng/mL] compared to day 1 [0.012 (0.003-0.196) ng/mL]. Non-survivors had higher (P = 0.014) cTnI concentrations on day 5 [0.032 (0.001-0.395) ng/mL] compared to survivors [0.001 (0.001-0.042) ng/mL], but not at admission or on day 3 (P > 0.05). Serum cTnI concentrations were not significantly different (P = 0.465) between the three Spec cPL groups [group 1 (Spec cPL ≤ 200 μg/L): 0.007 (0.001-0.527) ng/mL; group 2 (Spec cPL: 201-399 μg/L): 0.0045 (0.001-0.196) ng/mL; group 3 (Spec cPL ≥ 400 μg/L): 0.011 (0.001-0.278) ng/mL]. cTnI and Spec cPL concentrations were not significantly correlated (rho = -0.043, P = 0.703). Serial measurement of cTnI had prognostic value in the examined cohort. However, cTnI was not correlated with spec cPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Oikonomidis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - K Theodorou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Papaioannou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece; Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - K K Adamama-Moraitou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - M Kritsepi-Konstantinou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - T Rallis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N Soubasis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Werner M, Weeger J, Hörner-Schmid L, Weber K, Palić J, Shih J, Suchodolski JS, Pilla R, Schulz B. Comparison of the respiratory bacterial microbiome in cats with feline asthma and chronic bronchitis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1148849. [PMID: 37051512 PMCID: PMC10083293 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1148849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesWhile feline chronic bronchitis (CB) is known as neutrophilic bronchial inflammation (NI), feline asthma (FA) is defined as an eosinophilic airway inflammation (EI). Feline chronic bronchial disease refers to both syndromes, with similar clinical presentations and applied treatment strategies. Recent studies described alterations of the microbiota composition in cats with FA, but little is known about the comparison of the lung microbiota between different types of feline bronchial disease. The study aimed to describe the bacterial microbiota of the lower respiratory tracts of cats with FA and CB and to identify potential differences.MethodsTwenty-two client-owned cats with FA (n = 15) or CB (n = 7) confirmed via bronchoalveolar-lavage (BALF)-cytology were included. Next-generation sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA genes was performed on bacterial DNA derived from BALF samples. QIIME was used to compare microbial composition and diversity between groups.ResultsEvenness and alpha-diversity-indices did not significantly differ between cats with FA and CB (Shannon p = 0.084, Chao 1 p = 0.698, observed ASVs p = 0.944). Based on a PERMANOVA analysis, no significant differences were observed in microbial composition between animals of both groups (Bray-Curtis metric, R-value 0.086, p = 0.785; unweighted UniFrac metric, R-value −0.089, p = 0.799; weighted Unifrac metric, R-value −0.072, p = 0.823). Regarding taxonomic composition, significant differences were detected for Actinobacteria on the phylum level (p = 0.026), Mycoplasma spp. (p = 0.048), and Acinetobacteria (p = 0.049) on the genus level between cats with FA and CB, with generally strong interindividual differences seen. There was a significant difference in the duration of clinical signs before diagnosis in animals dominated by Bacteriodetes (median 12 months, range 2–58 months) compared to animals dominated by Proteobacteria (median 1 month, range 1 day to 18 months; p = 0.003).Conclusions and relevanceLung microbiota composition is very similar in cat populations with spontaneous FA and CB besides small differences in some bacterial groups. However, with disease progression, the lung microbiome of cats with both diseases appears to shift away from dominantly Proteobacteria to a pattern more dominated by Bacteriodetes. A substantial proportion of cats tested positive for Mycoplasma spp. via sequencing, while none of them tested positive using classical PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Werner
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Weeger
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lina Hörner-Schmid
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Weber
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jelena Palić
- Vet Med Labor GmbH, Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Kornwestheim, Germany
| | - Jonathan Shih
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Bianka Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Bianka Schulz
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Singh M, Manikandan R, Kumar De U, Chander V, Rudra Paul B, Ramakrishnan S, Maramreddy D. Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets. Vet Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.104846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is a highly contagious and key enteropathogen affecting the canine population around the globe by causing canine parvoviral enteritis (CPVE) and vomition. CPVE is one of the the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in puppies and young dogs. Over the years, five distinct antigenic variants of CPV-2, namely CPV-2a, CPV-2b, new CPV-2a, new CPV-2b, and CPV-2c, have emerged throughout the world. CPV-2 infects a diverse range of wild animals, and the newer variants of CPV-2 have expanded their host range to include felines. Despite the availability of highly specific diagnostics and efficacious vaccines, CPV-2 outbreaks have been reported globally due to the emergence of newer antigenic variants, expansion of the viral host range, and vaccination failures. The present chapter describes the latest information pertaining to virus properties and replication, disease manifestations in animals, and an additional recent updates on diagnostic, prevention and control strategies of CPV-2.
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