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Cleverley A, Beanland R. Modelling fine-sliced three dimensional electron diffraction data with dynamical Bloch-wave simulations. IUCRJ 2023; 10:118-130. [PMID: 36598507 PMCID: PMC9812222 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252522011290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent interest in structure solution and refinement using electron diffraction (ED) has been fuelled by its inherent advantages when applied to crystals of sub-micrometre size, as well as its better sensitivity to light elements. Currently, data are often processed with software written for X-ray diffraction, using the kinematic theory of diffraction to generate model intensities - despite the inherent differences in diffraction processes in ED. Here, dynamical Bloch-wave simulations are used to model continuous-rotation electron diffraction data, collected with a fine angular resolution (crystal orientations of ∼0.1°). This fine-sliced data allows a re-examination of the corrections applied to ED data. A new method is proposed for optimizing crystal orientation, and the angular range of the incident beam and the varying slew rate are taken into account. Observed integrated intensities are extracted and accurate comparisons are performed with simulations using rocking curves for a (110) lamella of silicon 185 nm thick. R1 is reduced from 26% with the kinematic model to 6.8% using dynamical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Cleverley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Beanland
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Cichocka MO, Burton AW, Afeworki M, Mabon R, Schmitt KD, Strohmaier KG, Vroman HB, Marella MA, Weston SC, Zou X, Willhammar T. Aluminosilicate Zeolite EMM-28 Containing Supercavities Determined by Continuous Rotation Electron Diffraction. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:11103-11109. [PMID: 35816337 PMCID: PMC9490810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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A new aluminosilicate zeolite, denoted EMM-28, has been
successfully
synthesized on a large scale using 1,1-(3,3-(1,3-phenylene)bis(propane-3,1-diyl))bis(1-methylpyrrolidinium)
hydroxide as an organic structure directing agent (OSDA), which was
scaled up to an ∼20 g scale with a yield of 77%. It crystallizes
as thin plates (40–100 nm in thickness), and the corresponding
powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern shows significant peak broadening
which makes it insufficient for structure determination. Continuous
rotation electron diffraction (cRED) data collected from 13 crystals
were successfully used to solve and refine the structure of EMM-28.
This illustrates that cRED data are capable of performing structure
determination despite limited PXRD data quality. EMM-28 has a unique
framework structure containing supercavities, >21 Å in size,
connected by one-dimensional 10-ring channels. High-resolution transmission
electron microscopy (HRTEM) confirmed the structure model. The structure
of EMM-28 is related to several known zeolite structures with large
cavities. The properties of zeolites are largely
determined by their
atomically well-defined microporous structures of molecular dimensions.
The new aluminosilicate zeolite, EMM-28, has a unique framework structure
containing large supercavities connected by one-dimensional channels
limited by 10 SiO4/AlO4 tetrahedra. The atomic
structure of EMM-28 was determined using continuous rotation electron
diffraction (cRED) data collected from 13 crystals. Despite limited
powder X-ray diffraction data quality, the structure could be successfully
refined using cRED data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena O Cichocka
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Allen W Burton
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Co., 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Mobae Afeworki
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Co., 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Ross Mabon
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Co., 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Kirk D Schmitt
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Co., 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Karl G Strohmaier
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Co., 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Hilda B Vroman
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Co., 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Michael A Marella
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Co., 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Simon C Weston
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Co., 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Xiaodong Zou
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tom Willhammar
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Pasala X, Pokharel N, Ahrenkiel P, Alberi K, Forghani K, Stender C. Quantitative order-parameter measurement in lattice-mismatched AlInP using precession electron diffraction. J Microsc 2021; 284:132-141. [PMID: 34223644 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Precession electron diffraction (PED) was used to measure the long-range order parameter in lattice-mismatched AlInP epitaxial films under investigation for solid-state-lighting applications. Both double- and single-variant films grown at 620, 650 and 680 °C were analysed in TEM cross-section. PED patterns were acquired in selected-area-diffraction mode through external microscope control using serial acquisition, which allows inline image processing. The integrated peak intensities from experimental patterns were fit using dynamical simulations of diffraction from the ordered domain structures. Included in the structure-factor calculations were mean atomic displacements of the anions (P) due to ordering, which were found by valence-force-field calculations to have a nearly linear dependence on order parameter. A maximum order parameter of S = 0.36 was measured for a double-variant specimen grown at 650 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Pasala
- Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, 501 E. Saint Joseph St., Rapid City, South Dakota, 57701, U.S.A
| | - Nikhil Pokharel
- Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, 501 E. Saint Joseph St., Rapid City, South Dakota, 57701, U.S.A
| | - Phil Ahrenkiel
- Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, 501 E. Saint Joseph St., Rapid City, South Dakota, 57701, U.S.A
| | - Kirstin Alberi
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy., Golden, Colorado, 80401, U.S.A
| | - Kamran Forghani
- MicroLink Devices, inc., 6457 W. Howard St., Niles, Illinois, 60714, U.S.A
| | - Chris Stender
- MicroLink Devices, inc., 6457 W. Howard St., Niles, Illinois, 60714, U.S.A
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Nolze G, Tokarski T, Rychłowski Ł, Cios G, Winkelmann A. Crystallographic analysis of the lattice metric ( CALM) from single electron backscatter diffraction or transmission Kikuchi diffraction patterns. J Appl Crystallogr 2021; 54:1012-1022. [PMID: 34188620 PMCID: PMC8202031 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721004210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New software and algorithms for the accurate measurement of crystal lattice parameters from Kikuchi bands in a diffraction pattern are presented. A new software is presented for the determination of crystal lattice parameters from the positions and widths of Kikuchi bands in a diffraction pattern. Starting with a single wide-angle Kikuchi pattern of arbitrary resolution and unknown phase, the traces of all visibly diffracting lattice planes are manually derived from four initial Kikuchi band traces via an intuitive graphical user interface. A single Kikuchi bandwidth is then used as reference to scale all reciprocal lattice point distances. Kikuchi band detection, via a filtered Funk transformation, and simultaneous display of the band intensity profile helps users to select band positions and widths. Bandwidths are calculated using the first derivative of the band profiles as excess-deficiency effects have minimal influence. From the reciprocal lattice, the metrics of possible Bravais lattice types are derived for all crystal systems. The measured lattice parameters achieve a precision of <1%, even for good quality Kikuchi diffraction patterns of 400 × 300 pixels. This band-edge detection approach has been validated on several hundred experimental diffraction patterns from phases of different symmetries and random orientations. It produces a systematic lattice parameter offset of up to ±4%, which appears to scale with the mean atomic number or the backscatter coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Nolze
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.,TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institut für Mineralogie, Brennhausgasse 16, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Tomasz Tokarski
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Łukasz Rychłowski
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Cios
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aimo Winkelmann
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.,Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
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Smeets S, Zou X, Wan W. Serial electron crystallography for structure determination and phase analysis of nanocrystalline materials. J Appl Crystallogr 2018; 51:1262-1273. [PMID: 30279637 PMCID: PMC6157704 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576718009500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Serial electron crystallography has been developed as a fully automated method to collect diffraction data on polycrystalline materials using a transmission electron microscope. This enables useful data to be collected on materials that are sensitive to the electron beam and thus difficult to measure using the conventional methods that require long exposure of the same crystal. The data collection strategy combines goniometer translation with electron beam shift, which allows the entire sample stage to be probed. At each position of the goniometer, the locations of the crystals are identified using image recognition techniques. Diffraction data are then collected on each crystal using a quasi-parallel focused beam with a predefined size (usually 300-500 nm). It is shown that with a fast and sensitive Timepix hybrid pixel area detector it is possible to collect diffraction data of up to 3500 crystals per hour. These data can be indexed using a brute-force forward-projection algorithm. Results from several test samples show that 100-200 frames are enough for structure determination using direct methods or dual-space methods. The large number of crystals examined enables quantitative phase analysis and automatic screening of materials for known and unknown phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef Smeets
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106, Sweden
| | - Xiaodong Zou
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106, Sweden
| | - Wei Wan
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106, Sweden
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Lepoittevin C. Structure resolution by electron diffraction tomography of the complex layered iron-rich Fe-2234-type Sr5Fe6O15.4. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sr4Ru6ClO18, a new Ru4+/5+ oxy-chloride, solved by precession electron diffraction: Electric and magnetic behavior. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Liao Y, Marks LD. On the alignment for precession electron diffraction. Ultramicroscopy 2012; 117:1-6. [PMID: 22634134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Precession electron diffraction has seen a fast increase in its adoption as a technique for solving crystallographic structures as well as an alternative to conventional selected-area and converged-beam diffraction methods. One of the key issues of precession is the pivot point alignment, as a stationary apparent beam does not guarantee a fixed pivot point. A large precession tilt angle, along with pre-field and post-field misalignment, induces shift in the image plane. We point out here that the beam should be aligned to the pre-field optic axis to keep the electron illumination stationary during the rocking process. A practical alignment procedure is suggested with the focus placed on minimizing the beam wandering on the specimen, and is demonstrated for a (110)-oriented silicon single crystal and for a carbide phase (∼20nm in size) within a cast cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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Oleynikov P. eMap and eSlice: a software package for crystallographic computing. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.201100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Moeck P, Rouvimov S, Rauch EF, Véron M, Kirmse H, Häusler I, Neumann W, Bultreys D, Maniette Y, Nicolopoulos S. High spatial resolution semi-automatic crystallite orientation and phase mapping of nanocrystals in transmission electron microscopes. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.201000676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Koch CT. Aberration-compensated large-angle rocking-beam electron diffraction. Ultramicroscopy 2010; 111:828-40. [PMID: 21227590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The application of convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) to determine symmetry, refine structure factors, and measure specimen thickness requires rather thick specimen and is very difficult or even impossible in the case of large unit cell materials. The large-angle rocking-beam electron diffraction (LARBED) technique introduced in this paper gives access to the kind of experimental data contained in CBED patterns but over a much larger angular range. In addition to symmetry determination and thickness measurement even for thin samples this technique also allows, in principle, very accurate measurements of structure factors. Similar to precession electron diffraction (PED), LARBED uses the illumination tilt coils to sequentially change the angle of incidence of the electron beam over a very large range. I will present results obtained by a recently developed self-calibrating acquisition software which compensates for aberration-induced probe shifts during the acquisition of LARBED patterns and keeps the probe within a few nm, while covering a tilt range from 0 to 100 mrad. This paper is dedicated to Prof. John C. H. Spence on the occasion of his 65th birthday.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph T Koch
- Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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