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Haugse R, Langer A, Murvold ET, Costea DE, Gjertsen BT, Gilja OH, Kotopoulis S, Ruiz de Garibay G, McCormack E. Low-Intensity Sonoporation-Induced Intracellular Signalling of Pancreatic Cancer Cells, Fibroblasts and Endothelial Cells. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111058. [PMID: 33171947 PMCID: PMC7694645 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of ultrasound (US) and microbubbles (MB), usually referred to as sonoporation, has great potential to increase the efficacy of chemotherapy. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate sonoporation response are not well-known, and recent research suggests that cell stress induced by US + MBs may contribute to the treatment benefit. Furthermore, there is a growing understanding that the effects of US + MBs are beyond only the cancer cells and involves the tumour vasculature and microenvironment. We treated pancreatic cancer cells (MIA PaCa-2) and stromal cells, fibroblasts (BJ) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), with US ± MB, and investigated the extent of uptake of cell impermeable dye (calcein, by flow cytometry), viability (cell count, Annexin/PI and WST-1 assays) and activation of a number of key proteins in important intracellular signalling pathways immediately and 2 h after sonoporation (phospho flow cytometry). Different cell types responded differently to US ± MBs in all these aspects. In general, sonoporation induces immediate, transient activation of MAP-kinases (p38, ERK1/2), and an increase in phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 together with dephosphorylation of 4E-BP1. The sonoporation stress-response resembles cellular responses to electroporation and pore-forming toxins in membrane repair and restoring cellular homeostasis, and may be exploited therapeutically. The stromal cells were more sensitive to sonoporation than tumoural cells, and further efforts in optimising sonoporation-enhanced therapy should be targeted at the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnhild Haugse
- Centre for Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Science, The University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- Department of Quality and Development, Hospital Pharmacies Enterprise in Western Norway, Møllendalsbakken 9, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, The University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (A.L.); (D.E.C.); (B.T.G.); (G.R.d.G.)
| | - Anika Langer
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, The University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (A.L.); (D.E.C.); (B.T.G.); (G.R.d.G.)
| | - Elisa Thodesen Murvold
- KinN Therapeutics AS, Jonas Lies vei 91B, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (O.H.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Daniela Elena Costea
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, The University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (A.L.); (D.E.C.); (B.T.G.); (G.R.d.G.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (O.H.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Bjørn Tore Gjertsen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, The University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (A.L.); (D.E.C.); (B.T.G.); (G.R.d.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Odd Helge Gilja
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (O.H.G.); (S.K.)
- National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Spiros Kotopoulis
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (O.H.G.); (S.K.)
- National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- EXACT Therapeutics AS, Ullernchausseen 64, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gorka Ruiz de Garibay
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, The University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (A.L.); (D.E.C.); (B.T.G.); (G.R.d.G.)
| | - Emmet McCormack
- Centre for Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Science, The University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- Department of Quality and Development, Hospital Pharmacies Enterprise in Western Norway, Møllendalsbakken 9, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, The University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (A.L.); (D.E.C.); (B.T.G.); (G.R.d.G.)
- KinN Therapeutics AS, Jonas Lies vei 91B, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- Department of Clinical Science, The University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence:
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Bjånes TK, Jordheim LP, Schjøtt J, Kamceva T, Cros-Perrial E, Langer A, Ruiz de Garibay G, Kotopoulis S, McCormack E, Riedel B. Intracellular Cytidine Deaminase Regulates Gemcitabine Metabolism in Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:153-158. [PMID: 31871136 PMCID: PMC11022907 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.089334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytidine deaminase (CDA) is a determinant of in vivo gemcitabine elimination kinetics and cellular toxicity. The impact of CDA activity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines has not been elucidated. We hypothesized that CDA regulates gemcitabine flux through its inactivation and activation pathways in PDAC cell lines. Three PDAC cell lines (BxPC-3, MIA PaCa-2, and PANC-1) were incubated with 10 or 100 µM gemcitabine for 60 minutes or 24 hours, with or without tetrahydrouridine, a CDA inhibitor. Extracellular inactive gemcitabine metabolite (dFdU) and intracellular active metabolite (dFdCTP) were quantified with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Cellular expression of CDA was assessed with real-time PCR and Western blot. Gemcitabine conversion to dFdU was extensive in BxPC-3 and low in MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1, in accordance with their respective CDA expression levels. CDA inhibition was associated with low or undetectable dFdU in all three cell lines. After 24 hours gemcitabine incubation, dFdCTP was highest in MIA PaCa-2 and lowest in BxPC-3. CDA inhibition resulted in a profound dFdCTP increase in BxPC-3 but not in MIA PaCa-2 or PANC-1. dFdCTP concentrations were not higher after exposure to 100 versus 10 µM gemcitabine when CDA activities were low (MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1) or inhibited (BxPC-3). The results suggest a regulatory role of CDA for gemcitabine activation in PDAC cells but within limits related to the capacity in the activation pathway in the cell lines. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The importance of cytidine deaminase (CDA) for cellular gemcitabine toxicity, linking a lower activity to higher toxicity, is well described. An underlying assumption is that CDA, by inactivating gemcitabine, limits the amount available for the intracellular activation pathway. Our study is the first to illustrate this regulatory role of CDA in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines by quantifying intracellular and extracellular gemcitabine metabolite concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tormod K Bjånes
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology (T.K.B., J.S., T.K., B.R.) and National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology (S.K.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine (T.K.B., J.S., A.L., G.R.G., E.M., B.R.), Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science (A.L., G.R.G., E.M.), and Department of Clinical Medicine (S.K.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France (L.P.J., E.C.-P.); and Phoenix Solutions AS, Oslo, Norway (S.K.)
| | - Lars Petter Jordheim
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology (T.K.B., J.S., T.K., B.R.) and National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology (S.K.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine (T.K.B., J.S., A.L., G.R.G., E.M., B.R.), Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science (A.L., G.R.G., E.M.), and Department of Clinical Medicine (S.K.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France (L.P.J., E.C.-P.); and Phoenix Solutions AS, Oslo, Norway (S.K.)
| | - Jan Schjøtt
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology (T.K.B., J.S., T.K., B.R.) and National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology (S.K.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine (T.K.B., J.S., A.L., G.R.G., E.M., B.R.), Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science (A.L., G.R.G., E.M.), and Department of Clinical Medicine (S.K.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France (L.P.J., E.C.-P.); and Phoenix Solutions AS, Oslo, Norway (S.K.)
| | - Tina Kamceva
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology (T.K.B., J.S., T.K., B.R.) and National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology (S.K.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine (T.K.B., J.S., A.L., G.R.G., E.M., B.R.), Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science (A.L., G.R.G., E.M.), and Department of Clinical Medicine (S.K.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France (L.P.J., E.C.-P.); and Phoenix Solutions AS, Oslo, Norway (S.K.)
| | - Emeline Cros-Perrial
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology (T.K.B., J.S., T.K., B.R.) and National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology (S.K.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine (T.K.B., J.S., A.L., G.R.G., E.M., B.R.), Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science (A.L., G.R.G., E.M.), and Department of Clinical Medicine (S.K.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France (L.P.J., E.C.-P.); and Phoenix Solutions AS, Oslo, Norway (S.K.)
| | - Anika Langer
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology (T.K.B., J.S., T.K., B.R.) and National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology (S.K.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine (T.K.B., J.S., A.L., G.R.G., E.M., B.R.), Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science (A.L., G.R.G., E.M.), and Department of Clinical Medicine (S.K.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France (L.P.J., E.C.-P.); and Phoenix Solutions AS, Oslo, Norway (S.K.)
| | - Gorka Ruiz de Garibay
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology (T.K.B., J.S., T.K., B.R.) and National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology (S.K.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine (T.K.B., J.S., A.L., G.R.G., E.M., B.R.), Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science (A.L., G.R.G., E.M.), and Department of Clinical Medicine (S.K.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France (L.P.J., E.C.-P.); and Phoenix Solutions AS, Oslo, Norway (S.K.)
| | - Spiros Kotopoulis
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology (T.K.B., J.S., T.K., B.R.) and National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology (S.K.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine (T.K.B., J.S., A.L., G.R.G., E.M., B.R.), Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science (A.L., G.R.G., E.M.), and Department of Clinical Medicine (S.K.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France (L.P.J., E.C.-P.); and Phoenix Solutions AS, Oslo, Norway (S.K.)
| | - Emmet McCormack
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology (T.K.B., J.S., T.K., B.R.) and National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology (S.K.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine (T.K.B., J.S., A.L., G.R.G., E.M., B.R.), Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science (A.L., G.R.G., E.M.), and Department of Clinical Medicine (S.K.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France (L.P.J., E.C.-P.); and Phoenix Solutions AS, Oslo, Norway (S.K.)
| | - Bettina Riedel
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology (T.K.B., J.S., T.K., B.R.) and National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology (S.K.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine (T.K.B., J.S., A.L., G.R.G., E.M., B.R.), Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science (A.L., G.R.G., E.M.), and Department of Clinical Medicine (S.K.), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France (L.P.J., E.C.-P.); and Phoenix Solutions AS, Oslo, Norway (S.K.)
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Bjånes T, Kotopoulis S, Murvold ET, Kamčeva T, Gjertsen BT, Gilja OH, Schjøtt J, Riedel B, McCormack E. Ultrasound- and Microbubble-Assisted Gemcitabine Delivery to Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020141. [PMID: 32046005 PMCID: PMC7076495 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a major cause of cancer death worldwide. Poor drug delivery to tumours is thought to limit chemotherapeutic treatment efficacy. Sonoporation combines ultrasound (US) and microbubbles to increase the permeability of cell membranes. We assessed gemcitabine uptake combined with sonoporation in vitro in three PDAC cell lines (BxPC-3, MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1). Cells were cultured in hypoxic bioreactors, while gemcitabine incubation ± sonoporation was conducted in cells with operational or inhibited nucleoside membrane transporters. Intracellular active metabolite (dFdCTP), extracellular gemcitabine, and inactive metabolite (dFdU) concentrations were measured with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Sonoporation with increasing US intensities resulted in decreasing extracellular gemcitabine concentrations in all three cell lines with inhibited membrane transporters. In cells with inhibited membrane transporters, without sonoporation, dFdCTP concentrations were reduced down to 10% of baseline. Sonoporation partially restored gemcitabine uptake in these cells, as indicated by a moderate increase in dFdCTP concentrations (up to 37% of baseline) in MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1. In BxPC-3, gemcitabine was effectively inactivated to dFdU, which might represent a protective mechanism against dFdCTP accumulation in these cells. Intracellular dFdCTP concentrations did not change significantly following sonoporation in any of the cell lines with operational membrane transporters, indicating that the gemcitabine activation pathway may have been saturated with the drug. Sonoporation allowed a moderate increase in gemcitabine transmembrane uptake in all three cell lines, but pre-existing nucleoside transporters were the major determinants of gemcitabine uptake and retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tormod Bjånes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway; (T.K.); (J.S.); (B.R.)
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway;
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Spiros Kotopoulis
- Phoenix Solutions AS, Ullernchausseen 64, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
- National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | | | - Tina Kamčeva
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway; (T.K.); (J.S.); (B.R.)
| | - Bjørn Tore Gjertsen
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - Odd Helge Gilja
- National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - Jan Schjøtt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway; (T.K.); (J.S.); (B.R.)
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway;
| | - Bettina Riedel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway; (T.K.); (J.S.); (B.R.)
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway;
| | - Emmet McCormack
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway;
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (E.M.)
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