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Molini U, Coetzee LM, Christians V, Hemberger MY, Chiwome B, Amukwaya M, Khaiseb S, Cattoli G, Dundon WG, Franzo G. High detection frequency and genetic diversity of porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) in Namibian backyard farms and warthogs. Acta Trop 2024; 249:107085. [PMID: 38016512 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Since its first identification in 2015, porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) has been reported worldwide with a high frequency and in the presence of several clinical conditions, although its impact on pig health and productivity is still debated. Data on the presence of PCV-3 in Africa are, however, limited. A previous study performed on commercial pigs in Namibia failed to identify the pathogen. In the present study, the viral circulation in backyard farms, characterised by lower biosecurity measures and frequent animal exchange between farms, was assessed. The susceptibility of warthogs to PCV-3 infection and their potential epidemiological role were also evaluated. Tonsils from 77 pigs from backyard piggeries and 55 warthogs were collected in different regions of Namibia and tested by PCR. Positive samples were sequenced and compared to PCV-3 strains circulating globally. Forty-two out of 77 pigs (54.54 %) and 12 out of 55 warthogs (21.82 %) tested positive, demonstrating the presence of PCV-3 in the country and suggesting that the high biosecurity measures implemented in the commercial farms that previously tested negative for PCV-3 probably prevented viral introduction. The partial ORF2 gene was successfully sequenced in samples from 27 pigs and 6 warthogs. Genetically, the identified strains were part of 3 distinct groups which included both backyard pigs and warthogs from different regions of Namibia. There is also evidence for the occurrence of multiple introduction events most likely from Asian countries, either directly into Namibia or through other African countries. Considering the strict Namibian regulations on live animal importation, understanding the source of viral introduction is challenging, although semen importation or the habit of feeding backyard pigs with human food waste might have played a role. Pig exchanges between farms for breeding purposes or wildlife movements could also have been involved in PCV-3 dispersal within Namibia. Despite the significant advances in the field, further studies should be undertaken to properly understand PCV-3 epidemiology in Namibia and its impact on pig productivity and wildlife health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Molini
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Neudamm Campus, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Lauren M Coetzee
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag 18137, Windhoek 9000, Namibia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo 64100, Italy
| | - Vernon Christians
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Neudamm Campus, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Maria Y Hemberger
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Neudamm Campus, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Bernard Chiwome
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Neudamm Campus, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Maria Amukwaya
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Neudamm Campus, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Siegfried Khaiseb
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag 18137, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, Vienna 1400, Austria
| | - William G Dundon
- Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, Vienna 1400, Austria
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department. of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Italy.
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Qi S, He Q, Zhang Z, Chen H, Giménez-Lirola L, Yuan F, Bei W. Detection of Porcine Circovirus Type 3 in Serum, Semen, Oral Fluid, and Preputial Fluid Samples of Boars. Vet Sci 2023; 10:689. [PMID: 38133240 PMCID: PMC10747573 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is commonly associated with clinical symptoms such as porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)-like lesions, respiratory signs, and reproductive disorders. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of PCV3 in a boar stud. The objectives were to detect PCV3 in semen, as well as matched serum, oral fluid, and preputial fluid samples from adult boars using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), analyze PCV3-IgG antibody data, and genetically characterize a positive sample. A total of 112 samples from 28 boars were collected from a large-scale pig farm in Guangxi, China. The qPCR results showed that the PCV3 DNA was not detected in semen, with a positive rate of 0% (0/28), while it was detected in serum (3.57%-1/28), oral fluid (64.28%-18/28), and preputial fluid (46.4%-13/28). The seropositivity rate of PCV3-IgG in serum was 82.14% (23/28) according to the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent serologic assay (ELISA) results. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that one of the PCV3 isolates belonged to the PCV3c clades. This is the first report of PCV3 detection in preputial fluid from boars. The results suggest that PCV3 is transmitted among boars on pig farms and exhibits epidemic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Qi
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (S.Q.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Qiyun He
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (S.Q.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Zhewei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (S.Q.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (S.Q.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Luis Giménez-Lirola
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Fangyan Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Weicheng Bei
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (S.Q.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430000, China
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Histopathological Changes and Inflammatory Response in Specific Pathogen-Free (SPF) with Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Infection. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030530. [PMID: 36766419 PMCID: PMC9913417 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first report of PCV3 virus infection in 2016, it has been linked to multisystemic inflammation, reproductive failure, cardiac pathology, and clinical indications resembling porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). However, the pathogenesis and clinical significance of PCV3 is still unclear. In this study, a PCV3 infection model was created using SPF pigs, and histopathology and fluorescence quantitative PCR were utilized to examine PCV3's pathogenicity. Reductions in body weight gain and fever were observed during this study. However, other clinical signs such as Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome were not observed through the study. Viremia was detected in the PCV3-inoculated group from 17 days post-inoculation (p.i.) until the end of the study. Nasal shedding was detected from 21 to 35 dpi and fecal shedding was detected during 25-33 days and 39 days, respectively. Gross lesions and histological evaluation were detected in various tissues and organs, including the lung, heart, kidney, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, small intestine, and testis. The heart, lung, liver, kidney, lymph nodes, and spleen showed pathological changes. The pathological features include swelling, inflammation, cell degeneration, necrosis, and hemorrhage. The lesions are consistent with multisystemic inflammation. Tissue viral load results showed only heart, lung, liver, kidney, lymph nodes, and spleen was positive by qRT-PCR. Moreover, the pro-inflammation cytokines in serum increased a lot in the PCV3-inoculated group compared to the control group, demonstrating that the induced inflammation response may be the cause of tissue damage in PCV3-infection. This study demonstrated that PCV3 can produce mild pathological damage to multiple organs, especially multisystemic inflammatory cell infiltration and prolonged viremia, viral shedding in nasal secretions. This is the first in vivo characterization of PCV3 infection in the SPF piglets model using isolated PCV3 strain, and this is also the first time to show the gross and pathological lesion with all tissue and organs in the PCV3-inoculated group. Our findings might serve as a starting point for more investigation into PCV3's pathogenic mechanism.
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Fanelli A, Pellegrini F, Camero M, Catella C, Buonavoglia D, Fusco G, Martella V, Lanave G. Genetic Diversity of Porcine Circovirus Types 2 and 3 in Wild Boar in Italy. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:953. [PMID: 35454199 PMCID: PMC9031215 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus (PCV) infection is associated with relevant economic impact to the pig industry. To date, four species of PCV (PCV1 to 4) have been identified but only PCV2 has been associated firmly with disease in pigs. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of PCV2 and PCV3 in the wild boar population in Basilicata region, Southern Italy, since this region is characterized by large forested and rural areas and the anthropic pressure is lower than in other Italian regions. Liver samples from 82 hunted wild boar were collected in 2021 from 3 different hunting districts. Sixty (73%, 95%CI: 63-82) samples tested positive for PCVs by quantitative PCR. In detail, 22 (27%, 95%CI: 18-37) were positive for PCV2, 58 (71%, 95%CI: 60-79) for PCV3, and 20 (24.4%, 95%CI 16-35) for both PCV2 and PCV3. On genome sequencing, different types and sub-types of PCV2 and PCV3 were identified, remarking a genetic diversity and hinting to a global circulation for the identified PCV strains. Overall, the high prevalence suggests that PCV2 and PCV3 infections are endemic in the wild boar population, posing risks for semi-intensive and free-range pig farming, typical of this region, due to contact with PCV-infected wild boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Fanelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (F.P.); (M.C.); (C.C.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Francesco Pellegrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (F.P.); (M.C.); (C.C.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (F.P.); (M.C.); (C.C.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Cristiana Catella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (F.P.); (M.C.); (C.C.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Domenico Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (F.P.); (M.C.); (C.C.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy;
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (F.P.); (M.C.); (C.C.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (F.P.); (M.C.); (C.C.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
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