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Kumar A, Tiukalova E, Venkatraman K, Lupini A, Hachtel JA, Chi M. Calibrating cryogenic temperature of TEM specimens using EELS. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 265:114008. [PMID: 39033628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2024.114008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Cryogenic Scanning/Transmission Electron Microscopy has been established as a leading method to image sensitive biological samples and is now becoming a powerful tool to understand materials' behavior at low temperatures. However, achieving precise local temperature calibration at low temperatures remains a challenge, which is especially crucial for studying phase transitions and emergent physical properties in quantum materials. In this study, we employ electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) to measure local cryogenic specimen temperatures. We use the temperature-dependent characteristics of aluminum's bulk plasmon peak in EEL spectra, which shifts due to changes in electron density caused by thermal expansion and contraction. We successfully demonstrate the versatility of this method by calibrating different liquid nitrogen cooling holders in various microscopes, regardless of whether a monochromated or non-monochromated electron beam is used. Temperature discrepancies between the actual temperature and the setpoint temperatures are identified across a range from room temperature to 100 K. This work demonstrates the importance of temperature calibrations at intermediate temperatures and presents a straightforward, robust method for calibrating local temperatures of cryogenically-cooled specimens in electron microscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinash Kumar
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
| | - Elizaveta Tiukalova
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
| | - Kartik Venkatraman
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Andrew Lupini
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Jordan A Hachtel
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Miaofang Chi
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
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2
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Yang YC, Vijayan S, Sneppen TB, Jinschek JR. Controlling Thermal Gradients during in situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Heating Experiments. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:130-131. [PMID: 37613493 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chieh Yang
- National Center for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (DTU Nanolab), Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sriram Vijayan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Thor Bjerregård Sneppen
- Department of Engineering Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joerg R Jinschek
- National Center for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (DTU Nanolab), Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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3
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Fritsch B, Wu M, Hutzler A, Zhou D, Spruit R, Vogl L, Will J, Garza HHP, März M, Jank MP, Spiecker E. Sub-Kelvin thermometry for evaluating the local temperature stability within in situ TEM gas cells. Ultramicroscopy 2022; 235:113494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vijayan S, Wang R, Kong Z, Jinschek JR. Quantification of extreme thermal gradients during in situ transmission electron microscope heating experiments. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1527-1537. [PMID: 34897877 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Studies on materials affected by large thermal gradients and rapid thermal cycling are an area of increasing interest, driving the need for real time observations of microstructural evoultion under transient thermal conditions. However, current in situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) heating stages introduce uniform temperature distributions across the material during heating experiments. Here, a methodology is described to generate thermal gradients across a TEM specimen by modifying a commercially available MEMS-based heating stage. It was found that a specimen placed next to the metallic heater, over a window, cut by FIB milling, does not disrupt the overall thermal stability of the device. Infrared thermal imaging (IRTI) experiments were performed on unmodified and modified heating devices, to measure thermal gradients across the device. The mean temperature measured within the central viewing area of the unmodified device was 3-5% lower than the setpoint temperature. Using IRTI data, at setpoint temperatures ranging from 900 to 1,300°C, thermal gradients at the edge of the modified window were calculated to be in the range of 0.6 × 106 to 7.0 × 106 °C/m. Additionally, the Ag nanocube sublimation approach was used, to measure the local temperature across a FIB-cut Si lamella at high spatial resolution inside the TEM, and demonstrate "proof of concept" of the modified MEMS device. The thermal gradient across the Si lamella, measured using the latter approach was found to be 6.3 × 106 °C/m, at a setpoint temperature of 1,000°C. Finally, the applicability of this approach and choice of experimental parameters are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Vijayan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rongxuan Wang
- Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Zhenyu Kong
- Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Joerg R Jinschek
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Li M, Xie DG, Zhang XX, Yang JC, Shan ZW. Quantifying Real-Time Sample Temperature Under the Gas Environment in the Transmission Electron Microscope Using a Novel MEMS Heater. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:758-766. [PMID: 34018478 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Accurate control and measurement of real-time sample temperature are critical for the understanding and interpretation of the experimental results from in situ heating experiments inside environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM). However, quantifying the real-time sample temperature remains a challenging task for commercial in situ TEM heating devices, especially under gas conditions. In this work, we developed a home-made micro-electrical-mechanical-system (MEMS) heater with unprecedented small temperature gradient and thermal drift, which not only enables the temperature evolution caused by gas injection to be measured in real-time but also makes the key heat dissipation path easier to model to theoretically understand and predict the temperature decrease. A new parameter termed as “gas cooling ability (H)”, determined purely by the physical properties of the gas, can be used to compare and predict the gas-induced temperature decrease by different gases. Our findings can act as a reference for predicting the real temperature for in situ heating experiments without closed-loop temperature sensing capabilities in the gas environment, as well as all gas-related heating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15260, USA
| | - De-Gang Xie
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xi-Xiang Zhang
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Judith C Yang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15260, USA
| | - Zhi-Wei Shan
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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Iwahori T, Mizuno A, Ono A, Uehara Y, Katano S. Thermally and photoinduced structural and chemical changes of a silver nanocube array on Au(111). RSC Adv 2021; 11:15847-15855. [PMID: 35481194 PMCID: PMC9029468 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00830g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the thermally and photoinduced structural and chemical changes of a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-covered silver nanocube (AgNC) array on Au(111). The Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method was utilized to fabricate the highly ordered array of the AgNC monolayer on Au(111). In the Raman spectra obtained at room temperature, sharp vibrational peaks were observed owing to the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect of AgNCs. When AgNCs were annealed, their corners became rounded, followed by their height decrease and lateral expansion. Simultaneously, PVP decomposed into nanocarbons, which were eliminated from the gap between AgNCs. Further annealing AgNCs/Au(111) resulted in obvious decreases in Raman signal intensity and AgNC height due to the sintering of AgNCs. We also confirmed the photochemical transformation of PVP to nanocarbons without the deformation of AgNCs when an intense laser was irradiated on the AgNC surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Iwahori
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan +81-22-217-5498
| | - Ayana Mizuno
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University Hamamatsu 432-8561 Japan
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University Hamamatsu 432-8561 Japan
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University Hamamatsu 432-8011 Japan
| | - Yoichi Uehara
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan +81-22-217-5498
| | - Satoshi Katano
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan +81-22-217-5498
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Gaulandris F, Simonsen SB, Wagner JB, Mølhave K, Muto S, Kuhn LT. Methods for Calibration of Specimen Temperature During In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Experiments. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:3-17. [PMID: 31957636 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619015344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges for in situ heating transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is the ability to measure the local temperature of the specimen accurately. Despite technological improvements in the construction of TEM/STEM heating holders, the problem of being able to measure the real sample temperature is still the subject of considerable discussion. In this study, we review the present literature on methodologies for temperature calibration. We analyze calibration methods that require the use of a thermometric material in addition to the specimen under study, as well as methods that can be performed directly on the specimen of interest without the need for a previous calibration. Finally, an overview of the most important characteristics of all the treated techniques, including temperature ranges and uncertainties, is provided in order to provide an accessory database to consult before an in situ TEM/STEM temperature calibration experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Gaulandris
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmak
| | - Søren B Simonsen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmak
| | - Jakob B Wagner
- DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristian Mølhave
- DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shun Muto
- Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University, 464-8601 Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Luise T Kuhn
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmak
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