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Shi L, Wei C, Jia T, Zhao Y, Liu B. A PCB image segmentation model based on rotational X-ray computed laminography imaging. JOURNAL OF X-RAY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 32:1079-1098. [PMID: 38669512 DOI: 10.3233/xst-240006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid development of industrialization in printed circuit board (PCB) warrants more complexity and integrity, which entails an essential procedure of PCB inspection. X-ray computed laminography (CL) enables inspection of arbitrary regions for large-sized flat objects with high resolution. PCB inspection based on CL imaging is worthy of exploration. OBJECTIVE This work aims to extract PCB circuit layer information based on CL imaging through image segmentation technique. METHODS In this work, an effective and applicable segmentation model for PCB CL images is established for the first time. The model comprises two components, with one integrating edge diffusion and l0 smoothing to filter CL images with aliasing artifacts, and the other being the fuzzy energy-based active contour model driven by local pre-fitting energy to segment the filtered images. RESULT The proposed model is able to suppress aliasing artifacts in the PCB CL images and has good performance on images of different circuit layers. CONCLUSIONS Results of the simulation experiment reveal that the method is capable of accurate segmentation under ideal scanning condition. Testing of different PCBs and comparison of different segmentation methods authenticate the applicability and superiority of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Shi
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Jinan Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Science, Jinan, China
- CAEA Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Nuclear Detection and Imaging, Beijing, China
| | - Cunfeng Wei
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Jinan Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Science, Jinan, China
- CAEA Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Nuclear Detection and Imaging, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Jia
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Jinan Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Science, Jinan, China
- CAEA Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Nuclear Detection and Imaging, Beijing, China
| | - Yunsong Zhao
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Baodong Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Jinan Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Science, Jinan, China
- CAEA Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Nuclear Detection and Imaging, Beijing, China
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Ren X, Zhou Q, Huang J, Xu Z, Liu X. Holographic generation of arbitrary ultrasonic fields by simultaneous modulation of amplitude and phase. ULTRASONICS 2023; 134:107074. [PMID: 37329671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.107074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic holograms have been used widely to generate desired acoustic fields. Following the rapid development of 3D printing technology, the use of holographic lenses has become an efficient method to produce acoustic fields with high resolution and low cost. In this paper, we demonstrate a technique to modulate the amplitude and phase of ultrasonic waves simultaneously using a holographic method with high transmission efficiency and high accuracy. On this basis, we generate an Airy beam with high propagation invariance. We then discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed method when compared with the conventional acoustic holographic method. Finally, we design a sinusoidal curve with a phase gradient and a constant pressure amplitude and realize transport of a particle on a water surface along a curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Ren
- Institute of Acoustics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qinxin Zhou
- Institute of Acoustics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Institute of Acoustics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Institute of Acoustics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Svilainis L, Chaziachmetovas A, Eidukynas V, Alvarez-Arenas TG, Dixon S. Miniature Ferroelectret Microphone Design and Performance Evaluation Using Laser Excitation. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2022; 69:3392-3401. [PMID: 36331636 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2022.3220082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Miniature microphones suitable for measurements of ultrasonic wave field scans in air are expensive or lack sensitivity or do not cover the range beyond 100 kHz. It is essential that they are too large for such fields measurements. The use of a ferroelectret (FE) film is proposed to construct a miniature, needle-style 0.5-mm-diameter sensitive element ultrasonic microphone. FE has an acoustic impedance much closer to that of air compared with other alternatives and is low cost and easy to process. The performance of the microphone was evaluated by measuring the sensitivity area map, directivity, ac response, and calibrating the absolute sensitivity. Another novel contribution here is that the sensitivity map was obtained by scanning the focused beam of a laser diode over the microphone surface, producing thermoelastic ultrasound excitation. The electroacoustic response of the microphone served as a sensitivity indicator at a scan spot. Micrometer scale granularity of the FE sensitivity was revealed in the sensitivity map images. It was also demonstrated that the relative ac response of the microphone can be obtained using pulsed laser beam thermoelastic excitation of the whole microphone surface with a laser diode. The absolute sensitivity calibration was done using the hybrid three-transducer reciprocity technique. A large aperture, air coupled transducer beam was focused onto the microphone surface, using the parabolic off-axis mirror. This measurement validated the laser ac response measurements. The FE microphone performance was compared with biaxially stretched polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) microphone of the same construction.
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Investigation and Enhancement of the Detectability of Flaws with a Coarse Measuring Grid and Air Coupled Ultrasound for NDT of Panel Materials Using the Re-Radiation Method. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10031155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-destructive ultrasonic testing is utilized widely by industries for quality assurance. For sensitive materials or surfaces, non-contact, non-destructive testing methods are in demand. The air-coupled ultrasound (ACU) is one possible solution. This can be used to investigate large, panel-like objects for delaminations and other flaws. For a high detectability, fine measurement grids are required (typically < λ is used), which results in extremely long data acquisition times that are only practicable for laboratory applications. This paper aimed at reducing the required measurement grid points for obtaining high detectability evaluations. The novel method presented in this paper allows a measurement grid that is much coarser than the resulting grid. The method combines a software refinement of the measured data with the Rayleigh–Sommerfeld diffraction integral for the calculation of the pressure distribution on the object’s surface. This result allows the precise prediction of delaminations and flaws in the tested object. The presented method shows a decrease in the total investigation time by up to 98%.
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5
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Yang X, Yin G, Tian Y, Guo J. Generating an Adjustable Focused Field With an Annular Shape Using a Cylindrical Acoustic Transducer Array. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2020; 67:356-364. [PMID: 31562075 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2019.2943345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present the focusing structure of a cylindrical acoustic transducer array consisting of many annular piezoelectric wafer elements operating in the radial vibration mode. Using Huygens' principle, we calculated the delay parameters associated with the excitation signal of each element. Given the respective delay rules, the array transducer produces an adjustable acoustic focused field in the form of a 3-D circular ring. From a theoretical analysis, we designed and fabricated an array transducer with 64 elements and measured its actual field distribution. Simulation and actual experimental results show that the proposed circular cylindrical array transducer controls the annular acoustic focused field well. The sound field intensity of the annular focus region is related to the number of excited array elements, and the radial and axial positions of the annular focus region obey the delay rules of the excitation signal. These acoustic field control methods may be applied in ultrasound detection when scanning a circular sound field.
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Kazys RJ, Vilpisauskas A. Air-Coupled Reception of a Slow Ultrasonic A 0 Mode Wave Propagating in Thin Plastic Film. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20020516. [PMID: 31963343 PMCID: PMC7014481 DOI: 10.3390/s20020516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
At low frequencies, in thin plates the phase velocity of the guided A0 mode can become slower than that of the ultrasound velocity in air. Such waves do not excite leaky waves in the surrounding air, and therefore, it is impossible to excite and receive them by conventional air-coupled methods. The objective of this research was the development of an air-coupled technique for the reception of slow A0 mode in thin plastic films. This study demonstrates the feasibility of picking up a subsonic A0 mode in plastic films by air-coupled ultrasonic arrays. The air-coupled reception was based on an evanescent wave in air accompanying the propagating A0 mode in a film. The efficiency of the reception was enhanced by using a virtual array which was arranged from the data collected by a single air-coupled receiver. The signals measured at the points corresponding to the positions of the phase-matched array were recorded and processed. The transmitting array excited not only the A0 mode in the film, but also a direct wave in air. This wave propagated at ultrasound velocity in air and was faster than the evanescent wave. For efficient reception of the A0 mode, the additional signal-processing procedure based on the application of the 2D Fourier transform in a spatial–temporal domain. The obtained results can be useful for the development of novel air-coupled ultrasonic non-destructive testing techniques.
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Kazys RJ, Mazeika L, Sliteris R, Sestoke J. Air-Coupled Excitation of a Slow A₀ Mode Wave in Thin Plastic Films by an Ultrasonic PMN-32%PT Array. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18093156. [PMID: 30235795 PMCID: PMC6164743 DOI: 10.3390/s18093156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasonic non-destructive testing techniques (NDT) based on the application of guided waves are already used for inspection of plate-type structures made of various materials, including composite materials. Air-coupled ultrasonic techniques are used to test such structures by means of guided waves. The objective of this research was development and investigation of air-coupled excitation of a slow A0 Lamb wave mode in thin plastic films by a PMN-32%PT ultrasonic array. It is known that when the velocity of the A0 mode in the film is less than the ultrasound velocity in air no leaky wave is observed in a surrounding air. It opens new possibilities for NDT of composite structures. The influence of the airborne wave may be eliminated by 3D filtering in a wavenumbers-frequency domain. A special filter and corresponding signals processing technique were developed in order to obtain directivity patterns and velocity maps of the waves propagating in all directions. The measured ultrasound velocity values prove that, with the proposed method, it is possible to excite a slow A0 Lamb wave mode and to separate it from other parasitic waves propagating in air. Measurements of the parameters of the slow A0 mode, such as the propagation velocity in the plastic film, may be applied for the material characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rymantas J Kazys
- Ultrasound Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Liudas Mazeika
- Ultrasound Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Reimondas Sliteris
- Ultrasound Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Justina Sestoke
- Ultrasound Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania.
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Kazys RJ, Vilpisauskas A, Sestoke J. Application of Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Arrays for Excitation of a Slow Antisymmetric Lamb Wave. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E2636. [PMID: 30103507 PMCID: PMC6111595 DOI: 10.3390/s18082636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Air-coupled excitation and reception of ultrasonic guided waves is already used for non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT & E). Usually for air-coupled NDT & E purposes the lowest zero-order antisymmetric Lamb wave mode A₀ is used, because it is most sensitive to internal defects and thickness variations. The velocity of the A₀ mode is reduced with a reducing frequency and at low frequencies may become slower than the ultrasound velocity in air. Such a wave is named a slow Lamb wave. The objective of this research was the development and investigation of an air-coupled excitation method of the slow zero-order antisymmetric Lamb wave based on application of a piezoceramic ultrasonic array. We have proposed to excite the A₀ mode by a planar air-coupled phased array with rectangular elements. The array is matched to the wavelength of the A₀ mode in the film. Performance of such an excitation method was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Two excitation methods of the array were analysed: when all array elements were excited simultaneously or one by one with a proper delay. In order to reduce crosstalk between array elements via the air gap, we have proposed an optimization procedure based on additional shifts of electric excitation impulses of the array elements. For experimental verification of the proposed approach a prototype of the air-coupled eight element array made of Pz-29 piezoceramic strips was manufactured. Experimental validation confirmed the possibility of exciting the slow A₀ Lamb wave mode through the air gap in thin plates and films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rymantas J Kazys
- Ultrasound Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | | | - Justina Sestoke
- Ultrasound Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania.
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9
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Sanabria SJ, Marhenke T, Furrer R, Neuenschwander J. Calculation of Volumetric Sound Field of Pulsed Air-Coupled Ultrasound Transducers Based on Single-Plane Measurements. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2018; 65:72-84. [PMID: 29283349 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2017.2773619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative and reproducible air-coupled ultrasound (ACU) testing requires characterization of the volumetric pressure fields radiated by ACU probes. In this paper, a closed-form reradiation method combining the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld integral and time-reversal acoustics is proposed, which allows calculation of both near- field and far-field based on a single-plane measurement. The method was validated for both 3-D (circular, square) and 2-D (rectangular) planar transducers in the 50-230 kHz range. The pressure fields were scanned with a calibrated microphone. The measurement window was at least four times the size of the transducer area and the grid step size was one third of the wavelength. Best results were observed by acquiring the measurement plane at near-field distance. The method accurately reproduces pulsed ultrasound waveforms and pressure distributions (RMSE <2.5% in far field and <5.5% in near field), even at the transducer radiation surface. The effects of speed of sound drifts during the scan in the pressure were negligible (RMSE <0.3%). The reradiation method clearly outperforms conventional baffled piston models. Possible applications are transducer manufacture control (imperfections at radiation surface) and calibration (on-axis pressure, side lobes, and beamwidth) together with generation of accurate source functions for quantitative nondestructive evaluation inverse problems.
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10
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Devendran C, Gunasekara NR, Collins DJ, Neild A. Batch process particle separation using surface acoustic waves (SAW): integration of travelling and standing SAW. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26965b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acoustic fields are described incorporating travelling and standing wave components to perform size-deterministic particle sorting. This is achieved without the need for fluid flow allowing application to very small volumes in a batch-wise system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citsabehsan Devendran
- Laboratory for Micro Systems
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Nipuna R. Gunasekara
- Laboratory for Micro Systems
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - David J. Collins
- Engineering Product Design Pillar
- Singapore University of Technology and Design
- Singapore
| | - Adrian Neild
- Laboratory for Micro Systems
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
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Abstract
This article presents a review of air-coupled ultrasonics employed in the characterization or nondestructive inspection of industrial materials. Developments in air-coupled transduction and electronics are briefly treated, although the emphasis here is on methods of characterization and inspection, and in overcoming limitations inherent in the use of such a tenuous sound coupling medium as air. The role of Lamb waves in plate characterization is covered, including the use of air-coupled acoustic beams to measure the elastic and/or viscoelastic properties of a material. Air-coupled acoustic detection, when other methods are employed to generate high-amplitude sound beams is also reviewed. Applications to civil engineering, acoustic tomography, and the characterization of both paper and wood are dealt with here. A brief summary of developments in air-coupled acoustic arrays and the application of air-coupled methods in nonlinear ultrasonics complete the review. In particular, the work of Professor Bernard Hosten and his collaborators at Bordeaux is carefully examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Chimenti
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Center for Nondestructive Evaluation, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-2271, USA.
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12
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Flückiger M, Neild A, Nelson BJ. Optimization of receiver arrangements for passive emitter localization methods. ULTRASONICS 2012; 52:447-455. [PMID: 22112792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Passive localization of an object from its emission can be based on time difference of arrival or phase shift measurements for different receiver groups in sensor arrays. The accuracy of the localization primarily depends on accurate time and/or phase measurements. The frequency of the emission and the number and arrangement of the receivers mainly effect the resolution of the emitter localization. In this paper optimal receiver positions for passive localization methods are proposed, resulting in a maximal resolution for the emitter location estimate. The optimization is done by analyzing the uncertainty of the emitted signal, including its frequency. The technique has been developed specifically for ultrasound signals obtained from omnidirectional transducers, although the results apply for other application using passive localization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Flückiger
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Hutchins DA, Billson DR, Bradley RJ, Ho KS. Structural health monitoring using polymer-based capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs). ULTRASONICS 2011; 51:870-877. [PMID: 21624626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Transducers based on a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) design have been fabricated using a rapid prototyping technique. This results in a device that is constructed principally from polymers, in a process which is simple and inexpensive. The resultant devices can be attached to the surfaces of solids. Their peak sensitivity is in the 80-100 kHz range, making them ideal for applications such as acoustic emission and structural health monitoring. Good low frequency sensitivity leads to applications in vibration monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Hutchins
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
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