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Huang J, Chen P, Li R, Fu K, Wang Y, Duan J, Li Z. Systematic Evaluation of Ultrasonic In-Line Inspection Techniques for Oil and Gas Pipeline Defects Based on Bibliometric Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2699. [PMID: 38732805 PMCID: PMC11085684 DOI: 10.3390/s24092699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The global reliance on oil and gas pipelines for energy transportation is increasing. As the pioneering review in the field of ultrasonic defect detection for oil and gas pipelines based on bibliometric methods, this study employs visual analysis to identify the most influential countries, academic institutions, and journals in this domain. Through cluster analysis, it determines the primary trends, research hotspots, and future directions in this critical field. Starting from the current global industrial ultrasonic in-line inspection (ILI) detection level, this paper provides a flowchart for selecting detection methods and a table for defect comparison, detailing the comparative performance limits of different detection devices. It offers a comprehensive perspective on the latest ultrasonic pipeline detection technology from laboratory experiments to industrial practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- College of Mechanical and Storage and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China;
- General Research Institute, China Oil & Gas Pipeline Network Corporation, Langfang 065000, China; (P.C.); (R.L.); (K.F.); (Y.W.); (J.D.)
| | - Pengchao Chen
- General Research Institute, China Oil & Gas Pipeline Network Corporation, Langfang 065000, China; (P.C.); (R.L.); (K.F.); (Y.W.); (J.D.)
| | - Rui Li
- General Research Institute, China Oil & Gas Pipeline Network Corporation, Langfang 065000, China; (P.C.); (R.L.); (K.F.); (Y.W.); (J.D.)
| | - Kuan Fu
- General Research Institute, China Oil & Gas Pipeline Network Corporation, Langfang 065000, China; (P.C.); (R.L.); (K.F.); (Y.W.); (J.D.)
| | - Yanan Wang
- General Research Institute, China Oil & Gas Pipeline Network Corporation, Langfang 065000, China; (P.C.); (R.L.); (K.F.); (Y.W.); (J.D.)
| | - Jinyao Duan
- General Research Institute, China Oil & Gas Pipeline Network Corporation, Langfang 065000, China; (P.C.); (R.L.); (K.F.); (Y.W.); (J.D.)
| | - Zhenlin Li
- College of Mechanical and Storage and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China;
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2
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Weng C, Gu X, Jin H. Coded Excitation for Ultrasonic Testing: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2167. [PMID: 38610378 PMCID: PMC11014118 DOI: 10.3390/s24072167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Originating in the early 20th century, ultrasonic testing has found increasingly extensive applications in medicine, industry, and materials science. Achieving both a high signal-to-noise ratio and high efficiency is crucial in ultrasonic testing. The former means an increase in imaging clarity as well as the detection depth, while the latter facilitates a faster refresh of the image. It is difficult to balance these two indicators with a conventional short pulse to excite the probe, so in general handling methods, these two factors have a trade-off. To solve the above problems, coded excitation (CE) can increase the pulse duration and offers great potential to improve the signal-to-noise ratio with equivalent or even higher efficiency. In this paper, we first review the fundamentals of CE, including signal modulation, signal transmission, signal reception, pulse compression, and optimization methods. Then, we introduce the application of CE in different areas of ultrasonic testing, with a focus on industrial bulk wave single-probe detection, industrial guided wave detection, industrial bulk wave phased array detection, and medical phased array imaging. Finally, we point out the advantages as well as a few future directions of CE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haoran Jin
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (C.W.); (X.G.)
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3
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Jiang C, Li Z, Zhang Z, Wang S. A New Design to Rayleigh Wave EMAT Based on Spatial Pulse Compression. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3943. [PMID: 37112283 PMCID: PMC10146980 DOI: 10.3390/s23083943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The main disadvantage of the electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) is low energy-conversion efficiency and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This problem can be improved by pulse compression technology in the time domain. In this paper, a new coil structure with unequal spacing was proposed for a Rayleigh wave EMAT (RW-EMAT) to replace the conventional meander line coil with equal spacing, which allows the signal to be compressed in the spatial domain. Linear and nonlinear wavelength modulations were analyzed to design the unequal spacing coil. Based on this, the performance of the new coil structure was analyzed by the autocorrelation function. Finite element simulation and experiments proved the feasibility of the spatial pulse compression coil. The experimental results show that the received signal amplitude is increased by 2.3~2.6 times, the signal with a width of 20 μs could be compressed into a δ-like pulse of less than 0.25 μs and the SNR is increased by 7.1-10.1 dB. These indicate that the proposed new RW-EMAT can effectively enhance the strength, time resolution and SNR of the received signal.
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Tang J, Zhu W, Qiu X, Song A, Xiang Y, Xuan FZ. Non-contact phase coded excitation of ultrasonic Lamb wave for blind hole inspection. ULTRASONICS 2022; 119:106606. [PMID: 34627027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2021.106606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The combination of air-coupled ultrasonic testing (ACUT) and ultrasonic Lamb wave is featured with long-distance propagation and high sensitivity to discontinuities, which is a promising method for rapid and accurate inspection of plate-like materials and lightweighted structures. However, dispersive nature of Lamb wave, signal attenuation plus inevitable noises would lead to low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To address this problem, phase coded excitation and pulse compression technique are proposed in this paper to achieve higher SNR by over 10 dB in received signals. 13-bit and 1-carrier-period Barker code is employed as both main lobe peak and Peak Side-lobe Level (PSL) are relatively high. It is demonstrated that A0 mode Lamb wave has good localization ability for defects based on these SNR-enhanced signals. Furthermore, Damage Index (DI) and modified Reconstruction Algorithm for the Probabilistic Inspection of Damage (RAPID) are applied to realize ultrasonic imaging based defect evaluation. Results show that the imaging results agree well with the actual artificial defects in terms of size and shape. Lamb-wave-based air-coupled ultrasonic testing, combined with DI and ultrasonic imaging algorithm, could be a potential way in the NDT of lightweighted structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pressure Systems and Safety of MOE, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Wujun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pressure Systems and Safety of MOE, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Xunlin Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Pressure Systems and Safety of MOE, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Ailing Song
- Key Laboratory of Pressure Systems and Safety of MOE, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yanxun Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Pressure Systems and Safety of MOE, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Fu-Zhen Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Pressure Systems and Safety of MOE, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Chen H, Chow CL, Lau D. Deterioration Mechanisms and Advanced Inspection Technologies of Aluminum Windows. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:354. [PMID: 35009501 PMCID: PMC8746013 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum windows are crucial components of building envelopes since they connect the indoor space to the external environment. Various external causes degrade or harm the functioning of aluminum windows. In this regard, inspecting the performance of aluminum windows is a necessary task to keep buildings healthy. This review illustrates the deterioration mechanisms of aluminum windows under various environmental conditions with an intention to provide comprehensive information for developing damage protection and inspection technologies. The illustrations reveal that moisture and chloride ions have the most detrimental effect on deteriorating aluminum windows in the long run, while mechanical loads can damage aluminum windows in a sudden manner. In addition, multiple advanced inspection techniques potential to benefit assessing aluminum window health state are discussed in order to help tackle the efficiency problem of traditional visual inspection. The comparison among those techniques demonstrates that infrared thermography can help acquire a preliminary defect profile of inspected windows, whereas ultrasonic phased arrays technology demonstrates a high level of competency in analyzing comprehensive defect information. This review also discusses the challenges in the scarcity of nanoscale corrosion information for insightful understandings of aluminum window corrosion and reliable window inspection tools for lifespan prediction. In this regard, molecular dynamics simulation and artificial intelligence technology are recommended as promising tools for better revealing the deterioration mechanisms and advancing inspection techniques, respectively, for future directions. It is envisioned that this paper will help upgrade the aluminum window inspection scheme and contribute to driving the construction of intelligent and safe cities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denvid Lau
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (H.C.); (C.L.C.)
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Li X, Dai Z, Zhang G, Zhang S, Jeong H. Determining the Responsivity of Air-Coupled Piezoelectric Transducers Using a Comparative Method: Theory and Experiments. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2021; 68:3114-3125. [PMID: 34224350 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3084756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The responsivity of an ultrasonic transducer is an important parameter in evaluating its effective frequency band, the electroacoustic conversion efficiency, and the measurement capability of the system. The determination of the responsivity of a traditional immersion or contact piezoelectric transducer has been well investigated. However, due to the high attenuation of waves propagating in air and the large acoustic impedance mismatch between the active piezoceramic material and the load medium, there are few reports of the calibration of an air-coupled piezoelectric transducer. In this work, we present a comparative method of measuring the responsivity of an air-coupled transducer: the air-coupled transducer is used to receive a broadband pulse signal to evaluate its frequency spectrum, and a toneburst signal with known vibration displacement is measured by the air-coupled transducer in order to calibrate the amplitude of the responsivity. The effects of transmitter responsivity, input pulse characteristics, attenuation, and diffraction are taken into account to improve the accuracy of the responsivity determination. In addition, the measurement of the amplitude of the responsivity by comparing the measured displacements avoids the complicated task of characterizing the effects of electrical equipment. The determined responsivity is checked by comparing the measured displacements using different methods at different frequencies in order to evaluate its frequency spectrum and by measuring the nonlinearity parameters of the material to evaluate its amplitude. The agreement between results obtained using different methods demonstrates that the calibrated responsivity of the air-coupled transducer is valid, and the proposed method is effective.
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Herman K, Gudra T, Opieliński K, Banasiak D, Budzik T, Risso N. A Study of a Parametric Method for the Snow Reflection Coefficient Estimation Using Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Waves. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:s20154267. [PMID: 32751775 PMCID: PMC7436006 DOI: 10.3390/s20154267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a method for estimating snow pressure reflection coefficient based on non-contact ultrasound examination is described. A constant frequency and air-coupled ultrasound pulses were used in this study, which incorporates a parametric method for reflected energy estimation. The experimental part was carried out in situ in the Antarctic, where the snow parameters were measured along with meteorological data. The proposed method represents a promising alternative for estimating the snow-water equivalent, since it uses a parametric approach, which does not require measurements of absolute values for acoustic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Herman
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of the Bio Bio, Concepción 4081112, Chile;
| | - Tadeusz Gudra
- Department of Acoustics and Multimedia, Faculty of Electronics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (T.G.); (K.O.)
| | - Krzysztof Opieliński
- Department of Acoustics and Multimedia, Faculty of Electronics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (T.G.); (K.O.)
| | - Dariusz Banasiak
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Wroclaw University of Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Budzik
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Nathalie Risso
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of the Bio Bio, Concepción 4081112, Chile;
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Li H, Zhou Z. Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Fluid-Solid Coupling-Based Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Detection of Stomata Defect of Lithium-Ion Battery. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19102391. [PMID: 31130609 PMCID: PMC6566931 DOI: 10.3390/s19102391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at the characteristics of the periodic stacking structure of a lithium-ion battery core and the corresponding relationship between the air-coupled ultrasonic transmission initial wave and the wave propagation mode in each layer medium of a lithium-ion battery, the homogenized finite element model of a lithium-ion battery was developed based on the theory of pressure acoustics and solid mechanics. This model provided a reliable method and basis for solving the visualization of ultrasonic propagation in a lithium-ion battery and the analysis of ultrasonic time-frequency domain characteristics. The finite element simulation analysis and experimental verification of a lithium-ion battery with a near-surface stomata defect, near-bottom stomata defect and middle-layer stomata defect were performed. The results showed that the air-coupled ultrasonic transmission signal can effectively characterize the stomata defect inside a lithium-ion battery. The energy of an air-coupled ultrasonic transmission signal is concentrated between 350–450 kHz, and the acoustic diffraction effect has an important influence on the effect of the ultrasonic and stomata defect. Based on the amplitude response characteristics of the air-coupled ultrasonic transmission wave in the stomata defect area, a C-scan of the lithium-ion battery was performed. The C-scan result verified that air-coupled ultrasonic testing technology can accurately and effectively detect the pre-embedded stomata defect and natural stomata defect in a lithium-ion battery, which is able to promote and expand the application of the technology in the field of electric energy security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Aero-Engine (CICAAE), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Zhenggan Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Aero-Engine (CICAAE), Beijing 100083, China.
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Li J, Piwakowski B. Time domain model and experimental validation of non-contact surface wave scanner. ULTRASONICS 2019; 94:242-263. [PMID: 30337108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a time-domain model for the prediction of acoustic field in an air-coupled, non-contact, ultrasonic surface wave scanner, which includes an air-coupled Emitter, the Propagation space, and an air-coupled Receiver (EPR). The computation is divided into three steps, with each step being modeled in the time domain by its spatio-temporal transfer function. The latter are then used in turn, to find the pulse response of the overall system. The model takes the finite size of the aperture receiver, the attenuation in both air and the tested solid sample, as well as the electric response of the emitter-receiver set he into account. The attenuation is characterized by a causal time-domain Green's function, allowing wideband attenuation of a lossy medium, obeying the power law αω=α0ωη,0⩽η⩽2, to be used. The model is implemented numerically using a Discrete Representation approach. It is then validated quantitatively by comparing the predicted acoustic field with experiment. The prediction error for three typical field features, the system's impulse response, the on-axis field distribution, and the directivity pattern, is globally smaller than 3%. In order to obtain this high level of accuracy in the model, the parameters characterizing the solid sample used during the experiment were measured experimentally, with a specifically developed experimental setup. Overall, the proposed model is approximately 100 times faster than 3D FEM with an equivalent spatio-temporal resolution. In parallel, a simplified model is proposed, which neglects the attenuation in air and assumes the emitter inclination angle to be perfectly adjusted. This approach makes it possible to further shorten the computational time by a factor of about ten, whilst maintaining good accuracy. Thanks to its computational efficiency, the proposed model can be used to formulate various recommendations concerning the scanner settings, in particular the inclination angles of the emitter and receiver, and their distance from the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Li
- Nuclear Power Institute of China, 610213 Chengdu, China; IEMN TPIA UMR CNRS 8520, Ecole Centrale de Lille, BP 48, 59651 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
| | - Bogdan Piwakowski
- IEMN TPIA UMR CNRS 8520, Ecole Centrale de Lille, BP 48, 59651 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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Detection and Characterization of Debonding Defects in Aeronautical Honeycomb Sandwich Composites Using Noncontact Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Testing Technique. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The finite models of honeycomb sandwich composite with intact and embedded debonding defects are constructed. The sound pressure in fluid domain and the stress strain problem in solid domain are related by acoustic-structure coupling method, which visually shows the propagation process and modal characteristics of the acoustic wave inside the honeycomb sandwich composite. The simulation results show that the transmission longitudinal wave T1 (transmission initial wave) can effectively characterize debonding defects of honeycomb sandwich composite. However, in the actual detection of honeycomb sandwich composite, there are some problems, such as poor Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of received signal, incognizable transmission initial wave. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes to apply polyphase coded pulse compression technique to air-coupled ultrasonic testing system. The actual test results show that the SNR of received signal is effectively improved, the transmission initial wave can be effectively identified, and the compressed signal has a good response to debonding defect. The air-coupled ultrasonic testing C scan result of honeycomb sandwich composite verifies the rationality and correctness of the theoretical simulation and signal processing technique, which promotes industrial application of air-coupled ultrasonic testing technique in the aerospace field.
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