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Liu J, You Q, Liang F, Ma L, Zhu L, Wang C, Yang Y. Ultrasound-nanovesicles interplay for theranostics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 205:115176. [PMID: 38199256 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Nanovesicles (NVs) are widely used in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases due to their excellent vascular permeability, good biocompatibility, high loading capacity, and easy functionalization. However, their yield and in vivo penetration depth limitations and their complex preparation processes still constrain their application and development. Ultrasound, as a fundamental external stimulus with deep tissue penetration, concentrated energy sources, and good safety, has been proven to be a patient-friendly and highly efficient strategy to overcome the restrictions of traditional clinical medicine. Recent research has shown that ultrasound can drive the generation of NVs, increase their yield, simplify their preparation process, and provide direct therapeutic effects and intelligent control to enhance the therapeutic effect of NVs. In addition, NVs, as excellent drug carriers, can enhance the targeting efficiency of ultrasound-based sonodynamic therapy or sonogenetic regulation and improve the accuracy of ultrasound imaging. This review provides a detailed introduction to the classification, generation, and modification strategies of NVs, emphasizing the impact of ultrasound on the formation of NVs and summarizing the enhanced treatment and diagnostic effects of NVs combined with ultrasound for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing You
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fuming Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lilusi Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yanlian Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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2
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He M, Jin Q, Deng C, Fu W, Xu J, Xu L, Song Y, Wang R, Wang W, Wang L, Zhou W, Jing B, Chen Y, Gao T, Xie M, Zhang L. Amplification of Plasma MicroRNAs for Non-invasive Early Detection of Acute Rejection after Heart Transplantation With Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2023; 49:1647-1657. [PMID: 37120328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute rejection (AR) screening has always been the focus of patient management in the first several years after heart transplantation (HT). As potential biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis of AR, microRNAs (miRNAs) are limited by their low abundance and complex origin. Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) technique could temporarily alter vascular permeability through cavitation. We hypothesized that increasing the permeability of myocardial vessels might enhance the abundance of circulating AR-related miRNAs, thus enabling the non-invasive monitoring of AR. METHODS The Evans blue assay was applied to determine efficient UTMD parameters. Blood biochemistry and echocardiographic indicators were used to ensure the safety of the UTMD. AR of the HT model was constructed using Brown-Norway and Lewis rats. Grafted hearts were sonicated with UTMD on postoperative day (POD) 3. The polymerase chain reaction was used to identify upregulated miRNA biomarkers in graft tissues and their relative amounts in the blood. RESULTS Amounts of six kinds of plasma miRNA, including miR-142-3p, miR-181a-5p, miR-326-3p, miR-182, miR-155-5p and miR-223-3p, were 10.89 ± 1.36, 13.54 ± 2.15, 9.84 ± 0.70, 8.55 ± 2.00, 12.50 ± 3.96 and 11.02 ± 3.47 times higher in the UTMD group than those in the control group on POD 3. Plasma miRNA abundance in the allograft group without UTMD did not differ from that in the isograft group on POD 3. After FK506 treatment, no miRNAs increased in the plasma after UTMD. CONCLUSION UTMD can promote the transfer of AR-related miRNAs from grafted heart tissue to the blood, allowing non-invasive early detection of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrong He
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiaofeng Jin
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Deng
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenpei Fu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Yishu Song
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenyuan Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Lufang Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Wuqi Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Boping Jing
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Yihan Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Tang Gao
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingxing Xie
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China.
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3
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Teenan O, Sahni V, Henderson RB, Conway BR, Moran CM, Hughes J, Denby L. Sonoporation of Human Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells In Vitro to Enhance the Liberation of Intracellular miRNA Biomarkers. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2022; 48:1019-1032. [PMID: 35307235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound has previously been demonstrated to non-invasively cause tissue disruption. Small animal studies have demonstrated that this effect can be enhanced by contrast microbubbles and has the potential to be clinically beneficial in techniques such as targeted drug delivery or enhancing liquid biopsies when a physical biopsy may be inappropriate. Cavitating microbubbles in close proximity to cells increases membrane permeability, allowing small intracellular molecules to leak into the extracellular space. This study sought to establish whether cavitating microbubbles could liberate cell-specific miRNAs, augmenting biomarker detection for non-invasive liquid biopsies. Insonating human polarized renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs), in the presence of SonoVue microbubbles, revealed that cellular health could be maintained while achieving the release of miRNAs, miR-21, miR-30e, miR-192 and miR-194 (respectively, 10.9-fold, 7.17-fold, 5.95-fold and 5.36-fold). To examine the mechanism of release, RPTECs expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein were generated and the protein successfully liberated. Cell polarization, cellular phenotype and cell viability after sonoporation were measured by a number of techniques. Ultrastructural studies using electron microscopy showed gap-junction disruption and pore formation on cellular surfaces. These studies revealed that cell-specific miRNAs can be non-specifically liberated from RPTECs by sonoporation without a significant decrease in cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Teenan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vishal Sahni
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medical Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | | | - Bryan R Conway
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carmel M Moran
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeremy Hughes
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Laura Denby
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.
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4
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LENG X, HUANG G, MA F, DING J. Correlation between the characteristics of ultrasonic contrast and the regional distribution of tumor vascular heterogeneity in breast cancer. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.40320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling LENG
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Guofu HUANG
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Fucheng MA
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Jianbing DING
- College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, China
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5
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Abstract
Although blood-based liquid biopsies have emerged as a promising non-invasive method to detect biomarkers in various cancers, limited progress has been made for brain tumors. One major obstacle is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which hinders efficient passage of tumor biomarkers into the peripheral circulation. The objective of this study was to determine whether FUS in combination with microbubbles can enhance the release of biomarkers from the brain tumor to the blood circulation. Two glioblastoma tumor models (U87 and GL261), developed by intracranial injection of respective enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-transduced glioblastoma cells, were treated by FUS in the presence of systemically injected microbubbles. Effect of FUS on plasma eGFP mRNA levels was determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. eGFP mRNA were only detectable in the FUS-treated U87 mice and undetectable in the untreated U87 mice (maximum cycle number set to 40). This finding was replicated in GL261 mice across three different acoustic pressures. The circulating levels of eGFP mRNA were 1,500-4,800 fold higher in the FUS-treated GL261 mice than that of the untreated mice for the three acoustic pressures. This study demonstrated the feasibility of FUS-enabled brain tumor liquid biopsies in two different murine glioma models across different acoustic pressures.
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6
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D’Souza AL, Chevillet JR, Ghanouni P, Yan X, Tewari M, Gambhir SS. Tumor characterization by ultrasound-release of multiple protein and microRNA biomarkers, preclinical and clinical evidence. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194268. [PMID: 29547636 PMCID: PMC5856340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that low frequency ultrasound can release biomarkers from cells into the murine circulation enabling an amplification and localization of the released biomarker that could be used as a blood-based method to detect cancer earlier and monitor therapy. In this study, we further demonstrate that this technique could be used for characterization of tumors and/or identification of cellular masses of unknown origin due to the release of multiple protein and nucleic acid biomarkers in cells in culture, mice and patients. We sonicated colon (LS174T) and prostate (LNCaP) cancer cell lines in culture at a low frequency of 1 MHz and show that there were several-fold changes in multiple protein and microRNA (miRNA) abundance with treatment at various intensities and time. This release was dependent on the duration and intensity of the sonication for both cell lines. Significant increased release in biomarkers was also observed following tumor sonication in living mice bearing subcutaneous LS174T cell line xenografts (for proteins and nucleic acids) and in an experimental LS174T liver tumor model (for proteins only). Finally, we demonstrated this methodology of multiple biomarker release in patients undergoing ablation of uterine fibroids using MR guided high intensity focused ultrasound. Two protein biomarkers significantly increased in the plasma after the ultrasound treatment in 21 samples tested. This proof that ultrasound-amplification method works in soft tissue tumor models together with biomarker multiplexing, could allow for an effective non-invasive method for identification, characterization and localization of incidental lesions, cancer and other disease. Pre-treatment quantification of the biomarkers, allows for individualization of quantitative comparisons. This individualization of normal marker levels in this method allows for specificity of the biomarker-increase to each patient, tumor or organ being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloma L. D’Souza
- Departments of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Chevillet
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pejman Ghanouni
- Departments of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Xinrui Yan
- Departments of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Muneesh Tewari
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sanjiv S. Gambhir
- Departments of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Schober O, Dössel O, Ermert H, Requardt H, Ziegler S, Adam G. [Imaging in clinic and research: contribution to individualized medicine?]. Nuklearmedizin 2017. [PMID: 29533421 DOI: 10.3413/2017-05-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Maciulevičius M, Tamošiūnas M, Jakštys B, Jurkonis R, Venslauskas MS, Šatkauskas S. Investigation of Microbubble Cavitation-Induced Calcein Release from Cells In Vitro. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2016; 42:2990-3000. [PMID: 27637933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, microbubble (MB) cavitation signal analysis was performed together with calcein release evaluation in both pressure and exposure duration domains of the acoustic field. A passive cavitation detection system was used to simultaneously measure MB scattering and attenuation signals for subsequent extraction efficiency relative to MB cavitation activity. The results indicate that the decrease in the efficiency of extraction of calcein molecules from Chinese hamster ovary cells, as well as cell viability, is associated with MB cavitation activity and can be accurately predicted using inertial cavitation doses up to 0.18 V × s (R2 > 0.9, p < 0.0001). No decrease in additional calcein release or cell viability was observed after complete MB sonodestruction was achieved. This indicates that the optimal exposure duration within which maximal sono-extraction efficiency is obtained coincides with the time necessary to achieve complete MB destruction. These results illustrate the importance of MB inertial cavitation in the sono-extraction process. To our knowledge, this study is the first to (i) investigate small molecule extraction from cells via sonoporation and (ii) relate the extraction process to the quantitative characteristics of MB cavitation acoustic spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rytis Jurkonis
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Saulius Šatkauskas
- Biophysical Research Group, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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9
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Paproski RJ, Jovel J, Wong GKS, Lewis JD, Zemp RJ. Enhanced Detection of Cancer Biomarkers in Blood-Borne Extracellular Vesicles Using Nanodroplets and Focused Ultrasound. Cancer Res 2016; 77:3-13. [PMID: 27793845 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of personalized medicine approaches will be greatly improved by the development of noninvasive methods to interrogate tumor biology. Extracellular vesicles shed by solid tumors into the bloodstream have been under recent investigation as a source of tumor-derived biomarkers such as proteins and nucleic acids. We report here an approach using submicrometer perfluorobutane nanodroplets and focused ultrasound to enhance the release of extracellular vesicles from specific locations in tumors into the blood. The released extracellular vesicles were enumerated and characterized using micro flow cytometry. Only in the presence of nanodroplets could ultrasound release appreciable levels of tumor-derived vesicles into the blood. Sonication of HT1080-GFP tumors did not increase the number of circulating tumor cells or the metastatic burden in the tumor-bearing embryos. A variety of biological molecules were successfully detected in tumor-derived extracellular vesicles, including cancer-associated proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs. Sonication of xenograft HT1080 fibrosarcoma tumors released extracellular vesicles that contained detectable RAC1 mRNA with the highly tumorigenic N92I mutation known to exist in HT1080 cells. Deep sequencing serum samples of embryos with sonicated tumors allowed the identification of an additional 13 known heterozygous mutations in HT1080 cells. Applying ultrasound to HT1080 tumors increased tumor-derived DNA in the serum by two orders of magnitude. This work is the first demonstration of enhanced extracellular vesicle release by ultrasound stimulation and suggests that nanodroplets/ultrasound offers promise for genetic profiling of tumor phenotype and aggressiveness by stimulating the release of extracellular vesicles. Cancer Res; 77(1); 3-13. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Paproski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Juan Jovel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gane Ka-Shu Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - John D Lewis
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Roger J Zemp
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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10
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Nwokeoha S, Carlisle R, Cleveland RO. The Application of Clinical Lithotripter Shock Waves to RNA Nucleotide Delivery to Cells. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2016; 42:2478-2492. [PMID: 27444864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The delivery of genes into cells through the transfer of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) has been found to cause a change in the level of target protein expression. RNA-based transfection is conceptually more efficient than commonly delivered plasmid DNA because it does not require division or damage of the nuclear envelope, thereby increasing the chances of the cell remaining viable. Shock waves (SWs) have been found to induce cellular uptake by transiently altering the permeability of the plasma membrane, thereby overcoming a critical step in gene therapy. However, accompanying SW bio-effects include dose-dependent irreversible cell injury and cytotoxicity. Here, the effect of SWs generated by a clinical lithotripter on the viability and permeabilisation of three different cell lines in vitro was investigated. Comparison of RNA stability before and after SW exposure revealed no statistically significant difference. Optimal SW exposure parameters were identified to minimise cell death and maximise permeabilisation, and applied to enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) messenger RNA (mRNA) or anti-eGFP small interfering RNA delivery. As a result, eGFP mRNA expression levels increased up to 52-fold in CT26 cells, whereas a 2-fold decrease in GFP expression was achieved after anti-eGFP small interfering RNA delivery to MCF-7/GFP cells. These results indicate that SW parameters can be employed to achieve effective nucleotide delivery, laying the foundation for non-invasive and high-tolerability RNA-based gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Nwokeoha
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Robert Carlisle
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robin O Cleveland
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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11
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Leow RS, Wan JMF, Yu ACH. Membrane blebbing as a recovery manoeuvre in site-specific sonoporation mediated by targeted microbubbles. J R Soc Interface 2015; 12:rsif.2015.0029. [PMID: 25694544 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Site-specific perforation of the plasma membrane can be achieved through ultrasound-triggered cavitation of a single microbubble positioned adjacent to the cell. However, for this perforation approach (sonoporation), the recovery manoeuvres invoked by the cell are unknown. Here, we report new findings on how membrane blebbing can be a recovery manoeuvre that may take place in sonoporation episodes whose pores are of micrometres in diameter. Each sonoporation site was created using a protocol involving single-shot ultrasound exposure (frequency: 1 MHz; pulse length: 30 cycles; peak negative pressure: 0.45 MPa) which triggered inertial cavitation of a single targeted microbubble (diameter: 1-5 µm). Over this process, live confocal microscopy was conducted in situ to monitor membrane dynamics, model drug uptake kinetics and cytoplasmic calcium ion (Ca(2+)) distribution. Results show that blebbing would occur at a recovering sonoporation site after its resealing, and it may emerge elsewhere along the membrane periphery. The bleb size was correlated with the pre-exposure microbubble diameter, and 99% of blebbing cases at sonoporation sites were inflicted by microbubbles larger than 1.5 µm diameter (analysed over 124 sonoporation episodes). Blebs were not observed at irreversible sonoporation sites or when sonoporation site repair was inhibited via extracellular Ca(2+) chelation. Functionally, the bleb volume was found to serve as a buffer compartment to accommodate the cytoplasmic Ca(2+) excess brought about by Ca(2+) influx during sonoporation. These findings suggest that membrane blebbing would help sonoporated cells restore homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruen Shan Leow
- Medical Engineering Program, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Jennifer M F Wan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Alfred C H Yu
- Medical Engineering Program, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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12
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Kivinen J, Togtema M, Mulzer G, Choi J, Zehbe I, Curiel L, Pichardo S. Sonoporation efficacy on SiHa cells in vitro at raised bath temperatures-experimental validation of a prototype sonoporation device. J Ther Ultrasound 2015; 3:19. [PMID: 26550479 PMCID: PMC4636885 DOI: 10.1186/s40349-015-0040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A device was devised which aimed to reduce the time and expertise required to perform sonoporation on adherent cell cultures. This prototype device was used to examine the superficial effect of bath temperature on sonoporation efficacy. METHODS The prototype device consisted of six ultrasound transducers affixed beneath an Opticell stage. Six transducers with nominal diameters of 20 mm were constructed and the acoustic field of each was characterized using hydrophone scanning. A near field treatment plane was chosen for each transducer to minimize field heterogeneity in the near field. Cervical cancer-derived SiHa cells were exposed to nine different treatments in the presence of plasmid DNA-expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Ultrasound treatment with Definity ultrasound contrast agent (US+UCA) present, ultrasound treatment without contrast agent present (US), and a sham ultrasound treatment in the presence of ultrasound contrast agent (CA) were each performed at bath temperatures of 37, 39.5, and 42 °C. Each treatment was performed in biological triplicate. GFP expression and PARP expression following treatment were measured using fluorescent microscopy and digital image processing. Cell detachment was measured using phase contrast microscopy before and after treatment. RESULTS Mean (± s.d.) transfection rates for the US+UCA treatment were 5.4(±0.92), 5.8(±1.3), and 5.3(±1.1) % at 37, 39.5, and 42 °C, respectively. GFP expression and cell detachment were both significantly affected by the presence of ultrasound contrast agent (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). Neither GFP expression, PARP expression, or detachment differed significantly between bath temperatures. CONCLUSIONS Bath temperature did not impact the efficacy of sonoporation treatment on SiHa cells in vitro. The prototype device was found to be suitable for performing sonoporation on adherent cell cultures and will reduce the time and expertise required for conducting sonoporation experiments on adherent cell cultures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kivinen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1 Canada.,Image-Guided Interventions, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 6V4 Canada
| | - Melissa Togtema
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1 Canada.,Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 6V4 Canada
| | - Gregor Mulzer
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1 Canada.,Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 6V4 Canada
| | - Joshua Choi
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Ingeborg Zehbe
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1 Canada.,Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 6V4 Canada
| | - Laura Curiel
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1 Canada.,Image-Guided Interventions, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 6V4 Canada
| | - Samuel Pichardo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1 Canada.,Image-Guided Interventions, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 6V4 Canada
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Song KH, Fan AC, Brlansky JT, Trudeau T, Gutierrez-Hartmann A, Calvisi ML, Borden MA. High Efficiency Molecular Delivery with Sequential Low-Energy Sonoporation Bursts. Theranostics 2015; 5:1419-27. [PMID: 26681986 PMCID: PMC4672022 DOI: 10.7150/thno.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbubbles interact with ultrasound to induce transient microscopic pores in the cellular plasma membrane in a highly localized thermo-mechanical process called sonoporation. Theranostic applications of in vitro sonoporation include molecular delivery (e.g., transfection, drug loading and cell labeling), as well as molecular extraction for measuring intracellular biomarkers, such as proteins and mRNA. Prior research focusing mainly on the effects of acoustic forcing with polydisperse microbubbles has identified a "soft limit" of sonoporation efficiency at 50% when including dead and lysed cells. We show here that this limit can be exceeded with the judicious use of monodisperse microbubbles driven by a physiotherapy device (1.0 MHz, 2.0 W/cm(2), 10% duty cycle). We first examined the effects of microbubble size and found that small-diameter microbubbles (2 µm) deliver more instantaneous power than larger microbubbles (4 & 6 µm). However, owing to rapid fragmentation and a short half-life (0.7 s for 2 µm; 13.3 s for 6 µm), they also deliver less energy over the sonoporation time. This translates to a higher ratio of FITC-dextran (70 kDa) uptake to cell death/lysis (4:1 for 2 µm; 1:2 for 6 µm) in suspended HeLa cells after a single sonoporation. Sequential sonoporations (up to four) were consequently employed to increase molecular delivery. Peak uptake was found to be 66.1 ± 1.2% (n=3) after two sonoporations when properly accounting for cell lysis (7.0 ± 5.6%) and death (17.9 ± 2.0%), thus overcoming the previously reported soft limit. Substitution of TRITC-dextran (70 kDa) on the second sonoporation confirmed the effects were multiplicative. Overall, this study demonstrates the possibility of utilizing monodisperse small-diameter microbubbles as a means to achieve multiple low-energy sonoporation bursts for efficient in vitro cellular uptake and sequential molecular delivery.
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14
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Forbrich A, Paproski R, Hitt M, Zemp R. Comparing efficiency of micro-RNA and mRNA biomarker liberation with microbubble-enhanced ultrasound exposure. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2014; 40:2207-2216. [PMID: 25023097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Blood biomarkers are potentially powerful diagnostic tools that are limited clinically by low concentrations, the inability to determine biomarker origin and unknown patient baseline. Recently, ultrasound has been shown to liberate proteins and large mRNA biomarkers, overcoming many of these limitations. We have since demonstrated that adding lipid-stabilized microbubbles elevates mRNA concentration an order of magnitude compared with ultrasound without microbubbles, in vitro. Unfortunately the large size of some mRNA molecules may limit efficiency of release and hinder efficacy as an ultrasound-liberated biomarker. We hypothesize that smaller molecules will be released more efficiently with ultrasound than larger molecules. Although investigation of large libraries of biomarkers should be performed to fully validate this hypothesis, we focus on a small subset of mRNA and micro-RNAs. Specifically, we focus on miR-21 (22 base pairs [bp]), which is upregulated in certain forms of cancer, compared with previously investigated mammaglobin mRNA (502 bp). We also report release of micro-RNA miR-155 (22 bp) and housekeeping rRNA S18 (1869 bp). More than 10 million additional miR-21 copies per 100,000 cells are released with ultrasound-microbubble exposure. The low- molecular-weight miR-21 proved to be liberated 50 times more efficiently than high-molecular-weight mammaglobin mRNA, releasing orders of magnitude more miR-21 than mammaglobin mRNA under comparable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Forbrich
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Robert Paproski
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Mary Hitt
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Roger Zemp
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada.
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Paproski RJ, Forbrich A, Hitt M, Zemp R. RNA biomarker release with ultrasound and phase-change nanodroplets. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2014; 40:1847-1856. [PMID: 24792584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microbubbles driven by ultrasound are capable of permeabilizing cell membranes and allowing biomarkers or therapeutics to exit from or enter cancer cells, respectively. Unfortunately, the relatively large size of microbubbles prevents extravasation. Lipid-based perfluorobutane microbubbles can be made seven-fold smaller by pressurization, creating 430-nm nanodroplets. The present study compares microbubbles and nanodroplets with respect to their ability to enhance miR-21 and mammaglobin mRNA release from cultured ZR-75-1 cells. Mammaglobin mRNA and miR-21 release increased with escalating concentrations of nanodroplets up to, respectively, 25- and 42-fold with 2% nanodroplets (v/v), compared with pre-ultrasound levels, whereas cell viability decreased to 62.4%. Sonication of ZR-75-1 cells incubated with microbubbles or nanodroplets caused relatively similar levels of cell death and miR-21 release, suggesting that nanodroplets are similar to microbubbles in enhancing cell permeability, but may be more advantageous because of their smaller size, which may allow extravasation through leaky tumor vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Paproski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexander Forbrich
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mary Hitt
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roger Zemp
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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